scholarly journals Water Privatization and Inequality: Gini Coefficient for Water Resources in Chile

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Correa-Parra ◽  
José Francisco Vergara-Perucich ◽  
Carlos Aguirre-Nuñez
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Water Market ◽  
Water Privatization ◽  
Basic Resource ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Very High ◽  
Coefficient Method

This document makes a comprehensive analysis of the inequality of the water market in Chile, measured by the Gini coefficient method. The situation of water rights in Chile is of particular interest because it is a completely privatized system, where rights are traded in the market and therefore water is presented as a commodity. This privatization of water in Chile occurred as part of the process of neoliberalization since the 1981 Water Code. The results of this study indicate that both the concentration and the inequality in the distribution of water rights is very high. It proposes a profound revision of applying a mercantile logic to a scarce basic resource for life such as water and exploring the importance of its role as a national good for public use.

scholarly journals Water Privatization and Inequality: Gini Coefficient for Water Resources in Chile

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3369
Author(s):  
Juan Correa-Parra ◽  
José Francisco Vergara-Perucich ◽  
Carlos Aguirre-Nuñez
Keyword(s):  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Water Market ◽  
Water Privatization ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Essential Resource ◽  
Very High ◽  
Coefficient Method

This document makes a comprehensive analysis of the inequality of the water market in Chile, measured by the Gini coefficient method. The situation of water rights in Chile is of particular interest because it is a wholly privatized system, where rights are traded in the market and therefore water is presented as a commodity. This privatization of water in Chile occurred as part of the process of neo-liberalization since the 1981 Water Code. The results of this study indicate that both concentration and inequality in the distribution of water rights are very high, which undermines a just social development process and facilitates the economic exploitation of the environment. It proposes a profound revision of the application of a mercantile logic to a scarce essential resource for life such as water and explores the importance of its role as a national good for public use.

scholarly journals Analysis for spatial-temporal matching pattern between water and land resources in Central Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 994-1008
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Zhengxiao Yan ◽  
Jinxi Song ◽  
Anlei Wei ◽  
Haotian Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Matching Degree ◽  
Matching Index

Abstract Central Asia, the pioneering place of the ‘Belt and Road’, is under the threat of prominent water issues. Based on the Gini coefficient model and the matching index, the amount of the total renewable water resources and the cultivated land area were introduced to evaluate the matching pattern between the water and land resources in Central Asia. The water problem of Kazakhstan, being the most prominent, shows low water resources per unit area with the highest reclamation rate. The matching degree for the upstream countries of the Aral Sea (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan) was better than those of the downstream countries (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan). The Gini coefficient in Central Asia was 0.32, smaller than that of the global average value (0.59). The overall water available for use and the matching cultivated land resources was reasonable. Large differences exist in the matching degree in water distribution and utilization among Central Asian countries. The matching index of water and land resources in Central Asia was 1.25, similar to the matching degree estimated from the Gini coefficient model. Moreover, rational measures are suggested to alleviate the issue of water and land resources matching in Central Asia.

Ensuring access to water in an emergency context: Towards an overexploitation and contamination of water resources?

2021 ◽  
pp. 096466392110316
Author(s):  
Chloé Nicolas-Artero
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Supply Network ◽  
Mining Pollution ◽  
Access To Water

This article shows how geo-legal devices created to deal with environmental crisis situations make access to drinking water precarious and contribute to the overexploitation and contamination of water resources. It relies on qualitative methods (interviews, observations, archive work) to identify and analyse two geo-legal devices applied in the case study of the Elqui Valley in Chile. The first device, generated by the Declaration of Water Scarcity, allows private sanitation companies to concentrate water rights and extend their supply network, thus producing an overexploitation of water resources. In the context of mining pollution, the second device is structured around the implementation of the Rural Drinking Water Programme and the distribution of water by tankers, which has made access to drinking water more precarious for the population and does nothing to prevent pollution.

scholarly journals Why We Should Use the Gini Coefficient to Assess Punctuated Equilibrium Theory

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Constantin Kaplaner ◽  
Yves Steinebach
Keyword(s):  
Policy Change ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Punctuated Equilibrium ◽  
Equilibrium Theory ◽  
Punctuated Equilibrium Theory ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Precise Measure

Abstract Punctuated Equilibrium Theory posits that policy-making is generally characterized by long periods of stability that are interrupted by short periods of fundamental policy change. The literature converged on the measure of kurtosis and L-kurtosis to assess these change patterns. In this letter, we critically discuss these measures and propose the Gini coefficient as a (1) comparable, but (2) more intuitive, and (3) more precise measure of “punctuated” change patterns.

The Gini coefficient: Majority voting and social welfare

2014 ◽  
Vol 152 ◽  
pp. 214-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Gabriel Rodríguez ◽  
Rafael Salas
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Majority Voting ◽  
The Gini Coefficient

scholarly journals Hydrological cycle

2011 ◽  
Vol 71 (1 suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 241-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
HC Gonçalves ◽  
MA Mercante ◽  
ET Santos
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Paraguay River ◽  
Rivers And Lakes ◽  
Drainage Capacity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Average Annual Precipitation ◽  
Very High

The Pantanal hydrological cycle holds an important meaning in the Alto Paraguay Basin, comprising two areas with considerably diverse conditions regarding natural and water resources: the Plateau and the Plains. From the perspective of the ecosystem function, the hydrological flow in the relationship between plateau and plains is important for the creation of reproductive and feeding niches for the regional biodiversity. In general, river declivity in the plateau is 0.6 m/km while declivity on the plains varies from 0.1 to 0.3 m/km. The environment in the plains is characteristically seasonal and is home to an exuberant and abundant diversity of species, including some animals threatened with extinction. When the flat surface meets the plains there is a diminished water flow on the riverbeds and, during the rainy season the rivers overflow their banks, flooding the lowlands. Average annual precipitation in the Basin is 1,396 mm, ranging from 800 mm to 1,600 mm, and the heaviest rainfall occurs in the plateau region. The low drainage capacity of the rivers and lakes that shape the Pantanal, coupled with the climate in the region, produce very high evaporation: approximately 60% of all the waters coming from the plateau are lost through evaporation. The Alto Paraguay Basin, including the Pantanal, while boasting an abundant availability of water resources, also has some spots with water scarcity in some sub-basins, at different times of the year. Climate conditions alone are not enough to explain the differences observed in the Paraguay River regime and some of its tributaries. The complexity of the hydrologic regime of the Paraguay River is due to the low declivity of the lands that comprise the Mato Grosso plains and plateau (50 to 30 cm/km from east to west and 3 to 1.5 cm/km from north to south) as well as the area's dimension, which remains periodically flooded with a large volume of water.

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