scholarly journals The role of inflammation in metabolic syndrome

SURG Journal ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-90
Author(s):  
Cristina Cuda

The metabolic consequences of obesity have made this highly prevalent condition one of the most common risk factors for type 2 diabetes, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Simultaneous occurrence of these conditions can be explained through the manifestations of metabolic syndrome [MetS]. Clinical indication of MetS is characterized by a clustering of risk factors for complex chronic diseases which all feature metabolic deterioration as a common component. Diagnosis of MetS can be made if a patient exhibits three of the identified risk factors, some of which include: elevated waist circumference, elevated triglycerides, low high density lipoprotein levels, hypertension and elevated blood glucose. The progression from obesity to MetS involves an alteration in body metabolism mediated by cytokines- signalling molecules that coordinate the inflammatory response. Increased visceral adipose tissue contributes to augmented secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines which can activate several transcription factors, including NF-κB, which promote these inflammatory conditions and lead to increased oxidative stress. Exacerbation of the condition then ensues as oxidative stress results in oxidized low density lipoprotein, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, hypertension and atherogenesis. This review will not only focus on the role of inflammation in the manifestations of MetS, but also outlines some lifestyle and nutritional treatments that can be used to treat the condition and reduce the risk of chronic disease.

Background. Nowadays the importance of lifestyles in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome has been largely accertained. Objective. The purpose of our work is to implement programs that promote a nutritional culture in adolescents and young adults of the La Sabana University. Methods. The methodology entailed, after the corresponding informed consent, taking measures of the triceps and supraescapular skinfolds, waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), lean mass, and fat mass. Fasting blood samples were also taken to quantify cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL). Results. The results obtained show that of the 165 students, 10.3% were underweight, 13.93% were overweight and 0.6% were obese. With regards to gender, 4.8% of the men and 9% of the women were overweight, 3% of the men and 7.2% of the women were underweight, and 0.6% of the women were obese. The blood chemistry showed that 30% had hypercholesterolemia, 18% hypertriglyceridemia, 17% reported low HDL levels and 67% reported high LDL levels. Of all the cases studied, 40% are at risk of a metabolic syndrome. 60% claimed not to practice any physical activity - especially women who reported 44.70%. Conclusions. These findings have allowed us at the institution to implement a culture of healthy habits. The have also allowed us to identify students with risk factors for type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. This is why the cardiometabolic monitoring and control based on healthy eating and physical activity are important.


2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Deepthy C Sahadevan* ◽  
Archna Sing ◽  
Busi Karunanand ◽  
Himani Thakkar ◽  
Ajay Kumar Gautam

Objective: This study was designed to assess the apolipoprotein B (Apo-B), apolipoprotein A (Apo A) and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio in subjects with and withoutmetabolic syndrome andtoevaluate the correlationofApoB/ApoA-Iratiowithoxidative stressmarker andcardiovasculardisease risk. Methods:Atotal of 308 subjects including one hundred and fty- ve cases and one hundred and fty- three controls were recruited for this study. All the subjects were classied according to the NCEPATP III (National cholesterol education program – Adult treatment panel III) criteria for MetS. Anthropometric and clinical characteristics were recorded using clinical Proforma. Blood samples were collected for doing plasma glucose, Lipid prole analysis [Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)], ApoA1, Apo B and oxidative stress marker - Malondialdehyde (MDA). Serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio were calculated. Comparison of data between the two groups was done by t test. Correlation coefcient of Apo B/ Apo A1 ratio with cadiometabolic risk factors were calculated. Result: We found that cardiometabolic risk factors like abdominal obesity, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, TG, atherogenic lipoproteins LDL, Apo B, Apo B/Apo A-I ratio and MDA were signicantly high in subjects with MetS whereas anti-atherogenic factor Apo A1 was signicantly low. We also observed that Apo B/AI ratio was positively related to cardiometabolic risk factors and with oxidative stress marker. Conclusion:Apo B/AI ratio was related to metabolic syndrome and was found to be a reliable indicator of cardiovascular risk in MetS.


