scholarly journals Analysis for spatial-temporal matching pattern between water and land resources in Central Asia

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 994-1008
Author(s):  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Zhengxiao Yan ◽  
Jinxi Song ◽  
Anlei Wei ◽  
Haotian Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Matching Degree ◽  
Matching Index

Abstract Central Asia, the pioneering place of the ‘Belt and Road’, is under the threat of prominent water issues. Based on the Gini coefficient model and the matching index, the amount of the total renewable water resources and the cultivated land area were introduced to evaluate the matching pattern between the water and land resources in Central Asia. The water problem of Kazakhstan, being the most prominent, shows low water resources per unit area with the highest reclamation rate. The matching degree for the upstream countries of the Aral Sea (Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan) was better than those of the downstream countries (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan). The Gini coefficient in Central Asia was 0.32, smaller than that of the global average value (0.59). The overall water available for use and the matching cultivated land resources was reasonable. Large differences exist in the matching degree in water distribution and utilization among Central Asian countries. The matching index of water and land resources in Central Asia was 1.25, similar to the matching degree estimated from the Gini coefficient model. Moreover, rational measures are suggested to alleviate the issue of water and land resources matching in Central Asia.

Adaptation to climate change in the mountain regions of Central Asia: Assessment of the current knowledge

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zarina Saidaliyeva ◽  
Veruska Muccione ◽  
Maria Shahgedanova ◽  
Sophie Bigler ◽  
Carolina Adler
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Ample Evidence ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Adaptation Options

<p>The mountains of Central Asia, extending over 7000 m a.s.l. and accommodating diverse and complex natural and managed systems, are very vulnerable to climate change. They support valuable environmental functions and provide key ecosystem goods and services to the arid downstream regions which strongly depend on the melting snowpack and glaciers for the provision of water by the transboundary rivers starting in the mountains. Strong climate change adaptation (CCA) action is required to increase resilience of the vulnerable, low-income communities in the region. Our knowledge of the CCA actions in the mountains of Central Asia is limited in comparison with other mountainous regions. The aim of this study is to assess the existing adaptation projects and publications and to identify gaps in adaptation efforts by conducting a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature published in English language. To be selected, the papers had to comply with the following criteria: (i) publication between 2013 and 2019; (ii) explicit focus on CCA in the mountain ranges of Central Asia; (iii) explanation of adaptation options; (vi) a clear methodology of deriving suitable adaptation options. Following the initial screening and subsequent reading of the publications, complying with the specified criteria, 33 peer-reviewed articles were selected for final analysis. This is considerably lower than the number of publications on the European Alps, Hindu-Kush – Himalayas, and the Andes. The number of publications on Central Asian mountains has declined since 2013.</p><p>The research is heavily focused on the problem of water resources, especially water availability at present and in the future 70 % of the analysed papers addressing these issues. These are followed by the papers considering adaptation in agriculture and in managing biodiversity. A critical finding is the lack of publications on adaptation to hazards and disasters including glacier outburst floods, mudflow, and landslides which are common and comparatively well-researched hazards in the Central Asian mountains, experiencing rapid deglaciation. About 50 % of the papers address the transboundary nature of the impacts of climate changes on water resources and land management reflecting the transboundary nature of the Central Asian catchments and the tensions which exist across the region but are especially prominent in the Aral Sea basin.</p><p>We conclude that while there is ample evidence of climate change and its impacts in the mountains of Central Asia and many publications mention the need for adaptation, a very limited number of publications explicitly focus on CCA and how it can be delivered.</p>

Post-Soviet changes in irrigated crop production in the Amu Darya Basin

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Müller ◽  
Andrey Dara ◽  
Christopher Krause ◽  
Mayra Daniela Peña-Guerrero ◽  
Tillman Schmitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Crop Cultivation ◽  
Amu Darya ◽  
Crop Type ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
Hydrological Droughts

