scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Aberrant Salience and Source Monitoring in Schizophrenia and at-Risk Mental States - A Systematic Review of fMRI Studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Kowalski ◽  
Adrianna Aleksandrowicz ◽  
Małgorzata Dąbkowska ◽  
Łukasz Gawęda
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Current Systematic Review ◽  
Aberrant Salience

Cognitive biases are an important factor contributing to the development and symptom severity of psychosis. Despite that various cognitive biases are contributing to psychosis, they are rarely investigated together. In the current systematic review, we aimed at investigating specific and shared neural correlates of two important cognitive biases: aberrant salience and source monitoring. We conducted a systematic search of fMRI studies of said cognitive biases. Eight studies on aberrant salience and eleven studies on source monitoring were included in the review. We critically discussed behavioural and neuroimaging findings concerning cognitive biases. Various brain regions are associated with aberrant salience and source monitoring in individuals with schizophrenia and the risk of psychosis. Ventral striatum and insula contribute to aberrant salience. The medial prefrontal cortex, superior and middle temporal gyrus contribute to source monitoring. The anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus contribute to both cognitive biases, constituting a neural overlap. Our review indicates that aberrant salience and source monitoring may share neural mechanisms, suggesting their joint role in producing disrupted external attributions of perceptual and cognitive experiences, thus elucidating their role in positive symptoms of psychosis. Account bridging mechanisms of these two biases is discussed. Further studies are warranted.

scholarly journals Neural Correlates of Aberrant Salience and Source Monitoring in Schizophrenia and At-Risk Mental States—A Systematic Review of fMRI Studies

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 4126
Author(s):  
Joachim Kowalski ◽  
Adrianna Aleksandrowicz ◽  
Małgorzata Dąbkowska ◽  
Łukasz Gawęda
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Current Systematic Review ◽  
Aberrant Salience

Cognitive biases are an important factor contributing to the development and symptom severity of psychosis. Despite the fact that various cognitive biases are contributing to psychosis, they are rarely investigated together. In the current systematic review, we aimed at investigating specific and shared functional neural correlates of two important cognitive biases: aberrant salience and source monitoring. We conducted a systematic search of fMRI studies of said cognitive biases. Eight studies on aberrant salience and eleven studies on source monitoring were included in the review. We critically discussed behavioural and neuroimaging findings concerning cognitive biases. Various brain regions are associated with aberrant salience and source monitoring in individuals with schizophrenia and the risk of psychosis. The ventral striatum and insula contribute to aberrant salience. The medial prefrontal cortex, superior and middle temporal gyrus contribute to source monitoring. The anterior cingulate cortex and hippocampus contribute to both cognitive biases, constituting a neural overlap. Our review indicates that aberrant salience and source monitoring may share neural mechanisms, suggesting their joint role in producing disrupted external attributions of perceptual and cognitive experiences, thus elucidating their role in positive symptoms of psychosis. Account bridging mechanisms of these two biases is discussed. Further studies are warranted.

scholarly journals Gray and white matter morphology in substance use disorders: A neuroimaging systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Pando-Naude ◽  
Sebastian Toxto ◽  
Sofia Fernandez-Lozano ◽  
E. Christine Parsons ◽  
Sarael Alcauter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Substance Use Disorders ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Internal Capsule ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Consumption Pattern

AbstractSubstance use disorders (SUDs) are characterized by a compulsion to seek and consume one or more substances of abuse, with a perceived loss of control and negative emotional state. Repeated use of a substance results in synaptic and morphological changes, secondary to toxicity and SUD pathology in the dopamine striato-thalamo-cortical and limbic pathways. These neuroadaptations seem to vary between studies, which could be related to divergent effects of substances, consumption severity or other unknown factors. We therefore identified studies investigating the effects of SUDs using volumetric whole-brain voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in gray (GM) and white matter (WM). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of VBM studies using the anatomic likelihood estimation (ALE) method implemented in GingerALE (PROSPERO pre-registration CRD42017071222). Fifty studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the final quantitative meta-analysis, with a total of 538 foci, 88 experiments and 4370 participants. We found convergence and divergence in brain regions and volume effects (higher vs lower volume) in GM and WM depending on the severity of consumption pattern and type of substance. Convergent pathology was evident across substances in GM of the insula, anterior cingulate cortex, putamen, and thalamus, and in WM of the thalamic radiation and internal capsule bundle. Divergent pathology between occasional use (cortical pathology) and addiction (cortical-subcortical pathology) provides evidence of a possible top-down neuroadaptation. Our findings indicate distinctive brain morphometry alterations in SUDs, which may inform our understanding of disease progression and ultimately therapeutic approaches.

