Workflow for Shaly-Sand Reservoir Model Calibration by Integrating Multi-Scale Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farasdaq Sajjad ◽  
Steven Chandra ◽  
Patrick Ivan ◽  
Alvin Wirawan ◽  
Wingky Suganda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Reservoir Model ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Shaly Sand ◽  
Scale Data

Abstract The calibration of shaly-sand reservoir is challenging since the nature of geological complexity of the reservoir. This complex structure involves multiple scales that should be acknowledged during geologic and reservoir modeling activities. This paper is intended to show multi-scale response of shaly-sand reservoir, by integrating well, sector, and reservoir data. Reservvoir modeling is used as a tool to understand the concept and behaviour of shaly sand reservoir under multiple scenarios of shale geological setting and shale configuration. The research is based on day-to-day findings in PHE ONWJ working area where drilling activities often encounter zones with very low water saturation or high pressure, even though the infill drilling is performed nearby depleted zones. This work demonstrates the needs of multiscale integration to analyze shaly-sand reservoir response. The geology of shaly-sand reservoir indicates "compartment" behavior. The interbedded shale layers disconnect the continuity of several layers. The global scale data, e.g. average reservoir pressure, cannot accurately capture the local responses and discontinuities. Therefore, huge amount of oil reserves becomes undetected and undeveloped. Reservoir characterization based on Field X in PHE ONWJ area is used as a benchmark in modeling a generic reservoir model. The model utilizes several shale configuration and shale characteristics in order to mimic shaly sand reservoir behavior during a single primary production cycle. Whilst general production resultsis not the main concern of the current publication, The main goal of the publication is to observe pressure behaviour after several years of primary production. The research provides a new insight on how field development plan should be prepared accordingly should there be a conviction of shaly sand reservoir from test data. Developing shaly sand reservoir should require multiple plans for higher number of infill well as well as its placement and economic aspects.

scholarly journals Estimating Vegetation Primary Production in the Heihe River Basin of China with Multi-Source and Multi-Scale Data

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. e0153971 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianxiang Cui ◽  
Yujie Wang ◽  
Rui Sun ◽  
Chen Qiao ◽  
Wenjie Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Heihe River Basin ◽  
Heihe River ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Scale Data ◽  
The Heihe River Basin

scholarly journals US social fragmentation at multiple scales

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (159) ◽  
pp. 20190509 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Hedayatifar ◽  
Rachel A. Rigg ◽  
Yaneer Bar-Yam ◽  
Alfredo J. Morales
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Preferential Attachment ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Virtual Space ◽  
Network Growth ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
American Society

Despite global connectivity, societies seem to be increasingly polarized and fragmented. This phenomenon is rooted in the underlying complex structure and dynamics of social systems. Far from homogeneously mixing or adopting conforming views, individuals self-organize into groups at multiple scales, ranging from families up to cities and cultures. In this paper, we study the fragmented structure of American society using mobility and communication networks obtained from geo-located social media data. We find self-organized patches with clear geographical borders that are consistent between physical and virtual spaces. The patches have multi-scale structure ranging from parts of a city up to the entire nation. Their significance is reflected in distinct patterns of collective interests and conversations. Finally, we explain the patch emergence by a model of network growth that combines mechanisms of geographical distance gravity, preferential attachment and spatial growth. Our observations are consistent with the emergence of social groups whose separated association and communication reinforce distinct identities. Rather than eliminating borders, the virtual space reproduces them as people mirror their offline lives online. Understanding the mechanisms driving the emergence of fragmentation in hyper-connected social systems is imperative in the age of the Internet and globalization.

scholarly journals MorphoNet: an interactive online morphological browser to explore complex multi-scale data

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Leggio ◽  
Julien Laussu ◽  
Axel Carlier ◽  
Christophe Godin ◽  
Patrick Lemaire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multi Scale ◽  
Scale Data