<p>Water withdrawals for irrigated crop production constitute the largest global consumer of blue water resources. Monitoring the dynamics of irrigated crop cultivation allows to track changes in water consumption of irrigated cropping, which is particularly paramount in water-scarce arid and semi-arid areas. We analyzed changes in irrigated crop cultivation along with occurrence of hydrological droughts for the Amu Darya river basin of Central Asia (534,700 km<sup>2</sup>), once the largest tributary river to the Aral Sea before large-scale irrigation projects have grossly reduced the amount of water that reaches the river delta. We used annual and seasonal spectral-temporal metrics derived from Landsat time series to quantify the three predominant cropping practices in the region (first season, second season, double cropping) for every year between 1988 and 2020. We further derived unbiased area estimates for the cropping classes at the province level based on a stratified random sample (n=2,779). Our results reveal a small yet steady decrease in irrigated second season cultivation across the basin. Regionally, we observed a gradual move away from cotton monocropping in response to the policy changes that were instigated since the mid-1990s. We compared the observed cropping dynamics to the occurrence of hydrological droughts, i.e., periods with inadequate water resources for irrigation. We find that areas with higher drought risks rely more on irrigation of the second season crops. Overall, our analysis provides the first fine-scale, annual crop type maps for the irrigated areas in the Amu Darya basin. The results shed light on how institutional changes and hydroclimatic factors that affect land-use decision-making, and thus the dynamics of crop type composition, in the vast irrigated areas of Central Asia.</p>

scholarly journals Challenges to the sustainable use of water resources in the Ili River basin of Central Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 81 ◽  
pp. 01009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabir Nurtazin ◽  
Niels Thevs ◽  
Margulan Iklasov ◽  
Norman Graham ◽  
Ruslan Salmurzauli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Ili River Basin ◽  
Using Data

Water is a scarce resource in Central Asia, and many catchments span international boundaries, among them that of the Ili River, which is shared by China and Kazakhstan. Since 1970, the natural hydrological regime of the Ili River, both absolute flow rates and cycles, has changed due to construction of reservoirs such as that at Kapchagai, as well as natural climatic cycles and the growth of water consumption in the basin. Using data from Kazhydromet, we calculated that flow rates below Kapchagai dam averaged 468 m3/sec before construction of the dam, 366 m3/sec while the reservoir was being filled, and 489 m3/sec between 1988 and 2013. The dam has profoundly altered the annual cycle of flows in the river, with reductions in the summer and increases in the winter, when water is released to produce hydropower. The effects of these changes are being heightened by China’s increasing diversion of the river’s water. The sustainable use of decreasing water resources to conserve the biodiversity of the Ili-Balkhash basin’s ecosystems mandates a solution to the water allocation challenge between China and Kazakhstan. This will require a basin-wide approach that includes modernization of water distribution systems and careful consideration to relative priority needs for food, hydropower, and communal uses in both countries.

scholarly journals Water Privatization and Inequality: Gini Coefficient for Water Resources in Chile

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Correa-Parra ◽  
José Francisco Vergara-Perucich ◽  
Carlos Aguirre-Nuñez
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Water Market ◽  
Water Privatization ◽  
Basic Resource ◽  
The Gini Coefficient ◽  
Very High ◽  
Coefficient Method

This document makes a comprehensive analysis of the inequality of the water market in Chile, measured by the Gini coefficient method. The situation of water rights in Chile is of particular interest because it is a completely privatized system, where rights are traded in the market and therefore water is presented as a commodity. This privatization of water in Chile occurred as part of the process of neoliberalization since the 1981 Water Code. The results of this study indicate that both the concentration and the inequality in the distribution of water rights is very high. It proposes a profound revision of applying a mercantile logic to a scarce basic resource for life such as water and exploring the importance of its role as a national good for public use.

Study on the utilization efficiency of land and water resources in the Aral Sea Basin, Central Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 101693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaoyou Zhang ◽  
Yaning Chen ◽  
Zhi Li ◽  
Jinxi Song ◽  
Gonghuan Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Aral Sea Basin

scholarly journals UNDERGROUND RUNOFF AS THE MAIN GEOHAZARDS IN THE MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS OF THE POST-SOVIET PART OF CENTRAL ASIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
Evgeny LAGUTIN ◽  
◽  
Аlexey TEREKHOV ◽  
Sheishenaly USUPAEV ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
The State ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Mountainous Regions ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
East Kazakhstan ◽  
State Of The Environment