scholarly journals Childhood trauma and cognitive biases associated with psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0246948
Author(s):  
Jazz Croft ◽  
David Martin ◽  
Paul Madley-Dowd ◽  
Daniela Strelchuk ◽  
Jonathan Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Probabilistic Reasoning ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Narrative Synthesis ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Characteristics

Childhood trauma is associated with an increased risk of psychosis, but the mechanisms that mediate this relationship are unknown. Exposure to trauma has been hypothesised to lead to cognitive biases that might have causal effects on psychotic symptoms. The literature on whether childhood trauma is associated with psychosis-related cognitive biases has not been comprehensively reviewed. A systematic review and meta-analysis or narrative synthesis of studies examining the association between childhood trauma and the following biases: external locus of control (LOC), external attribution, probabilistic reasoning, source monitoring, top-down processing, and bias against disconfirmatory evidence. Studies were assessed for quality, and sources of heterogeneity were explored. We included 25 studies from 3,465 studies identified. Individuals exposed to childhood trauma reported a more external LOC (14 studies: SMD Median = 0.40, Interquartile range 0.07 to 0.52), consistent with a narrative synthesis of 11 other studies of LOC. There was substantial heterogeneity in the meta-analysis (I2 = 93%) not explained by study characteristics examined. Narrative syntheses for other biases showed weaker, or no evidence of association with trauma. The quality of included studies was generally low. Our review provides some evidence of an association between childhood trauma and a more external LOC, but not with the other biases examined. The low quality and paucity of studies for most of the cognitive biases examined highlights the need for more rigorous studies to determine which biases occur after trauma, and whether they mediate an effect of childhood trauma on psychosis.

scholarly journals Association between religious practices impact on cerebral neurophysiology and radiological expression: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Eduarda Japyassu Sodre ◽  
Maria Izabel Wanderley Bezerra ◽  
Juliana Oliveira Costa ◽  
Diego Shelman de souza Rosado Amaral ◽  
Vinicius Guedes Lima Bahia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Mystical Experience ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Religious Practices ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Beneficial Impact ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Debates around the correlation between neurophysiological processes and religious habits have gained ground in the research in neuroscience. Objective: To evaluate the impact of religious practices on brain physiology and correlate such behaviors and neuroimaging. Design and setting: It’s a systematic review without metanalysis in PUBMED database. Method: Data carried out in the period 2009 and 2020. Descriptors used: “neural correlates of religious, mystical experience” and “religious belief and neuroimaging”, combined with the Boolean operator “and”. Results: It was noted that the belief is associated with a greater signal in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, important place for self-representation, emotional associations, reward and goal-directed behavior. Neuroimaging indicated regions associated with these behaviors: pre-cuneiform, anterior insula, ventral striatum, anterior cingulate cortex and posterior medial cortex; nonreligious belief, conversely, registers more signs of memory in the left cerebral hemisphere. Additionally, there is an association between absence of religious practices and depression, anxiety, psychosis, pain disorders; it may have a beneficial impact on the pathogenesis and treatment of these conditions. Conclusion: Although it can be said that the impact exists, more research on the topic is necessary for interventions to have scientific plausibility. The results suggest brain regions involved in religious experience and the phenomenon must be perceived from a multidimensional perspective.

Disrupted Effective Connectivity Between the Medial Frontal Cortex and the Caudate in Adolescent Boys With Externalizing Behavior Disorders

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (11) ◽  
pp. 1141-1157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Shannon ◽  
Colin Sauder ◽  
Theodore P. Beauchaine ◽  
Lisa M. Gatzke-Kopp
Keyword(s):  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Novelty Seeking ◽  
Externalizing Psychopathology ◽  
Trait Impulsivity ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior

