An Inventory Model for Perishable Goods with Partial Backlogging of Shortages

This study illustrates inventory associated with deteriorating items. Nowadays the incident deterioration has a major impact on the preservation of goods in terms of handling inventory. The significant effect of deterioration has been observed on volatile liquids, fish, vegetables, etc. Here a mathematical model is presented incorporating the effect of deterioration. The model has been developed on an infinite time horizon. The shortage is allowed and backlogged partially. We aim to find out lot-size and back-ordered quantities in order to minimize the total average cost. In support of the proposed model, a numerical example has been provided. The stability of the solution of that example has been confirmed by performing a sensitivity analysis of key parameters. A graphical representation of cost function regarding decision variables has been displayed.

An Optimal Policy for Items with Linear Demand Rate, Variable Deterioration Rate Under Shortage and Lead-Time

In this research, we have developed a deterministic inventory model for an item having linear demand in variable deterioration rate. The shortage is allowed and fully backlogged. In developing the model, we have assumed that lead time is not equal to zero. Here we developed an optimal policy that minimizes that the total average cost. The model is illustrated by a suitable numerical example and sensitivity analysis has been carry- out.

An inventory system for varying decaying medicinal products in healthcare trade

This paper introduces an inventory system for declining medicinal products under the effect of ination with price-sensitive demand. Usually, pharmaceutical inventory systems assume the deteriorating rate as constant, which is insignificant and illogical because healthcare products medicines and drugs deteriorate significantly. Thus, the deteriorating rate of medicinal products is supposed to be time-dependent and to follow three-parameter Weibull distribution. The lack of commodities is permitted with the rate of partial backlogging. This research work develops a model to optimize the total average cost of the items by calculating the ordering quantity and the optimum time intervals. Finally, through a numerical example, with sensitivity analysis, we demonstrate the effect of different parameters.

Cost burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in an urban area of Bangladesh: A hospital-based mix method study

Background: Longtime treatment of diabetic patients is an added burden for countries that had low GDP and no health insurance facilities like Bangladesh. Urgent cost assessment and proper strategy needs to be developed to overcome the economic burden of a diabetic patient. Methodology: We have conducted a mixed-methods study in a Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS), a sister concern of BIRDEM hospital between August 2019 to January 2020. Quantitative data was collected by a survey questionnaire from the patients and qualitative data was collected by interviewing five key informants of the facility center. Results: 329 known diabetic patients were enrolled, out of the 70.48% were female and the rest of them were male. The mean age of the respondents was 53.73 years. Nearly 35% of them had a positive family history, and more than 30% of them had both hypertension and dyslipidemia along with DM. The total average cost per year was ~600USD, which includes drug, investigation, consultancy & transportation costs. Among which drug costs were the most (~350 USD).We had found that drug cost & investigation cost had a significant associated with increased age, level of education, and the duration of DM. Investigation cost was also associated with positive family history. Conclusions: As there is no insurance coverage in Bangladesh and subsidy are not available, many of the patients from the lower socio-economic group might discontinue the treatment. Further prospective research is needed to develop a proper guideline for policymakers.

Cost of Illness Analysis and Quality of Life in Ischemic Stroke Patients In Usu Medan Hospital

Objective: aims to evaluate the COI INA-CBG BPJS patients hospitalized for ischemic stroke BPJS (n = 33) at USU Medan Hospital in February 2019-August 2019 period. Design: this study was conducted used a prospective cohort study method in patients with ischemic stroke (n = 33) in USU Hospital. Interventions: the intervened variable were the cost of patient therapy and calculating the difference in claims of INA-CBGs with the cost of patient therapy. Main outcome measures: the main measurement in this study was quality of life with European Quality of Life - 5 Dimensions Three Level (EQ5D3L). Results: the results of this study indicate the total average cost of ischemic stroke inpatient therapy at the In patient Installation of USU Hospital in Medan obtained Rp 2,284,854 The average cost / rate incurred by the Hospital for ischemic stroke patients (n = 33) is still below the INA-CBGs claim rate. There was a relationship between the quality of life of ischemic stroke patients with diagnosis and comorbidities of patients (p = 0.004). The average quality of life (QoL) of ischemic stroke patients was obtained 0.7324 ± 0.2118. Conclusion: it could be concluded that the quality of life of ischemic stroke patients is classified as good 32 patients (96.96%).

