How Fast Is the Distance between Earth and the Sun Changing in the Solar System?

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe ◽

A Current

This paper aims to investigate the rate of expansion and extraction within the solar system. We carried out the Solar system expansion calculations to do such a review. The Universe is expected to look the same from every point in it. After the big bang, Universe is expanding at some speed. Astrophysicists have been in a race to measure precisely how fast the Universe is expanding since Hubble announced that galaxies were systematically moving away from Milky Way Galaxy with a current speed in 1929. Hubble’s observations came after Einstein’s general relativity, which inspired the big bang theory. According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe has created billions of years ago with an explosion and started to expand until today. The expansion of the Universe mostly happens in vast spaces, so clusters of galaxies move away from each other. For example, raising bread during baking will expand, but the raisings will stay the same size while moving each other to expand the bread. Observers have proven that an object (galaxies, a cluster of planets) held together by gravity has a patch of nonexpanding space produced by a gravitational field. However, some observers claimed the solar system is not expanding, while others claimed it is expanding. Does our solar system expand in an expanding Universe? The cosmological expansion of local systems is reviewed in the modern cosmological models. We showed answers related to this question with the help of literature. This review article revisited the proof of the Solar System’s expansion and its speed with about 0.32 nm/s in an expanding Universe.

4. What are planets made of?

10.1093/actrade/9780198841128.003.0004 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 47-75

Author(s):

Raymond T. Pierrehumbert

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Solar System ◽

Milky Way ◽

Planetary Systems ◽

Big Bang ◽

Heavy Elements ◽

Milky Way Galaxy ◽

First Stars ◽

The Big Bang ◽

‘What are planets made of?’ assesses what planets are made of, beginning by looking at the life cycle of stars, and the kinds of stars which populate the Universe. Although the first stars of the Universe could not have formed planetary systems, the process did not take long to get under way. The Milky Way galaxy formed not long after the Big Bang and has been building its stock of heavy elements ever since. Thus, our Solar System incorporates ingredients from a mix of myriad expired stars, most of which have been processed multiple times through short-lived stars.

The Planet in a Pebble

10.1093/oso/9780199569700.001.0001 ◽

2010 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jan Zalasiewicz

Keyword(s):

Solar System ◽

Volcanic Eruptions ◽

Big Bang ◽

Forensic Analysis ◽

Mineral Matter ◽

Supernova Explosions ◽

Deep Underground ◽

The Big Bang ◽

This is the story of a single pebble. It is just a normal pebble, as you might pick up on holiday - on a beach in Wales, say. Its history, though, carries us into abyssal depths of time, and across the farthest reaches of space. This is a narrative of the Earth's long and dramatic history, as gleaned from a single pebble. It begins as the pebble-particles form amid unimaginable violence in distal realms of the Universe, in the Big Bang and in supernova explosions and continues amid the construction of the Solar System. Jan Zalasiewicz shows the almost incredible complexity present in such a small and apparently mundane object. Many events in the Earth's ancient past can be deciphered from a pebble: volcanic eruptions; the lives and deaths of extinct animals and plants; the alien nature of long-vanished oceans; and transformations deep underground, including the creations of fool's gold and of oil. Zalasiewicz demonstrates how geologists reach deep into the Earth's past by forensic analysis of even the tiniest amounts of mineral matter. Many stories are crammed into each and every pebble around us. It may be small, and ordinary, this pebble - but it is also an eloquent part of our Earth's extraordinary, never-ending story.

Dynamo effects in gravity

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201912702009 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 127 ◽

pp. 02009

Author(s):

Boris Shevtsov

Keyword(s):

Gravitational Constant ◽

Nonlinear Oscillations ◽

Big Bang ◽

Baryon Asymmetry ◽

System Of Equations ◽

Fractal Structures ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Universe ◽

Made In

Nonlinear oscillations in the dynamic system of gravitational and material fields are considered. The problems of singularities and caustics in gravity, expansion and baryon asymmetry of the Universe, wave prohibition of collapse into black holes, and failure of the Big Bang concept are discussed. It is assumed that the effects of the expansion of the Universe are coupling with the reverse collapse of dark matter. This hypothesis is used to substantiate the vortex and fractal structures in the distribution of matter. A system of equations is proposed for describing turbulent and fluctuation processes in gravitational and material fields. Estimates of the di usion parameters of such a system are made in comparison with the gravitational constant.

