The Mass of the Central Region of the Milky way Galaxy

On the Basis of tabular values of the gravitational constant. The calculated mass of the Nucleus of the Milky Way galaxy. The numerical value of the gravitational constant is determined by the mass of the nucleus of the milky way galaxy

4. What are planets made of?

‘What are planets made of?’ assesses what planets are made of, beginning by looking at the life cycle of stars, and the kinds of stars which populate the Universe. Although the first stars of the Universe could not have formed planetary systems, the process did not take long to get under way. The Milky Way galaxy formed not long after the Big Bang and has been building its stock of heavy elements ever since. Thus, our Solar System incorporates ingredients from a mix of myriad expired stars, most of which have been processed multiple times through short-lived stars.

Automated classification technique for edge-on galaxies based on mathematical treatment of brightness data

Classification of edge-on galaxies is important to astronomical studies due to our Milky Way galaxy being an edge-on galaxy. Edge-on galaxies pose a problem to classification due to their less overall brightness levels and smaller numbers of pixels. In the current work, a novel technique for the classification of edge-on galaxies has been developed. This technique is based on the mathematical treatment of galaxy brightness data from their images. A special treatment for galaxies’ brightness data is developed to enhance faint galaxies and eliminate adverse effects of high brightness backgrounds as well as adverse effects of background bright stars. A novel slimness weighting factor is developed to classify edge-on galaxies based on their slimness. The technique has the capacity to be optimized for different catalogs with different brightness levels. In the current work, the developed technique is optimized for the EFIGI catalog and is trained using a set of 1800 galaxies from this catalog. Upon classification of the full set of 4458 galaxies from the EFIGI catalog, an accuracy of 97.5% has been achieved, with an average processing time of about 0.26 seconds per galaxy on an average laptop.

How Fast Is the Distance between Earth and the Sun Changing in the Solar System?

This paper aims to investigate the rate of expansion and extraction within the solar system. We carried out the Solar system expansion calculations to do such a review. The Universe is expected to look the same from every point in it. After the big bang, Universe is expanding at some speed. Astrophysicists have been in a race to measure precisely how fast the Universe is expanding since Hubble announced that galaxies were systematically moving away from Milky Way Galaxy with a current speed in 1929. Hubble’s observations came after Einstein’s general relativity, which inspired the big bang theory. According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe has created billions of years ago with an explosion and started to expand until today. The expansion of the Universe mostly happens in vast spaces, so clusters of galaxies move away from each other. For example, raising bread during baking will expand, but the raisings will stay the same size while moving each other to expand the bread. Observers have proven that an object (galaxies, a cluster of planets) held together by gravity has a patch of nonexpanding space produced by a gravitational field. However, some observers claimed the solar system is not expanding, while others claimed it is expanding. Does our solar system expand in an expanding Universe? The cosmological expansion of local systems is reviewed in the modern cosmological models. We showed answers related to this question with the help of literature. This review article revisited the proof of the Solar System’s expansion and its speed with about 0.32 nm/s in an expanding Universe.

How Fast Is the Distance between Earth and Sun Changing in the Solar System?

This paper aims to investigate the rate of expansion and extraction within the solar system. We carried out the Solar system expansion calculations to do such a review. The Universe is expected to look the same from every point in it. After the big bang, Universe is expanding at some speed. Astrophysicists have been in a race to measure precisely how fast the Universe is expanding since Hubble announced that galaxies were systematically moving away from Milky Way Galaxy with a current speed in 1929. Hubble’s observations came after Einstein’s general relativity, which inspired the big bang theory. According to the Big Bang theory, the Universe has created billions of years ago with an explosion and started to expand until today. The expansion of the Universe mostly happens in vast spaces, so clusters of galaxies move away from each other. For example, raising bread during baking will expand, but the raisings will stay the same size while moving each other to expand the bread. Observers have proven that an object (galaxies, a cluster of planets) held together by gravity has a patch of nonexpanding space produced by a gravitational field. However, some observers claimed the solar system is not expanding, while others claimed it is expanding. Does our solar system expand in an expanding Universe? The cosmological expansion of local systems is reviewed in the modern cosmological models. We showed answers related to this question with the help of literature. This review article revisited the proof of the Solar System’s expansion and its speed with about 0.32 nm/s in an expanding Universe.

Deviations of the “Hubble Constant” Value within a “Spherical Gravitational Indentation of approximately 10-10 [m/s2 ]” surrounding our Milky Way Galaxy” in a 4-dimensional Space-Time Continuum.

