scholarly journals Tsunami Hydrodynamics in the Columbia River

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 604-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harry Yeh ◽  
◽  
Elena Tolkova ◽  
David Jay ◽  
Stefan Talke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
River Estuary ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
The United States ◽  
Large River ◽  
Cascadia Subduction Zone ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The 2010 Chile Tsunami ◽  
Tohoku Tsunami

On 11 March 2011, the Tohoku Tsunami overtopped a weir and penetrated 49 km up the Kitakami River, the fourth largest river in Japan [1]. Similarly, the 2010 Chile tsunami propagated at least 15 km up the Maule River [2]. In the Pacific Northwest of the United States, large tsunamis have occurred along the Cascadia subduction zone, most recently the ‘orphan tsunami’ of 1700 (Atwater et al. [3]). The expected future occurrence of a Cascadia tsunami and its penetration into the Lower Columbia River became the subject of “the Workshop on Tsunami Hydrodynamics in a Large River” held in Corvallis, Oregon, 2011. We found that tsunami penetration into the Columbia River is quite different from a typical river. The tsunami enters the vast river estuary through the relatively narrow river mouth of the Columbia, which damps and diffuses its energy. The tsunami transforms into a long period, small amplitude wave that advances to Portland, 173 km from the ocean. Understanding this unique tsunami behavior is important for preparing a forthcoming Cascadia tsunami event.

scholarly journals FORECASTING THE WAVE-CURRENT INTERACTIONS AT THE MOUTH OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER, OR, USA

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (33) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Kassem ◽  
H. Tuba Ozkan-Haller
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Mean Squared Error ◽  
River Mouth ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Tidal Currents ◽  
General Effect ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Wave Forecast ◽  
Channel Wave ◽  
Wave Heights

An operational wave forecast of the area near the mouth of the Columbia River is presented. This region is known for its large waves and strong tidal currents. The forecast is forced with full directional spectra obtained from a refined WaveWatchIII forecast of the Pacific Northwest, and tidal current inputs are obtained from an estuarine circulation forecast of the Columbia River. The forecast has been operational since August 2011 providing short-term predictive wave information at the mouth of the Columbia River. Results from a 6-month period are promising, with a normalized root-mean-squared error (NRMSE) of 16% at the location of an inshore buoy, which is located outside the zone of tidal influence in 25 m water depth. Near the river mouth and in the channel, wave heights are heavily dominated by the tidal currents which significantly increase wave heights on ebb tides. Hindcast results shows that the model is able to predict the general effect of the tidal currents with a NRMSE of 30% in wave heights at the river mouth. Despite some of the model limitations, it still provides valuable information to navigators and bar pilots since it includes the effects of the tidal currents.

scholarly journals First record of Euxestonotus error (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) in the Pacific Northwest, United States of America

2016 ◽  
Vol 148 (5) ◽  
pp. 616-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.R. Echegaray ◽  
R.N. Stougaard ◽  
B. Bohannon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
First Record ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sitodiplosis Mosellana ◽  
Wheat Midge ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northwestern Montana

AbstractEuxestonotus error (Fitch) (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) is considered part of the natural enemy complex of the wheat midge Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Although previously reported in the United States of America, there is no record for this species outside the state of New York since 1865. A survey conducted in the summer of 2015 revealed that E. error is present in northwestern Montana and is likely playing a role in the suppression of wheat midge populations.

scholarly journals Erysiphe trifolii Causing Powdery Mildew of Lentil (Lens culinaris)

Plant Disease ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 797-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renuka N. Attanayake ◽  
Dean A. Glawe ◽  
Frank M. Dugan ◽  
Weidong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
The United States ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Grain Legumes ◽  
Its Sequences ◽  
Powdery Mildew Fungus ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Soybean Genotypes ◽  
Erysiphe Trifolii

