Pattern of Amino Acid Oxidation in Low BMI South Indian Pregnant Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Pauline Anand ◽  
Pratibha Dwarkanath ◽  
Tinku Thomas ◽  
Anura V. Kurpad
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Maternal Body ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidation ◽  
Leucine Oxidation ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Low Bmi

It is not known whether Indian pregnant women with low Body Mass Index (BMI) have adequate protein stores to provide sufficient amino acids for the growing fetus and how this interacts with the maternal body fat (energy) stores in early pregnancy. This study aimed to measure amino acid oxidation in pregnant women with low BMI and to evaluate the influence of maternal body fat on amino acid oxidation in early pregnancy. In two experimental studies of low BMI women, leucine oxidation rates significantly reduced from 1<sup>st</sup> to 3<sup>rd</sup> trimester (post absorptive state, p&lt;0.002 and fed state, p&lt;0.003, Wilcoxon sign rank test). In the post absorptive state in the 1st trimester, leucine oxidation negatively correlated with maternal fat percentage (r=-0.32, p=0.04). Hence, it would appear that the availability of body fat as an energy store in early pregnancy could reduce the utilization of amino acid as a substrate for the energy demands of the growing feto-placental unit.

scholarly journals Dietary phenylalanine requirements during early and late gestation in healthy pregnant women

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine A Ennis ◽  
Betina F Rasmussen ◽  
Kenneth Lim ◽  
Ronald O Ball ◽  
Paul B Pencharz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidation ◽  
Dietary Requirements ◽  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Background Phenylalanine is an indispensable amino acid and, via tyrosine, is the precursor for the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. Currently, dietary requirements for phenylalanine during pregnancy are unknown. Objectives This study's aim was to determine phenylalanine requirements (in the presence of excess tyrosine) during early and late gestation using direct amino acid oxidation (DAAO; with l-[1-13C]phenylalanine) and indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO; with l-[1-13C]leucine). Methods Twenty-three healthy women (age: 30.4 ± 3.1 y, mean ± SD) were studied at a range of phenylalanine intakes (5.5–30.5 mg · kg−1 · d−1 in early and late pregnancy using DAAO, and 2.5–30.5 mg · kg−1 · d−1 in late pregnancy using IAAO) for a total of 76 study days. Test intakes were provided as 8 isocaloric and isonitrogenous meals with 1.5 g · kg−1 · d−1 protein and energy at 1.7 times the measured resting energy expenditure. Breath samples were analyzed on an isotope ratio mass spectrometer for 13C enrichment. Phenylalanine requirement was determined using a 2-phase linear regression crossover model to identify a breakpoint in 13CO2 production (representing the mean requirement) in response to phenylalanine intakes. Results Phenylalanine requirement during early pregnancy was determined to be 15 mg · kg−1 · d−1 (95% CI: 10.4, 19.9 mg · kg−1 · d−1); during late pregnancy, it was determined to be 21 mg · kg−1 · d−1 by DAAO (95% CI: 17.4, 24.7 mg · kg−1 · d−1) and IAAO (95% CI: 10.5, 32.2 mg · kg−1 · d−1). Conclusions Our results suggest a higher requirement (40%) for phenylalanine during late pregnancy than during early pregnancy. Moreover, the early pregnancy requirements are higher than the previous adult male requirement (9.1 mg · kg−1 · d−1; 95% CI: 4.6, 13.6 mg · kg−1 · d−1), although the 95% CIs overlap. Both DAAO and IAAO methods provided similar breakpoints in late pregnancy, showing that the DAAO method was appropriate even though low phenylalanine intakes could not be tested. These results have potential implications for gestation stage–specific dietary phenylalanine recommendations in future. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02669381.

scholarly journals Intraoperative protein sparing with glucose

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (3) ◽  
pp. 898-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Schricker ◽  
Ralph Lattermann ◽  
Franco Carli
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Colorectal Surgery ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Intravenous Glucose ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidation ◽  
Leucine Oxidation ◽  
Glucose Group

We examined the hypothesis that glucose infusion inhibits amino acid oxidation during colorectal surgery. We randomly allocated 14 patients to receive intravenous glucose at 2 mg·kg−1·min−1 (glucose group) starting with the surgical incision or an equivalent amount of normal saline 0.9% (control group). The primary endpoint was whole body leucine oxidation; secondary endpoints were leucine rate of appearance and nonoxidative leucine disposal as determined by a stable isotope tracer technique (l-[1-13C]leucine). Circulating concentrations of glucose, lactate, insulin, glucagon, and cortisol were measured before and after 2 h of surgery. Leucine rate of appearance, an estimate of protein breakdown, and nonoxidative leucine disposal, an estimate of protein synthesis, decreased in both groups during surgery ( P < 0.05). Leucine oxidation intraoperatively decreased from 13 ± 3 to 4 ± 3 μmol·kg−1·h−1 in the glucose group ( P < 0.05 vs. control group) whereas it remained unchanged in the control group. Hyperglycemia during surgery was more pronounced in patients receiving glucose (9.7 ± 0.5 mmol/l, P < 0.05 vs. control group) than in patients receiving normal saline (7.1 ± 1.0 mmol/l). The administration of glucose caused an increase in the circulating concentration of insulin ( P < 0.05) resulting in a lower glucagon/insulin quotient than in the control group ( P < 0.05). Intraoperative plasma cortisol concentrations increased in both groups ( P < 0.05), whereas plasma concentrations of lactate and glucagon did not change. The provision of small amounts of glucose was associated with a decrease in amino acid oxidation during colorectal surgery.