2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Al Rasyid ◽  
Salim Harris ◽  
Mohammad Kurniawan ◽  
Taufik Mesiano ◽  
Rakhmad Hidayat

Background: To assess the role of risk factors of metabolic syndrome on blood viscosity and the prognosis of acute ischemic stroke in Indonesia based on the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Methods: This study included 135 patients with acute ischemic stroke. Patients underwent measurements of viscosity and risk factor assessment. Analysis was performed to assess the role of these risk factors for blood viscosity and outcomes of acute ischemic stroke with NIHSS and mRS as indicators. NIHSS was assessed at <3 days after onset and 7 days after onset, while mRS was assessed 1 month post treatment. Bivariate analysis was performed using chi-square test, and variables with p < 0.25 were further analyzed in multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Results: Factors affecting blood viscosity are fibrinogen, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and hematocrit. Factors affecting NIHSS and mRS are fibrinogen and LDL. Conclusion: Fibrinogen and LDL affect the viscosity of blood and outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients, so it is necessary to treat in the primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke.


Author(s):  
Д.П. Покусаева ◽  
И.А. Аниховская ◽  
Л.А. Коробкова ◽  
М.Ю. Яковлев

В последние годы большое внимание уделяется роли микробиоты в атерогенезе с позиций воспалительной теории. На основании экспериментальных и клинических данных была сформулирована эндотоксиновая теория атеросклероза. Подтверждением важной роли кишечного липополисахарида в атерогенезе является возрастная динамика показателей системной эндотоксинеми и липидного профиля. Цель исследования - выявление взаимосвязи между показателями системной эндотоксинемии и факторами риска атеросклероза, в аспекте возрастных и гендерных различий. Методика. Обследовано 113 пациентов среднего возраста. Все пациенты прошли оценку факторов риска развития атеросклероза по шкале SCORE. Пациенты были отнесены к средней группе риска (до 5%), оценивали себя как «здоровые», жалоб на момент обследования не предъявляли. Индекс массы тела был до 30 кг/м2. Определялись показатели липидного профиля (анализатор «StatFax 3300», США, реактивы «Analyticon», Германия): уровень общего холестерина, липопротеинов высокой плотности и уровень триглицеридов, рассчитывался индекс атерогенности и концентрация липопротеинов низкой плотности. Определялись параметры системной эндотоксинемии: концентрации липополисахарида (микро-ЛАЛ-тест), уровень антител к гидрофобной и гидрофильной частям молекулы ЛПС методом «СОИС-ИФА». Результаты. Выявлена прямая значимая корреляция концентрации общего холестерина, липопротеинов низкой плотности и липопротеинов высокой плотности в зависимости от возраста. При построении регрессионной модели зависимости показателей системной эндотоксинемии от пола и возраста пациентов не выявлено. При визуальной оценке графиков обращает внимание наличие у женщин тенденции к возрастному повышению уровня липополисахарида и снижению концентрации антител к гидрофильной части молекулы липополисахарида. Обнаружены гендерные различия показателей липидного профиля и уровня липополисахарида. Заключение. Статистически значимая возрастная динамика показателей липидного профиля при тенденции к нарастанию уровня липополисахарида, а также снижение концентрации антител к гидрофильной части молекула липополисахарида, имеющее определённые гендерные различия, свидетельствует о целесообразности продолжения исследований с увеличением числа обследованных в расширенном возрастном диапазоне. Atherosclerosis is a polyetiologic disease. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the role of the microbiota in atherogenesis from the perspective of inflammatory theory. Based on experimental and clinical data, the endotoxin theory of atherosclerosis was formulated. Confirmation of the important role of intestinal lipopolysaccharide in atherogenesis is the age dynamics of systemic endotoxemia parametrs and lipid profile. The goal of our study was to identify the relationship between the indicators of systemic endotoxemia and the generally accepted risk factors for atherosclerosis, especially the age dynamics and the influence of gender. Methods. We examined 113 patients middle age. All patients were assessed for risk factors for atherosclerosis according to the SCORE scale. Patients were assigned to the average risk group (up to 5%), rated themselves as “healthy”, did not present any complaints at the time of the survey. The body mass index was up to 30 kg/m2. Indicators of the lipid profile were determined («StatFax» 3300 analyzer, USA, «Analyticon» reagents, Germany): the level of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein and triglyceride levels, the atherogenic index and the concentration of low-density lipoprotein were calculated. The parameters of systemic endotoxemia were determined: the concentration of lipopolysaccharide using a micro-LAL test, the level of antibodies to the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the lipopolysaccharide molecule using the “SOIS-ELISA” method. Results. A direct significant correlation was found between the concentration of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein, depending on age. When constructing a regression model of the age dynamics, the concentrations of lipopolysaccharides, antibodies to the hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts of the lipopolysaccharide molecule were not detected (p> 0.05). When adjusted for gender, the age dynamics of systemic endotoxemia was also not observed. When visually assessing the graphs, attention is drawn to the fact that women have an age-related tendency to increase the level of lipopolysaccharide and a decrease in the concentration of antibodies to the hydrophilic part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule. In addition, gender differences in lipid profile and lipopolysaccharide levels were found. Conclusion. The significant age-related dynamics of the lipid profile in the presence of a tendency to an increase in the level of lipopolysaccharide and a decrease in the concentration of antibodies to the hydrophilic part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule, which has certain gender differences, revealed the necessity and feasibility of continuing research with an increase in the number of subjects and in the extended age range.