The purpose of this article is to present the results of a study of the mutual influence of groundwater flow and results of human activities in the upland and lowland areas of Central Asia. The need for research was determined by the serious consequences of anthropogenic activities, which in recent years have required the inclusion of these tasks in the category of national security problems of the Central Asian States. Such tasks include, first of all, the extensive use of existing water resources in the Syrdarya and Amu Darya river basins, which was reflected in the well – known tragedy of the Aral Sea, the pollution of water resources during peaceful nuclear weapons tests, which negatively affected the state of the environment in East Kazakhstan, in addition-in the irrational use of water resources, including groundwater, on irrigated lands in Central Asia. These and other factors have determined the need to develop capabilities for predicting the state of both the aquatic environment and the influencing factors of human activity themselves. The solution of the problem presented in this article is based on the new fundamental scientific concepts developed by the authors, their own and attracted material of the results and is expressed in the proposed specific solutions.

scholarly journals Water resources management and dynamic changes in water politics in the transboundary river basins of Central Asia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuanxuan Wang ◽  
Yaning Chen ◽  
Zhi Li ◽  
Gonghuan Fang ◽  
Fei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Gini Coefficient ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Water Politics ◽  
Transboundary River ◽  
Stable Period ◽  
Political Events ◽  
Transboundary River Basins ◽  
Matching Degree

Abstract. The growing water crisis in Central Asia (CA) and the complex water politics of the region's transboundary rivers are a hot topic for research, while the dynamic changes of water politics in CA have yet to be studied in depth. Based on the Gini coefficient, water political events and Social Network Analysis, we assess the matching degree between water and socio-economic elements in CA and analyse the dynamics of water politics in transboundary river basins. Results indicate that the uneven matching degree of water and land resources are the preconditions for conflicts, with the average Gini coefficient between water and population, GDP, and cropland measuring 0.19 (completely matched), 0.47 (reasonably matched) and 0.61 (completely mismatched). Moreover, the Gini coefficient between water and cropland increased by 0.07 over the past two decades, indicating a worsening degree. In general, a total of 591 water political events occurred in CA with cooperation accounting for 89 %. Water events have increased slightly (0.08/a) and shown three distinct stages: a stable period (1951–1991), a rapid increase and decline (1991–2000), and a second stable period (2000–2018). Overall, water conflicts mainly occurred in summer and winter, and the Aral Sea Basin experienced the strongest conflicts of the transboundary river basins due to the competitive utilization of the Syr and Amu Darya rivers. The density of water conflictive and cooperative networks in CA increased by 0.18 and 0.36 following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and Uzbekistan has highest degree centrality in conflictive network (6) while Kazakhstan has highest in cooperative network (15), indicating that they have more contact with others. The findings suggest that enhancing states' cooperation and trust and seeking support from international organizations will be helpful to eliminate conflicts and strengthen cooperation in CA.

scholarly journals Land Use Transitions under Rapid Urbanization in Chengdu-Chongqing Region: A Perspective of Coupling Water and Land Resources

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 812
Author(s):  
Yuchen Pan ◽  
Li Ma ◽  
Hong Tang ◽  
Yiwen Wu ◽  
Zhongjian Yang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Fixed Effect Model ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Inner Cities ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
Matching Degree

Land resources and water resources are the important material basis of economic and social development, and their pattern determines the pattern of development. Based on the panel data of the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle from 2011 to 2018, this paper evaluates the matching degree of water and land resources, and their respective matching degrees with the economic development in the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle with the Gini coefficient method. Based on the two-way fixed effect model, an extended Cobb–Douglas production function model is established to analyze the sensitivity of economic growth to land and water factors. In addition, the restriction degree of water and land resources to the economic development of the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle is measured quantitatively by using the growth damping coefficient. The results show that the water and land resources and economic development of the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle have a high matching degree, but the inner cities have a great difference. The contribution of water resources to economic growth is greater than that of land resources. Both of them have a little growth drag, which shows that industrial development has disposed of the dependence of water and land resources. The development of the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle needs to play the role of technological progress in promoting economic growth, and at the same time optimize the use of water and land resources to reduce its constraints on the economic growth. Finally, the policy suggestions of matching water and land resources and economic growth in different regions are put forward.

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