Intelligent Control of Autonomous Soccer Robots Compensating for Missing Information

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hikari Fujii ◽  
◽  
Nobuyuki Kurihara ◽  
Kazuo Yoshida ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Robots ◽  
Intelligent Control ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Autonomous Mobile Robots ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Soccer Robots

For autonomous mobile robots, visual information is used to recognize the environment. Although the acquisition of visual information is often disturbed in the real environment, it is necessary for a robot to act appropriately even if information is missing. We compensate for missing information for autonomous mobile robots by using short-term memory (STM) to make robots act appropriately. This method involves short-term memory and action selectors. Short-term memory is constructed based on the model of human memory and the forgetting curve used in cognitive science. These action selectors use compensated-for information and determine suitable action. One action selector consists of a neural network whose connection weights are learned by a genetic algorithm. Another selector is designed based on the designer's knowledge. These action selectors are switched based on reliability index of information. RoboCup Middle Size League soccer robots are used for demonstration. The experimental and simulation results show its effectiveness.

scholarly journals Using AI-Based Classification Techniques to Process EEG Data Collected during the Visual Short-Term Memory Assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milos Antonijevic ◽  
Miodrag Zivkovic ◽  
Sladjana Arsic ◽  
Aleksandar Jevremovic
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Assessment ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Short Period

Visual short-term memory (VSTM) is defined as the ability to remember a small amount of visual information, such as colors and shapes, during a short period of time. VSTM is a part of short-term memory, which can hold information up to 30 seconds. In this paper, we present the results of research where we classified the data gathered by using an electroencephalogram (EEG) during a VSTM experiment. The experiment was performed with 12 participants that were required to remember as many details as possible from the two images, displayed for 1 minute. The first assessment was done in an isolated environment, while the second assessment was done in front of the other participants, in order to increase the stress of the examinee. The classification of the EEG data was done by using four algorithms: Naive Bayes, support vector, KNN, and random forest. The results obtained show that AI-based classification could be successfully used in the proposed way, since we were able to correctly classify the order of the images presented 90.12% of the time and type of the displayed image 90.51% of the time.

scholarly journals Stable maintenance of multiple representational formats in human visual short-term memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (51) ◽  
pp. 32329-32339
Author(s):  
Jing Liu ◽  
Hui Zhang ◽  
Tao Yu ◽  
Duanyu Ni ◽  
Liankun Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Semantic Representations ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Stable Maintenance

Visual short-term memory (VSTM) enables humans to form a stable and coherent representation of the external world. However, the nature and temporal dynamics of the neural representations in VSTM that support this stability are barely understood. Here we combined human intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings with analyses using deep neural networks and semantic models to probe the representational format and temporal dynamics of information in VSTM. We found clear evidence that VSTM maintenance occurred in two distinct representational formats which originated from different encoding periods. The first format derived from an early encoding period (250 to 770 ms) corresponded to higher-order visual representations. The second format originated from a late encoding period (1,000 to 1,980 ms) and contained abstract semantic representations. These representational formats were overall stable during maintenance, with no consistent transformation across time. Nevertheless, maintenance of both representational formats showed substantial arrhythmic fluctuations, i.e., waxing and waning in irregular intervals. The increases of the maintained representational formats were specific to the phases of hippocampal low-frequency activity. Our results demonstrate that human VSTM simultaneously maintains representations at different levels of processing, from higher-order visual information to abstract semantic representations, which are stably maintained via coupling to hippocampal low-frequency activity.

scholarly journals Sensory Recruitment in Visual Short-Term Memory: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Sensory Visual Cortex Interference Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phivos Phylactou ◽  
Artemis Traikapi ◽  
Marietta Papadatou-Pastou ◽  
Nikos Konstantinou
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Maintenance Phase ◽  
Brain Network ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Meta Analyses

Visual short-term memory (VSTM) links perception with higher cognitive processes by maintaining visual information that is absent from the environment. Yet, it remains unclear if sensory visual cortex is a necessary component of the brain network that underlies short-term maintenance of visual information. Previous reviews remain inconclusive and open to interpretation. Here, we aimed to systematically identify and review studies that have investigated the role of the sensory visual cortex in VSTM using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a method that allows exploration of causal relationships, and to quantitatively explore the effect of TMS interference on the sensory visual cortex during VSTM using meta-analytic methodology. Thirteen studies were identified and qualitatively reviewed. Out of those, seven studies provided sufficient statistical data for meta-analysis and yielded a total of 30 effect sizes, which were included in the meta-analyses. Two meta-analyses were conducted, one regarding the encoding phase of VSTM (19 effect sizes), and one regarding the maintenance phase of VSTM (11 effect sizes). The results from the systematic review and the two meta-analyses indicate that the sensory visual cortex is likely involved in both the encoding and maintenance phase of VSTM. In some cases, evidence did not show significant effects of TMS, however, this is suggested to be due to low memory load or low perceptual task demands. Overall, these findings support the idea that sensory visual areas are part of the brain network responsible for successfully maintaining information in short-term memory when no physical stimulus is present in the environment.