A swift and simple refutation of the Kalam cosmological argument?

Religious Studies ◽

10.1017/s0034412598004703 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 57-72 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

WILLIAM LANE CRAIG

Keyword(s):

Big Bang ◽

Cosmological Argument ◽

Convincing Argument ◽

Realist Position ◽

Big Bang Theory ◽

Simple Demonstration ◽

Kalam Cosmological Argument ◽

John Taylor ◽

The Big Bang ◽

John Taylor complains that the Kalam cosmological argument gives the appearance of being a swift and simple demonstration of the existence of a Creator of the universe, whereas in fact a convincing argument involving the premiss that the universe began to exist is very difficult to achieve. But Taylor's proffered defeaters of the premisses of the philosophical arguments for the beginning of the universe are themselves typically undercut due to Taylor's inadvertence to alternatives open to the defender of the Kalam arguments. With respect to empirical confirmation of the universe's beginning Taylor is forced into an anti-realist position on the Big Bang theory, but without sufficient warrant for singling out the theory as non-realistic. Therefore, despite the virtue of simplicity of form, the Kalam cosmological argument has not been defeated by Taylor's all too swift refutation.

Creation and conservation, religious doctrine of

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy ◽

10.4324/9780415249126-k012-1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

William Hasker

Keyword(s):

Big Bang ◽

Christian Tradition ◽

Religious Doctrine ◽

Big Bang Theory ◽

The Creation ◽

Ex Nihilo ◽

In The Beginning ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The doctrine of the creation of the universe by God is common to the monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity and Islam; reflection on creation has been most extensively developed within the Christian tradition. Creation is by a single supreme God, not a group of deities, and is an ‘absolute’ creation (creation ex nihilo, ‘out of nothing’) rather than being either a ‘making’ out of previously existing material or an ‘emanation’ (outflow) from God’s own nature. Creation, furthermore, is a free act on God’s part; he has no ‘need’ to create but has done so out of love and generosity. He not only created the universe ‘in the beginning’, but he sustains (‘conserves’) it by his power at each moment of its existence; without God’s support it would instantly collapse into nothingness. It is controversial whether the belief in divine creation receives support from contemporary cosmology, as seen in the ‘Big Bang’ theory.

Big Bang Theory

Routledge Encyclopedia of Modernism ◽

10.4324/9781135000356-rem1542-1 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew Y. Heimburger

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Mechanistic Model ◽

Albert Einstein ◽

Physical World ◽

Big Bang ◽

Scientific Model ◽

Social Sciences And Humanities ◽

Big Bang Theory ◽

The Big Bang ◽

The Big Bang theory is a scientific model of the universe that posits a state of dense, centralized matter before the current, observable expansion of the universe in one giant explosion. While ‘the Big Bang’ was a phrase first used somewhat facetiously by British astronomer Fred Hoyle in 1949, it rested on earlier theories and observations by George Lamaitre, Albert Einstein, and Edwin Hubble. The implications of Big Bang theory have been far-reaching. For some, the Big Bang’s suggestion of a ‘beginning of time’ lent itself to familiar religious teleology. For others, it provided a rigid, mechanistic model of the physical world, which in turn affected ideas in the social sciences and humanities. This is not to say that Big Bang theory was a ‘grand unifying theory’—even in the 1920s, the rather precise predictions of Einstein’s theories of relativity conflicted with the conclusions of Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle and quantum mechanics. Still, the idea that the physical world exists due to the violent expansion (and subsequent contraction) of matter suggests a rather small place for humanity in the larger scheme of things. There is little room or need for free will in such a system—at least when it comes to matters of large-scale significance. Today, the Big Bang often stands as a euphemism for debates over God and human determinism in the universe, and lends itself to philosophic traditions such as nihilism and existentialism.