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI BAWANG DAUN DI DESA SINSINGON KECAMATAN PASSI TIMUR KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW

This study aims to analyze the income of leek farming. This research was conducted in Sinsingon Village, Passi Timur District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. This research lasted for 3 months from November 2018 to January 2019. Sampling in this study was carried out by simple random sampling, as many as 30 farmers. Primary data collection used in this study using survey methods by means of direct interviews with the help of questionnaires. Secondary data were obtained by the Sinsingon Village office. Analysis of the data used in this research is descriptive analysis and is presented in tabular form. To see the level of economic benefits of scallions will be used analysis of revenue, costs, income, then proceed with the analysis of the return cost ratio. The results showed that the the average revenue of leek farming per farmer is Rp. 24,400,020 per planting season and the total average cost per farmer is Rp. 11,229,083, resulting in an average income per farmer of Rp. 13,170,937 per growing sesion. The R / C was 2.17 which that the onion farming in Sinsingon Village, Passi Timur District was profitable.*eprm

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN USAHATANI KENTANG DI DESA SINSINGON KECAMATAN PASSI TIMUR KABUPATEN BOLAANG MONGONDOW

This study aims to analyze the income of potato farming in Sinsingon Village, Passi Timur District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. This research was conducted in Sinsingon Village, Passi Timur District, Bolaang Mongondow Regency. Sampling in this study was carried out by simple random sampling, as many as 30 farmers who worked on potatoes. This research uses primary and secondary data. Primary data collection was carried out by direct interview with potato farmers in Sinsingon Village. Secondary data were collected from the Sinsingon Village Office and Passi Timur Sub-district Agriculutural Extension Office. Data analysis uses the formula for income and R / C ratio. The results showed that the average potato farm receipts per farmer was Rp. 18,746,000 and the total average cost per farmer is Rp. 10,891,458.33 and produce an average income per farmer of Rp. 7,854,541.67 so as to obtain an R / C ratio of> 1 which is 1.72, it means that the potato farming in Sinsingon Village, Passi Timur District is experiencing profit so that this business is worth the effort.*eprm*

Assessment and Evaluation of Cosmetics Preparations in Teenage Girls For Acne

ABSTRACT Introduction The Indian cosmetics industry plays a vital role in ayurvedic and herbal cosmetics sector because India is traditionally strong in this field. Acne is common skin disorder for which dermatologists come across since last decade. Throughout the Indian market, different proprietary cosmetic formulations are available for the treatment of acne. Among the whole range of products that fall within the region of the Indian cosmetic market, the most popular items are color cosmetics, of which Fair & Lovely, Clean&Care, Vicco Turmeric & Ponds glosses account for the most sales. Lakme and Revlon are the most popular brand in the local market. The present study was to evaluate the uses of cosmetic prepration in teenagers Girl for Acne. Material and Methods: This was concurrent observational based study conducted by different pharmacy colleges in Greater Noida. The study was carried out in the month of March 2018 to May 2018. During study period total 200 Acne Patient Girls were evaluated. Results & Discussion: The present study has made an earnest attempt to examine the cosmetics usage behavior of College girls. The scope of the study however has been limited to age particular arts and science College in which co-education is in vogue. The prevalence of acne was most common in the age group between 19-22 years. Among the participated teenagers girls were most commonly used product was Herbal followed by allopathic. The total average cost of the cosmetic product used by the girls in the prescription was found to be 112.23 rupees. Keywords: Concurrent, Cosmatics, Herbal, Ayurvedic, Prevalence

Inventory Model for Three–parameter Weibull Deterioration and Partial Backlogging

This paper develops an economic order quantity inventory model for time dependent three parameters Weibull deterioration. Partially backlogged shortages are considered. The demand rate is deterministic and time dependent. The rate of deterioration is time dependent. We have derived the most favorable order quantity model by minimizing the entire inventory cost. A numerical illustration has been carried out to evaluate the result of parameters on decision variables and the total average cost of the model. The research focus of this paper is to derive the optimum order quantity by minimizing the total inventory cost.

The Effect of Horticultural Community Service Programs on Recidivism

The average cost of housing a single inmate in the United States is roughly $31,286 per year, bringing the total average cost states spend on corrections to more than $50 billion per year. Statistics show 1 in every 34 adults in the United States is under some form of correctional supervision; and after 3 years, more than 4 in 10 prisoners return to custody. The purpose of this study was to determine the availability of opportunities for horticultural community service and whether there were differences in incidences of recurrences of offenses/recidivism of offenders completing community service in horticultural vs. nonhorticultural settings. Data were collected through obtaining offender profile probation revocation reports, agency records, and community service supervision reports for one county in Texas. The sample included both violent and nonviolent and misdemeanor and felony offenders. Offenders who completed their community service in horticultural or nonhorticultural outdoor environments showed lower rates of recidivism compared with offenders who completed their community service in nonhorticultural indoor environments and those who had no community service. Demographic comparisons found no difference in incidence of recidivism in comparisons of offenders based on gender, age, and the environment in which community service was served. In addition, no difference was shown in incidence of recidivism in comparisons based on offenders with misdemeanor vs. felony charges. The results and information gathered support the continued notion that horticultural activities can play an important role in influencing an offender’s successful reentry into society.