Some Properties of Visual Short-Term Memory

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1155-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel N. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Storage Capacity ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Tracking Accuracy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Term Storage

Ss were exposed to discontinuously presented signals in a compensatory tracking task. Signals were “on” for durations of 16.7, 50, 150, 300, or 500 msec. followed by “off” periods of the same durations. From measures of tracking accuracy under the various on-off combinations, the following conclusions emerge: (a) most of the utilizable visual information is present in the first 15 to 50 msec.; (b) the short-term storage capacity, i.e., the temporal range over which the system can “coast” without input, extends to at least 300 msec.; (c) measures taken under stimulating conditions of long duration and time-varying characteristics result in different assessments of visual short-term memory than those obtained under two-flash (transient response) conditions.

Proactive Interference and Intertrial Interval in Short-Term Retention of Temporal Visual Information

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 839-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Guay
Keyword(s):  
Proactive Interference ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Term Retention ◽  
Retention Intervals ◽  
Variable Errors

The main purpose was to examine the role of proactive interference in temporal short-term memory when subjects experienced time under a conscious cognitive strategy for time estimation, made without time-aiding techniques. Visual durations of 1, 4, and 8 sec. were estimated by 18 subjects under the method of reproduction. Three retention intervals were used: immediate reproduction, 15, and 30 sec. of rest. The three intertrial intervals were immediate, 15, and 30 sec. Constant error was used as an index of bias. The constant errors provided no indication that proactive interference was operating in temporal short-term memory. The lack of proactive interference was not associated with intertrial intervals; even when the intertrial intervals were shortened to 1 sec. no proactive interference was observed. Variable error was used to evaluate effects of forgetting. The variable errors for the 4- and 8-sec. durations seemed amenable to a trace-decay explanation.

scholarly journals Distractor-resistant Short-Term Memory Is Supported by Transient Changes in Neural Stimulus Representations

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1547-1565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Derrfuss ◽  
Matthias Ekman ◽  
Michael Hanke ◽  
Marc Tittgemeyer ◽  
Christian J. Fiebach
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Active Maintenance ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Prefrontal Cortices

Goal-directed behavior in a complex world requires the maintenance of goal-relevant information despite multiple sources of distraction. However, the brain mechanisms underlying distractor-resistant working or short-term memory (STM) are not fully understood. Although early single-unit recordings in monkeys and fMRI studies in humans pointed to an involvement of lateral prefrontal cortices, more recent studies highlighted the importance of posterior cortices for the active maintenance of visual information also in the presence of distraction. Here, we used a delayed match-to-sample task and multivariate searchlight analyses of fMRI data to investigate STM maintenance across three extended delay phases. Participants maintained two samples (either faces or houses) across an unfilled pre-distractor delay, a distractor-filled delay, and an unfilled post-distractor delay. STM contents (faces vs. houses) could be decoded above-chance in all three delay phases from occipital, temporal, and posterior parietal areas. Classifiers trained to distinguish face versus house maintenance successfully generalized from pre- to post-distractor delays and vice versa, but not to the distractor delay period. Furthermore, classifier performance in all delay phases was correlated with behavioral performance in house, but not face, trials. Our results demonstrate the involvement of distributed posterior, but not lateral prefrontal, cortices in active maintenance during and after distraction. They also show that the neural code underlying STM maintenance is transiently changed in the presence of distractors and reinstated after distraction. The correlation with behavior suggests that active STM maintenance is particularly relevant in house trials, whereas face trials might rely more strongly on contributions from long-term memory.

Disruption Effects in Human Short-Term Memory: Some Negative Findings

1968 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 575-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter Sloboda ◽  
Edward E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Retention Interval ◽  
White Noise ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Human Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Negative Findings ◽  
Temporal Location ◽  
Central Level

Previous research has demonstrated that white noise disrupts human memory if it is administered with the to-be-remembered material. The present experiment investigated the effects of a 2-sec. burst of white noise on memory when it was administered during the retention interval (RI). Ss attempted to recall 7 digits after a 2- or 12-sec. RI. For the 2-sec. RI white noise was either present or absent. For the 12-sec. RI white noise occurred either during the first 2 sec., the middle 2 sec., the last 2 sec., or not at all. The results indicated that neither the temporal location nor even the presence of white noise had any effect on recall and that these negative findings could not be attributed to Ss filtering out the white noise at an autonomic or central level.

Crossmodal short-term memory of haptic and visual information

1990 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce V. DiMattia ◽  
Keith A. Posley ◽  
Joaquin M. Fuster
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory
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