REGULATION OF REVERSE DISTRIBUTION OF CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES IN UNITED STATES

2017 ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
Moniveena M. G.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Controlled Substances

How Stringent Is Marijuana Enforcement in the United States?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Caulkins ◽  
Beau Kilmer ◽  
Mark A.R. Kleiman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Substance P ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controlled Substances

Does it make sense for marijuana to be a Schedule I substance? Yes, until the federal process finds it has medical value. The Controlled Substances Act (CSA) divides abusable drugs into five groups, called “schedules,” numbered from I to V. Schedule V includes only...

scholarly journals Assessment of Controlled Substance Distribution to U.S. Veterinary Teaching Institutions From 2006 to 2019

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian J. Piper ◽  
Kenneth L. McCall ◽  
Lori R. Kogan ◽  
Peter Hellyer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Drug Enforcement ◽  
Controlled Substances ◽  
Controlled Substance ◽  
Over Time

Objective: To evaluate the changing pattern of distribution of Schedule II and III opioids, barbiturates, and stimulants to veterinary educational institutions in the United States.Design: Longitudinal study.Sample: Veterinary teaching institutions that use Schedule II and III drugs.Procedures: Distribution of controlled substances to veterinary teaching institutions was obtained from the Drug Enforcement Administration's Automated Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) for opioids (e.g., methadone, fentanyl, codeine), barbiturates (pentobarbital, butalbital), and stimulants (amphetamine, methylphenidate, lisdexamfetamine) from 2006–2019. Opioids were converted to their morphine milligram equivalents (MME) for evaluation over time.Results: Controlled substance distribution to veterinary schools exhibited dynamic, and agent specific, changes. The total MME for 11 opioids peaked in 2013 and decreased by 17.3% in 2019. Methadone accounted for two-fifths (42.3%) and fentanyl over one-third (35.4%) of the total MME in 2019. Pentobarbital distribution was greatest by weight of all substances studied and peaked in 2011 at 69.4 kg. Stimulants underwent a pronounced decline and were very modest by 2014.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Opioids by total MME in veterinary teaching practice have undergone more modest changes than opioids used with humans. Hydrocodone, codeine and recently fentanyl use have declined while methadone increased. Stimulant distribution decreased to become negligible. Together, this pattern of findings warrant continued monitoring.

scholarly journals Between Prohibitionism and Religious Freedom: The Legal Disputes Concerning an Ayahuasca Church and the United States Government

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 463-478
Author(s):  
Henrique Fernandes Antunes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Religious Freedom ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Drug Enforcement ◽  
Controlled Substances ◽  
States Government ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Drug Enforcement Agency ◽  
The U.S

This article focuses on the legal disputes between the U.S. government and the Centro Espírita Beneficente União do Vegetal (UDV), as well as on the regulation of the religious use of ayahuasca by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Our aim is to present the main issues that were at stake throughout the dispute, especially the relationship between the limits of religious freedom when associated with the use of controlled substances.

Legal Control of Drugs and Generic Drugs

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
George J. Annas ◽  
Leonard H. Glantz ◽  
Barbara Katz
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controlled Substances ◽  
Public Consumption ◽  
United States Food ◽  
States Food ◽  
Federal Laws ◽  
Laws And Regulations

The regulation of the use and distribution of drugs in the United States is governed by a complex set of state and federal laws and regulations. These laws and regulations are designed to accomplish a variety of purposes. First, the federal government hopes to exclude from interstate commerce drugs that are not both “safe and effective.” This function is performed by the United States Food and Drug Administration, exercising its authority under the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act and involves, for the most part, regulating the manufacturers of drugs. Second, both state and federal laws and regulations exist to keep “controlled substances” out of the hands of individuals who would use (or abuse) such substances for recreational as opposed to therapeutic purposes. The regulation of the use of such substances is primarily accomplished by the federal Controlled Substances Act (CSA) and similar laws that exist at the state level. Third, some drugs, because of their toxicity or habit-forming qualities, are prohibited from public consumption without the guidance of a health care professional. Unlike over-the-counter drugs which may be purchased by anyone, these drugs may only be purchased by a consumer who presents a valid prescription to a pharmacist.

scholarly journals Trends in the number of patients linked to potential vet-shopping behavior in the United States (2014-2019)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Kao-Ping Chua ◽  
Jeanmarie Perrone ◽  
Laurel E. Redding ◽  
Chad M. Brummett ◽  
Shreya Bahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Shopping Behavior ◽  
National Database ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Controlled Substances ◽  
Medical Associations ◽  
Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs ◽  
Number Of Patients

Abstract OBJECTIVE To estimate the number of patients linked to vet-shopping behavior (the solicitation of controlled substance prescriptions from multiple veterinarians for misuse) in the United States using 2014–2019 data and characterize mandates for veterinarians to examine prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) before prescribing controlled substances as of April 2021. SAMPLE National database reporting prescription dispensing from 92% of US pharmacies from 2014 through 2019. PROCEDURES The annual number of patients with dispensed prescriptions for opioid analgesics, opioid cough-and-cold medications, or benzodiazepines from ≥ 4 veterinarians was calculated. State veterinary medical associations were contacted for information on veterinarian PDMP use mandates. RESULTS From 2014 through 2019, the number of patients with prescriptions for any class of controlled substances from ≥ 4 veterinarians tripled from 935 to 2,875 (+207.5%). The number of patients with opioid cough-and-cold medication prescriptions from ≥ 4 veterinarians rose from 150 to 1,348 (+798.9%). The corresponding number for benzodiazepines rose from 185 to 440 (+137.8%). The corresponding number for opioid analgesics peaked at 868 in 2016 before decreasing to 733 in 2019. In April 2021, 10 states mandated veterinarians to examine PDMP records of owners or animals before prescribing controlled substances; 3 mandates excluded benzodiazepines. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Vet shopping in the US may be increasingly common. Mandates for veterinarians to examine PDMPs before prescribing controlled substances might facilitate detection of this behavior. However, benefits of mandates should be weighed against their potential burden on veterinarians.

Party Strength in the United States: Some Corrections

1975 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 641-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. David
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Party Strength
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