Studies addressing the neural correlates of criminal behavior have focused primarily on the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. However, few studies have examined dopaminergic inputs to these or other brain regions, despite the fact that central dopamine (DA) dysfunction is associated with both trait impulsivity and novelty seeking. Given long-standing associations between both of these personality traits and externalizing psychopathology, the authors examined effective connectivity between the caudate nucleus and the anterior cingulate cortex, two areas that rely on DA input to facilitate associative learning and goal directed behavior. Dysfunction in top-down and bottom-up processing within this dopaminergically mediated frontostriatal circuit may be an important biological vulnerability that increases one’s likelihood of engaging in delinquent and criminal behavior. When compared with controls, reduced effective connectivity between these regions among adolescents with externalizing psychopathology was found, suggesting deficiencies in frontostriatal circuitry.

scholarly journals Common and Unique Neural Correlates of Autobiographical Memory and Theory of Mind

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1095-1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Rabin ◽  
Asaf Gilboa ◽  
Donald T. Stuss ◽  
Raymond A. Mar ◽  
R. Shayna Rosenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Autobiographical Memory ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Common Activity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Past Experiences

There is an inconsistency regarding the relationship between thinking about personal past experiences during autobiographical memory (AM) and thinking about other people's mental states during theory of mind (ToM). Neuroimaging studies of AM and ToM consistently report overlap in the brain regions recruited. Lesion data, however, show that amnesic people with AM impairment can have intact ToM, suggesting that distinct neural mechanisms support these abilities [Rosenbaum, R. S., Stuss, D. T., Levine, B., & Tulving, E. Theory of mind is independent of episodic memory. Science, 318, 1257, 2007]. The current fMRI study examined the functional and neural correlates of remembering one's own experiences in response to personal photos (AM condition) and imagining others' experiences in response to strangers' photos (ToM condition). AM and ToM conditions were matched in terms of content and vividness, and were compared directly and to a common baseline. Analyses revealed common activity within frontal and temporal–parietal regions, yet midline structures exhibited greater activity during AM. More specific analyses of event construction and detail elaboration revealed unique activation of the right hippocampus during AM construction, and of lateral regions, such as the right temporo-parietal junction (TPJ) during ToM elaboration. Moreover, a region of left hippocampus/perirhinal cortex appeared to be driven by event vividness. Thus, differences in AM and ToM emerge when a common baseline is used and temporal dynamics are taken into account. Furthermore, the right TPJ and related lateral regions, and not the hippocampus, may be needed for ToM, given that this ability is intact in amnesic people.

Neuroticism and Its Associated Brain Activation in Women With PTSD

2016 ◽  
Vol 35 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 341-363
Author(s):  
Nicholas Brown ◽  
Jessica A. Wojtalik ◽  
Melissa Turkel ◽  
Tessa Vuper ◽  
David Strasshofer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Stress Model ◽  
Conflict Task ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Diathesis Stress Model

Previous research suggests a diathesis-stress model of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), wherein individuals with high levels of neuroticism who are exposed to traumatic events subsequently develop PTSD. Although studies have established relationships between neuroticism and neurological functioning in various brain regions for healthy and depressed individuals, the specific neural correlates of neuroticism for individuals with PTSD are yet unknown. This relationship is particularly relevant for women, given that their increased risk for PTSD is partially accounted for by their higher baseline levels of neuroticism. The current study examined previously established neural correlates of neuroticism in 61 women (48 women with interpersonal violence [IPV]/PTSD and 13 healthy controls). A specific region of interest map, including the amygdala, hippocampus, parahippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC), was examined while participants completed an emotional conflict task. Results showed that the PTSD group had significantly higher neuroticism scores than the healthy control group ( t = 6.90, p < .001). Higher neuroticism scores were associated with increased neural activity in the right dmPFC when participants were instructed to directly attend to faces with negative emotional valences. Significant trends between higher neuroticism scores and greater right amygdala and right ACC activation also emerged for this condition. Finally, neuroticism was found to be associated with right amygdala and right parahippocampal activity when participants were instructed to ignore faces with negative emotional valences. The results of this study lend further evidence to the proposed diathesis-stress model of neuroticism and PTSD. Moreover, findings suggest a significant association between neuroticism and neural activity in brain regions associated with fear and emotion regulation for women with IPV and subsequent PTSD.

scholarly journals To Go or Not to Go: Exploring brain activation during response inhibition reading tasks