The taxonomy of the powdery mildew fungus infecting lentil in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States was investigated on the basis of morphology and rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Anamorphic characters were in close agreement with descriptions of Erysiphe trifolii. However, teleomorphs formed chasmothecial appendages with highly branched apices, whereas E. trifolii has been described as producing flexuous or sometimes loosely branched appendages. Branched appendages have been described in Erysiphe diffusa, a fungus reported from species of Lens, Glycine, and Sophora, raising the possibility that the PNW fungus could be E. diffusa. Examination of morphological characters of an authentic specimen of E. trifolii from Austria determined that it included chasmothecial appendages resembling those seen in PNW specimens. Furthermore, ITS sequences from five powdery mildew samples collected from lentils in PNW greenhouses and fields from 2006 to 2008 were identical to one another, and exhibited higher similarity to sequences of E. trifolii (99%) than to those of any other Erysiphe spp. available in GenBank. Parsimony analysis grouped the lentil powdery mildew into a clade with Erysiphe baeumleri, E. trifolii, and E. trifolii–like Oidium sp., but indicated a more distant relationship to E. diffusa. In greenhouse inoculation studies, the lentil powdery mildew fungus did not infect soybean genotypes known to be susceptible to E. diffusa. The pathogenicity of E. trifolii on lentil was confirmed using modified Koch's postulates. This is the first report of E. trifolii infecting lentil. E. diffusa and E. trifolii have different host ranges, so the discovery of E. trifolii on lentil has implications both for determining species of powdery mildews on cool-season grain legumes, and in disease management.

Evaluation of the phytotoxicity of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and Pseudomonas brassicacearum Q8r1-96 on different wheat cultivars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingming Yang ◽  
Linda S Thomashow ◽  
David M Weller
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Root Necrosis ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Pseudomonas Brassicacearum

Pseudomonas brassicacearum Q8r1-96 and other 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG)-producing pseudomonads of the Pseudomonas fluorescens complex possess both biocontrol and growth-promoting properties and play an important role in suppression of take-all of wheat in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) of the United States. However, P. brassicacearum can also reduce seed germination and cause root necrosis on some wheat cultivars. We evaluated the effect of Q8r1-96 and DAPG on the germination of 69 wheat cultivars that have been or currently are grown in the PNW. Cultivars varied widely in their ability to tolerate P. brassicacearum or DAPG. The frequency of germination of the cultivars ranged from 0 to 0.87 and from 0.47 to 0.90 when treated with Q8r1-96 and DAPG, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the frequency of germination of cultivars treated with Q8r1-96 in assays conducted in vitro and in the greenhouse. The correlation was greater for spring than for winter cultivars. In contrast, the effect of Q8r1-96 on seed germination was not correlated with that of DAPG alone, suggesting that DAPG is not the only factor responsible for the phytotoxicity of Q8r1-96. Three wheat cultivars with the greatest tolerance and three cultivars with the least tolerance to Q8r1-96 were tested for their ability to support root colonization by strain Q8r1-96. Cultivars with the greatest tolerance supported significantly greater populations of strain Q8r1-96 than those with the least tolerance to the bacteria. Our results show that wheat cultivars differ widely in their interaction with P. brassicacearum and the biocontrol antibiotic DAPG.

scholarly journals If You Provide, Will They Ride? Motivators and Deterrents to Shared Micro-Mobility

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-38
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Pimentel, Ph.D. ◽  
Michael B. Lowry, Ph.D. ◽  
David Pimentel, J.D. ◽  
Amanda K. Glazer ◽  
Timothy W. Koglin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Reasoned Action ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Micro Mobility ◽  
On Line ◽  
Optimal System Design ◽  
Depth Interviews ◽  
Bike Share

Bike share, e-bike share, and e-scooter systems (shared micro-mobility) are gaining popularity throughout the United States and internationally, but the optimal system design has not been determined. This study investigated motivators and deterrents to the use of such systems in the Pacific Northwest with secondary data, participant observations, depth interviews, and an on-line survey to users and non-users. The survey was administered in all cities in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho that have shared micro-mobility systems. The strongest motivators reported were exercise and enjoyment. The strongest deterrents were weather, danger from automobile traffic, and insufficient bike lanes and paths. The latter two deterrents might be alleviated through continued improvements to infrastructure; however, the weather cannot be changed, and neither can hills. Data were fitted to the Theory of Reasoned Action and the resulting recommendation is to promote popular motivators of exercise and enjoyment and emphasize personal benefits more than social appearances.

“How Can We Catch Fire?”

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-143
Author(s):  
Melanie C. Ross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
African American ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Kingdom Of God ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
Influence At Work ◽  
Vineyard Movement

Chapter 5 explores the Vineyard movement, one of the fastest-growing church movements in the United States, which is committed to holding together the “already” and “not yet” of the Kingdom of God in worship. In addition to looking for a dramatic, miraculous inbreaking of the Holy Spirit, there is a less dramatic but equally formative influence at work in worship: the Quaker notion of “gospel order” and its accompanying understanding of ethics. These commitments are tested at “Koinonia Vineyard,” a congregation located in the Pacific Northwest, where one African American member wrestles with her vision of activism and her Caucasian pastor’s desire for the congregation to remain politically neutral during a time of national racial unrest.

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