Effects and Risk Assessment of the Polycyclic Musk Compounds Galaxolide® and Tonalide® on Early Life Stages of Marine Organisms

The current research investigated the environmental risk of the polycyclic musk compounds, Galaxolide® (HHCB) and Tonalide® (AHTN), in the marine environments. These substances are lipophilic, bioaccumulated and potentially biomagnified in aquatic organisms. To understand the toxicity of HHCB and AHTN, we performed acute toxicity tests by exposing marine microalgae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tretraselmis chuii and Isochrysis galbana), crustaceans (Artemia franciscana), echinoderms (Paracentrotus lividus), bivalves (Mytilus galloprovincialis), fish (Sparus aurata) and a candidate freshwater microalga (Raphidocelis subcapitata) to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.005 - 5 µg/L) following standardized protocols. The effects of both substances on microalgae growth were incipient and only I. galbana was sensitive to HHCB and AHTN, with IC10 values of 5.22 µg/L and 0.328 µg/L, respectively. Significant (p < 0.01) concentration dependent responses were measured in P. lividus and M. galloprovincialis larvae developments as well as S. aurata mortality tested with HHCB. The effect of HHCB on P. lividus larvae development was the most sensitive endpoint recorded, producing an EC50 value of 4.07 µg/L. Our results show that HHCB represents a high risk to P. lividus larvae development for early life stages in marine environments.

Download Full-text

Effects and Risk Assessment of the Polycyclic Musk Compounds Galaxolide® and Tonalide® on Marine Microalgae, Invertebrates, and Fish

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9020371 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 371

Author(s):

Friday Ojie Ehiguese ◽

M. Judit González-Delgado ◽

Carmen Garrido-Perez ◽

Cristiano V. M. Araújo ◽

M. Laura Martin-Diaz

Keyword(s):

Environmental Risk ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Isochrysis Galbana ◽

Aquatic Organisms ◽

Paracentrotus Lividus ◽

Marine Microalgae ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Marine Environments ◽

Polycyclic Musk ◽

Inhibition Concentration

The current research investigated the potential environmental risk of the polycyclic musk compounds, Galaxolide® (HHCB) and Tonalide® (AHTN), in the marine environments. These substances are lipophilic, bioaccumulated, and potentially biomagnified in aquatic organisms. To understand the toxicity of HHCB and AHTN, acute toxicity tests were performed by exposing marine microalgae (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Tretraselmis chuii, and Isochrysis galbana), crustaceans (Artemia franciscana), echinoderms (Paracentrotus lividus), bivalves (Mytilus galloprovincialis), fish (Sparus aurata), and a candidate freshwater microalga (Raphidocelis subcapitata) to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.005–5 µg/L) following standardized protocols (US EPA, Environment Canada and OECD). P. tricornutum and I. galbana were sensitive to both substances and for P. tricornutum exposed to HHCB and AHTN, the IC10 values (the inhibition concentration at which 10% microalgae growth inhibition was observed) were 0.127 and 0.002 µg/L, respectively, while IC10 values calculated for I. galbana were 5.22 µg/L (a little higher than the highest concentration) and 0.328 µg/L, for HHCB and AHTN, respectively. Significant (p < 0.01) concentration dependent responses were measured in P. lividus and M. galloprovincialis larvae developments, as well as S. aurata mortality tested with HHCB. The effect of HHCB on P. lividus larvae development was the most sensitive endpoint recorded, producing an EC50 value (the effect concentration at which 50% effect was observed) of 4.063 µg/L. Considering the risk quotients both substances seem to represent high environmental risk to P. tricornutum and M. galloprovincialis in marine environments.

Download Full-text

Ecotoxicological evaluation of the risk posed by bisphenol A, triclosan, and 4-nonylphenol in coastal waters using early life stages of marine organisms (Isochrysis galbana, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Paracentrotus lividus, and Acartia clausi)

Environmental Pollution ◽

10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.031 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 232 ◽

pp. 173-182 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Tania Tato ◽

Noelia Salgueiro-González ◽

Víctor M. León ◽

Sergio González ◽

Ricardo Beiras

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Coastal Waters ◽

Early Life ◽

Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽

Isochrysis Galbana ◽

Paracentrotus Lividus ◽

Life Stages ◽

Early Life Stages ◽

Acartia Clausi ◽

Ecotoxicological Evaluation

Download Full-text

Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early Life Stages of Estuarine and Marine Fishes

Handbook of Ecotoxicology ◽

10.1002/9781444313512.ch10 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 167-192

Author(s):

D. P. Middaugh ◽

L. R. Goodman ◽

M. J. Hemmer

Keyword(s):

Early Life ◽

Marine Fishes ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Life Stages ◽

Early Life Stages

Download Full-text

Effect of cadmium on the embryos and juveniles of a tropical freshwater snail, Physa acuta (Draparnaud, 1805)

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1998.0300 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 38 (7) ◽

pp. 263-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

C. C. C. Cheung ◽

P. K. S. Lam

Keyword(s):

Early Life ◽

Freshwater Snail ◽

Toxicity Tests ◽

Life Stages ◽

Early Life Stages ◽

Physa Acuta ◽

Ecotoxicological Tests ◽

Embryonic Growth ◽

Potential Use ◽

Tropical Freshwater

The effects of cadmium on early life stages of a freshwater snail, Physa acuta (Draparnaud), were investigated. The 24- and 48-hour LC50 for embryos were 1.27 mg/l (95% confidence interval: 1.13 - 1.42) and 0.85 mg/l (0.71 - 1.01), respectively. The 24- and 48-hour LC50 for juveniles were 1.32 mg/l (1.13 - 1.54) and 1.05 mg/l (0.81 - 1.36), respectively. An increase in cadmium concentrations at sublethal levels resulted in a significant reduction in embryo growth rate and embryo hatchability. Developmental deformities of the embryos were also observed. The NOEC and LOEC for embryonic growth were 0.32 and 0.50 mg/l, respectively, and the LOEC for hatchability was 0.13 mg/l. These results suggest that embryonic growth and hatchability are useful endpoints in chronic toxicity tests. In addition, the potential use of early life stages of pulmonate snails in ecotoxicological tests is discussed.

Download Full-text