Spectrum ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Craig ◽  
Amberley V. Ostevik ◽  
Lindsey Westover ◽  
Bill Hodgetts ◽  
Jacqueline Cummine
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Objective Response ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Maximal Response ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Middle Occipital Gyrus

Objective: Response inhibition is an understudied component of reading that aids in the selection of appropriate responses amidst complicated tasks. Our objective was to explore the contribution of brain regions associated with response inhibition processing in reading tasks that vary in difficulty of response inhibition. Method: Participants (N = 15) completed two go/no-go reading tasks while in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner, with the instructions to “name aloud the letter strings that spell a real word.” For the minimal response inhibition condition, the foils, which are stimuli that should not be repsonded to, were nonwords with unfamiliar spelling and sound (e.g., “bink”). For the maximal response inhibition condition, the foils were pseudohomophones with unfamiliar spelling but familiar sound (e.g., “pynt”). The following brain regions associated with decision-making processes were analyzed: the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), the middle occipital gyrus (MOG), and the posterior insula (PI). Results: Significant differences in activation within the nonword task were found for the DMPFC and the PI (the ACC approached significance). Significant differences in activation within the pseudohomophone task were found for the ACC, the MTG, and the PI. The IFG was found to be greatly activated for all words that had familiar phonemes (sounds). The MOG was found to be activated across all tasks. Conclusion: We provide evidence for differential response inhibition processing in the decision-making network during reading tasks. This work is a necessary step in better understanding response inhibition ability for individuals with and without reading impairments.

Neural correlates of worry in generalized anxiety disorder and in normal controls: a functional MRI study

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Paulesu ◽  
E. Sambugaro ◽  
T. Torti ◽  
L. Danelli ◽  
F. Ferri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Mood Induction ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
State Worry ◽  
Normal Controls

BackgroundWorry is considered a key feature of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), whose neural correlates are poorly understood. It is not known whether the brain regions involved in pathological worry are similar to those involved in worry-like mental activity in normal subjects or whether brain areas associated with worry are the same for different triggers such as verbal stimuli or faces. This study was designed to clarify these issues.MethodEight subjects with GAD and 12 normal controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) mood induction paradigms based on spoken sentences or faces. Sentences were either neutral or designed to induce worry. Faces conveyed a sad or a neutral mood and subjects were instructed to empathize with those moods.ResultsWe found that the anterior cingulate and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex [Brodmann area (BA) 32/23 and BA 10/11] were associated with worry triggered by sentences in both subjects with GAD and normal controls. However, GAD subjects showed a persistent activation of these areas even during resting state scans that followed the worrying phase, activation that correlated with scores on the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ). This region was activated during the empathy experiment for sad faces.ConclusionsThe results show that worry in normal subjects and in subjects with GAD is based on activation of the medial prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions, known to be involved in mentalization and introspective thinking. A dysregulation of the activity of this region and its circuitry may underpin the inability of GAD patients to stop worrying.

scholarly journals Planning deficits in Huntington’s disease: A brain structural correlation by voxel-based morphometry

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0249144
Author(s):  
Jesus Calderon-Villalon ◽  
Gabriel Ramirez-Garcia ◽  
Juan Fernandez-Ruiz ◽  
Fernanda Sangri-Gil ◽  
Aurelio Campos-Romo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Voxel Based Morphometry ◽  
Planning Ability ◽  
Early Clinical Stage

Introduction Early Huntington’s disease (HD) patients begin to show planning deficits even before motor alterations start to manifest. Generally, planning ability is associated with the functioning of anterior brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex. However, early HD neuropathology involves significant atrophy in the occipital and parietal cortex, suggesting that more posterior regions could also be involved in these planning deficits. Objective To identify brain regions associated with planning deficits in HD patients at an early clinical stage. Materials and methods Twenty-two HD-subjects genetically confirmed with incipient clinical manifestation and twenty healthy subjects were recruited. All participants underwent MRI T1 image acquisition as well as testing in the Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) task to measure planning ability. First, group comparison of SOC measures were performed. Then, correlation voxel-based morphometry analyses were done between gray matter degeneration and SOC performance in the HD group. Results Accuracy and efficiency planning scores correlated with gray matter density in right lingual gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, and paracingulate gyrus. Conclusions Our results suggest that planning deficits exhibited by early HD-subjects are related to occipital and temporal cortical degeneration in addition to the frontal areas deterioration.

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