scholarly journals Protein requirement in healthy pregnant women in early and late gestation determined by indicator amino acid oxidation method

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Trina Victoria Stephens ◽  
Magdalene Payne ◽  
Ronald Ball ◽  
Paul Pencharz ◽  
Rajavel Elango
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Oxidation Method ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidation

scholarly journals Dietary Aromatic Amino Acid Requirements During Early and Late Gestation in Healthy Pregnant Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 150 (12) ◽  
pp. 3224-3230
Author(s):  
Madeleine A Ennis ◽  
Anna-Joy Ong ◽  
Kenneth Lim ◽  
Ronald O Ball ◽  
Paul B Pencharz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Aromatic Amino Acids ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Plasma Phenylalanine ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements

ABSTRACT Background Phenylalanine and tyrosine (referred to as total aromatic amino acids; TAAs) are essential for protein synthesis, and are precursors for important catecholamines. Current estimated average requirement (EAR) recommendations for TAA during pregnancy are 36 mg·kg−1·d−1, and has not been experimentally determined. Objectives The aim was to determine TAA requirements (dietary phenylalanine in the absence of tyrosine) during early and late gestation using the indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO, with L-[1-13C]leucine) technique. Methods Nineteen healthy pregnant women (age 22–38 y) were studied at a range of phenylalanine intakes (5 to 100 mg·kg−1·d−1) in early (13–19 wk) and/or late (33–39 wk) pregnancy for a total of 51 study days. Graded test intakes were provided as 8 hourly isonitrogenous and isocaloric meals. Breath samples were collected for 13C enrichment analysis on an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. A plasma sample was collected and analyzed for phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations on an amino acid analyzer. The TAA requirement in early and late pregnancy was calculated using 2-phase linear regression crossover analysis that identified breakpoints in 13CO2 production (the requirement) in response to phenylalanine intakes. Results TAA requirement during early pregnancy was 44 mg·kg−1·d−1 (95% CI: 28.3, 58.8) and during late pregnancy was 50 mg·kg−1·d−1 (95% CI: 36.1, 63.1). In early and late pregnancy, plasma phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations rose linearly in response to graded phenylalanine intakes. Conclusions Our results suggest that the current EAR of 36 mg·kg−1·d−1 for TAAs is underestimated. When compared with results previously determined in nonpregnant adults, early pregnancy requirements were similar (43 compared with 44 mg·kg−1·d−1, respectively). During late pregnancy, a 14% higher TAA requirement was observed when compared with early pregnancy. The results from this study have potential implications for creating gestation stage-specific TAA recommendations.

scholarly journals Adaptation of protein metabolism to endurance training. Increased amino acid oxidation in response to training

1977 ◽  
Vol 164 (3) ◽  
pp. 705-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
G L Dohm ◽  
A L Hecker ◽  
W E Brown ◽  
G J Klain ◽  
F R Puente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Endurance Training ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Muscle Enzymes ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidation ◽  
Leucine Oxidation ◽  
Daily Exercise

This study was conducted to investigate alterations in excretion of urea and total nitrogen after6-8 weeks of daily exercise and to establish if the capacity for amino acid oxidation in muscle is influenced by endurance training. Urea nitrogen excretion was increased in trained compared with untrained rats and nitrogen balance was less positive in trained than in untrained rats. Increased [14C]leucine oxidation with training was observed both in vivo and in vitro. The results of this study demonstrate that amino acid catabolism is increased during exercise training and that the muscle enzymes involved in leucine oxidation adapt to endurance training in a manner similar to the enzymes of carbohydrate and fat catabolism.

scholarly journals PSXI-31 Program Chair Poster Pick: Determination of the threonine requirement in adult and senior Labrador Retrievers using the indicator amino acid oxidation technique

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 321-322
Author(s):  
Jordan T Weil ◽  
Jessica L Varney ◽  
Jason W Fowler ◽  
Craig N Coon
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Amino Acid Oxidation ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acids ◽  
Nutrient Profiles ◽  
Labrador Retrievers

Abstract Although nutrient profiles for canines have been developed in the past, the need to update amino acid (AA) requirements has gained importance as genetic selection changes the recommended nutrients. Correctly feeding AA to canines can have enormous effects, considering a deficiency or excess of such nutrient can lead to weight loss, disease, or in some cases, death. Amino acid requirements can be determined through the nitrogen balance or indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO) methods. In this experiment, the IAAO technique was used to determine the threonine (Thr) requirement in Labrador retrievers. A total of six dogs (6 adult and 6 senior) were subjected to six diets with varying levels of Thr, ranging from deficient to excess. Diets were formulated to 1.6x NRC values for all indispensable amino acids. The control diet was fed for two days, followed by a day in which the test diet was fed, a tracer AA was supplied, and breath samples were collected. On test day, a priming dose of L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on the subject’s body weight was first supplied, followed by [1-13C]Phe doses every thirty minutes, spanning a four hour period. A respiration mask was placed on each subject every thirty minutes (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments), 13CO2 was collected, and enrichment was determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a piecewise model of best fit (JMP® Pro 15). The segmented line regression showed that the Thr mean and population requirements were determined to be 1.21 ± 0.24 and 0.92 ± 0.17 g/1000kcal (mean ± 2SD) for adult and senior dogs, respectively. As the pet food industry becomes more specialized in diets relating to aging, and diseased canines, updating the amino acid requirements related to such animals is increasingly important.

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