Is the expansion of universe accelerating or the Photons decelerating?

International Journal of Advanced Astronomy ◽

10.14419/ijaa.v3i1.4531 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 40

Author(s):

Hasmukh Tank

Keyword(s):

Big Bang ◽

Time Dilation ◽

Red Shift ◽

Light Curves ◽

Accelerated Expansion ◽

Gravitational Acceleration ◽

Pi Mesons ◽

The Big Bang ◽

Astronomical observations of the cosmological red-shift are currently interpreted in terms of ‘expansion of universe’ and ‘accelerated-expansion of the universe’, at the rate of H0 c; here H0 is Hubble’s constant, and c is the speed of light. Whereas a straight-forward derivation presented here suggests that: rather it is the photon which is decelerating, at the rate of H0 c. Such a deceleration of photons can be caused by virtual electrons, positrons and pi-mesons, contained in the extra galactic quantum vacuum, because: they do have gravitational-acceleration of the same order as H0 c at their “surfaces”; or by decay of a photon into a lighter photon and a particle of mass h H0 / c2. Tired-light interpretations of the cosmological red-shift’ were so far considered as not compatible with the observations of ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’; so in a paper titled: “Wave-theoretical insight into the relativistic ‘length-contraction’ and ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’” (Tank, Hasmukh K. 2013), it has been already shown that any mechanism which can cause ‘cosmological red-shift’ will also cause ‘time-dilation of super-novae light-curves’. Therefore, we now need not to remain confined to the Big-Bang model of cosmology.

Deuterium in the Galaxy

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia ◽

10.1017/s1323358000014910 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 100-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. D. Brown

Keyword(s):

Great Majority ◽

Big Bang ◽

Baryon Density ◽

The Galaxy ◽

Mass Fractions ◽

Sensitive Function ◽

The Big Bang ◽

Deuterium Production ◽

There have been a number of attempts made in the last decade or two to observe deuterium in parts of the universe other than here in Earth. It is of interest merely to detect deuterium elsewhere just as it is to detect the occurrence of any nuclide. However in the case of deuterium there is a special interest because in big-bang cosmologies the great majority of deuterium in the universe is considered to have been formed in the initial fireball (Wagoner, 1973). Any observation of the present abundance of deuterium thus might give information about the very early stages of the creation of the universe. Detailed studies of nucleosynthesis during the early expansion of hot big-bang universes have however indicated a particular feature of deuterium production. (Fig. 1) The mass fraction produced X(D) is a very sensitive function of the size of the universe, as measured say by the present baryon density ϱb. Other nuclides that are mainly produced in the early expansion, such as 4He, have mass fractions less dependent on ϱb. Thus if we adopt the big-bang model for our universe we can determine ϱb from observations of X(D). Apart from any intrinsic interest in the present density of the’universe, there is considerable interest in whether the value is great enough for the present expansion to halt and go over to a collapse — or so small that the expansion of the universe will go on forever.

Observations which contradict the hypothesis of a big bang universe

European Review ◽

10.1017/s1062798700001034 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 165-172

Author(s):

Halton Arp

Keyword(s):

General Relativity ◽

Big Bang ◽

Correct Solution ◽

Expanding Universe ◽

Fundamental Assumption ◽

Continuous Creation ◽

Observational Test ◽

Big Bang Theory ◽

The Big Bang ◽

Recession Velocity

The Big Bang theory requires all matter and galaxies to have been created simultaneously 15 billion years ago. But many young galaxies have been observed which must have been created more recently. Moreover, these younger objects, although demonstrably nearby, have large redshifts which cannot be due to recession velocity in an expanding universe. The fundamental assumption in the Big Bang is that extragalactic redshifts are caused only by the velocity of recession. It is shown here how every observational test which can be made on galaxies, and even stars, contradicts the assumption. It is described how a more general and more correct solution of the Einstein general relativity equations yields a non-expanding, continuous creation universe of unlimited age and size.