The “Hubble Constant” Value and specially the deviations in the “Hubble Constant” Value are one of the most fundamental parameters in our universe to understand the fine-structure of our 4-dimensional Space-Time continuum. Recent measurements with the “HST” of the “Hubble Constant” and the measured deviations[Ref. 17] reveal fundamental information of the fine-structure of our 4-dimensional Space-Time continuum. The recent measurements reveal a “Spherical Gravitational Indentation of approximately 10-10 [m/s2 ] with a diameter of approximately 2000 Mpc” surrounding our solar Milky Way Galaxy”. With increasing accuracies the need increases of a “New Theory in Physics” to explain the measured anomalies in the “Hubble Constant” value. Because “General Relativity” is not enough anymore to solve the nowadays problems in physics and specially in astronomy. With increasing accuracies the anomalies in the “Hubble Constant” value only become clearer. To develop a “New Theory in Physics” fundamental corrections have to be made in 2 of the 4 foundations in Physics. Corrections have to be made in Maxwell’s Electrodynamics and Bohr’s Quantum Mechanics. General Relativity will developed further to built the new theory in physics. Newton’s Classical dynamics will remain like it has always been. A solid ground to built on. Isaac Newton, James Clerk Maxwell, Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein lived in fundamentally different time frames. Newton in the 16th century, Maxwell in the 18th century, Bohr in the 20th century and Einstein was physically living in the 20th century but he was his time far ahead and with his concept of a “curved space-time continuum” more connected to the 21st century.

Effects of non-vanishing dark matter pressure in the Milky Way Galaxy

ABSTRACT We consider the possibility that the Milky Way’s dark matter halo possesses a non-vanishing equation of state. Consequently, we evaluate the contribution due to the speed of sound, assuming that the dark matter content of the galaxy behaves like a fluid with pressure. In particular, we model the dark matter distribution via an exponential sphere profile in the galactic core, and inner parts of the galaxy whereas we compare the exponential sphere with three widely used profiles for the halo, i.e. the Einasto, Burkert and Isothermal profile. For the galactic core, we also compare the effects due to a dark matter distribution without black hole with the case of a supermassive black hole in vacuum and show that present observations are unable to distinguish them. Finally we investigate the expected experimental signature provided by gravitational lensing due to the presence of dark matter in the core.

The Irradiation of Methyl Cyanide (CH3CN) Ice at 15 K with 200 keV

<p>Methyl cyanide (CH<sub>3</sub>CN) is the simplest of the organic nitriles found in space. It was first identified in the molecular clouds<strong>, </strong>Sagittarius Sgr A and Sgr B in 1971, through its emission lines in the vicinity of 2.7 mm from the <em>J</em> = 6 ® 5 transition. In 1974 it was also reported in comet Kohoutek. CH<sub>3</sub>CN, has since been detected in the Hale Bopp comet and, as of 2009, there are no less than 58 hot molecular core objects in which CH<sub>3</sub>CN had been found. Methyl cyanide has also been discovered beyond the Milky Way galaxy, in the NGC 253 galax, which lies in the local group of galaxies, some 10 million light-years from Earth<sup>[1]</sup>. It has also been detected in the interstellar medium (ISM) where it is thought to be made on the grain mantles.</p> <p>Upon irradiation of the Irradiation of methyl cyanide (CH<sub>3</sub>CN) ice at 15 K with 200 keV Protons, we observed several compounds. Although this experiment was conducted under different conditions than comparable ones carried out by other researchers (eg Hudson and Moore 2004; Hudson, Moore et al. 2008), similar results were obtained. The objectives were to determine which molecules would form upon irradiation of CH<sub>3</sub>CN ice. The astrophysical ice of CH<sub>3</sub>CN is present in the ISM, comets, solar bodies (<em>eg</em> Titan) and other galaxies. These places receive radiation fluxes from levels of only a few eV to in excess of MeV cm<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, the result being that complex molecules are formed - <em>eg</em> HCN/CN<sup>-</sup>, HCCCN, H<sub>2</sub>C=C=NH and CH<sub>4</sub>. This experiment was carried out using 200 keV protons, and so replicated a particular radiation level similar to that present in space. It was discovered that, upon the irradiation of CH<sub>3</sub>CN under laboratory conditions, the same molecules as Hudson <em>et al </em>2004 were formed. These molecules may then play an important role in the wider astrobiological context. For instance, HCN is vital in the formation of nitrogenous compound.</p> <div><br /> <div> <p> </p> </div> </div> <p>Please insert your abstract HTML here.</p>