Metabolism ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1503-1508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Ceriello ◽  
Nadia Bortolotti ◽  
Enrico Motz ◽  
Carlo Pieri ◽  
Michele Marra ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-68
Author(s):  
Dorota Bryk ◽  
Wioletta Olejarz ◽  
Danuta Zapolska-Downar

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The main mechanisms which are involved are low-density lipoprotein oxidative modification, inactivation of nitric oxide and modulation of redox-sensitive signaling pathways. ROS contribute to several aspects of atherosclerosis including endothelial cell dysfunction, monocyte/macrophage recruitment and activation, stimulation of inflammation, and inducing smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. NADPH oxidase is the main source of ROS in the vasculature. This enzyme consists of a membrane-bound heterodimer of gp91phox and p22phox, cytosolic regulatory subunits p47phox, p67phox and p40phox, and small GTP-binding proteins rac1 and rac 2. Seven distinct isoforms of this enzyme have been identified, of which four (NOX1, 2, 4 and 5) may have cardiovascular function. In this paper, we review the current state of knowledge concerning the role of oxidative stress and NOX enzymes in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Moreover, we analyze the experimental studies that explore the relationship between the NOX family and atherosclerosis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Sneha E. Thomas ◽  
Noorine Plumber ◽  
Priyanka Venkatapathappa ◽  
Vasavi Gorantla

Acute ischemic strokes (AIS) and hemorrhagic strokes lead to disabling neuropsychiatric and cognitive deficits. A serious and fatal complication of AIS is the occurrence of hemorrhagic transformation (HT). HT is cerebral bleeding that occurs after an ischemic event in the infarcted areas. This review summarises how specific risk factors such as demographic factors like age, gender, and race/ethnicity, comorbidities including essential hypertension, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, and ischemic heart disease along with predictors like higher NIHSS score, larger infarction size, cardioembolic strokes, systolic blood pressure/pulse pressure variability, higher plasma glucose levels, and higher body temperature during ischemic event, lower low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol, early ischemic changes on imaging modalities, and some rare causes make an individual more susceptible to developing HT. We also discuss few other risk factors such as the role of blood-brain barrier, increased arterial stiffness, and globulin levels in patients postreperfusion using thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy. In addition, we discuss the implications of dual antiplatelet therapy and the length of treatment in reference to the incidence of developing HT. Current research into inflammatory mediators and biomarkers such as Cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metalloproteinases, and soluble ST2 and their potential role as treatment options for HT is also briefly discussed. Finally, this review calls for more research into use of dual antiplatelet and the timing of antiplatelet and anticoagulant use in reference to hemorrhagic transformation.


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