ENHANCED ASSESSMENT OF FLUID SATURATION IN THE WOLFCAMP FORMATION OF THE PERMIAN BASIN

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabyasachi Dash ◽  
◽  
Zoya Heidari ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Saturation ◽  
Geometric Model ◽  
Rock Physics ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Permian Basin ◽  
Resistivity Measurements ◽  
Clay Concentration ◽  
Resistivity Model ◽  
Shaly Sand ◽  
Hydrocarbon Reserves

Conventional resistivity models often overestimate water saturation in organic-rich mudrocks and require extensive calibration efforts. Conventional resistivity-porosity-saturation models assume brine in the formation as the only conductive component contributing to resistivity measurements. Enhanced resistivity models for shaly-sand analysis include clay concentration and clay-bound water as contributors to electrical conductivity. These shaly-sand models, however, consider the existing clay in the rock as dispersed, laminated, or structural, which does not reliably describe the distribution of clay network in organic-rich mudrocks. They also do not incorporate other conductive minerals and organic matter, which can significantly impact the resistivity measurements and lead to uncertainty in water saturation assessment. We recently introduced a method that quantitatively assimilates the type and spatial distribution of all conductive components to improve reserves evaluation in organic-rich mudrocks using electrical resistivity measurements. This paper aims to verify the reliability of the introduced method for the assessment of water/hydrocarbon saturation in the Wolfcamp formation of the Permian Basin. Our recently introduced resistivity model uses pore combination modeling to incorporate conductive (clay, pyrite, kerogen, brine) and non-conductive (grains, hydrocarbon) components in estimating effective resistivity. The inputs to the model are volumetric concentrations of minerals, the conductivity of rock components, and porosity obtained from laboratory measurements or interpretation of well logs. Geometric model parameters are also critical inputs to the model. To simultaneously estimate the geometric model parameters and water saturation, we develop two inversion algorithms (a) to estimate the geometric model parameters as inputs to the new resistivity model and (b) to estimate the water saturation. Rock type, pore structure, and spatial distribution of rock components affect geometric model parameters. Therefore, dividing the formation into reliable petrophysical zones is an essential step in this method. The geometric model parameters are determined for each rock type by minimizing the difference between the measured resistivity and the resistivity, estimated from Pore Combination Modeling. We applied the new rock physics model to two wells drilled in the Permian Basin. The depth interval of interest was located in the Wolfcamp formation. The rock-class-based inversion showed variation in geometric model parameters, which improved the assessment of water saturation. Results demonstrated that the new method improved water saturation estimates by 32.1% and 36.2% compared to Waxman-Smits and Archie's models, respectively, in the Wolfcamp formation. The most considerable improvement was observed in the Middle and Lower Wolfcamp formation, where the average clay concentration was relatively higher than the other zones. Results demonstrated that the proposed method was shown to improve the estimates of hydrocarbon reserves in the Permian Basin by 33%. The hydrocarbon reserves were underestimated by an average of 70000 bbl/acre when water saturation was quantified using Archie's model in the Permian Basin. It should be highlighted that the new method did not require any calibration effort to obtain model parameters for estimating water saturation. This method minimizes the need for extensive calibration efforts for the assessment of hydrocarbon/water saturation in organic-rich mudrocks. By minimizing the need for extensive calibration work, we can reduce the number of core samples acquired. This is the unique contribution of this rock-physics-based workflow.

Distribution of the Oil Phase Obtained Upon Imbibition of Water

1964 ◽  
Vol 4 (01) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Raimondi ◽  
Michael A. Torcaso
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Relative Permeability ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Connate Water ◽  
Phase Water

Abstract The distribution of the oil phase in Berea sandstone resulting from increasing and decreasing the water saturation by imbibition was investigated Three types of distribution were recognized: trapped, normal and lagging. The amount of oil in each of these distributions was determined as a function of saturation by carrying out a miscible displacement in the oil phase under steady-state conditions of saturation. These conditions were maintained by flowing water and oil simultaneously in given ratios and by using a displacing solvent having essentially the same density and viscosity as the oil.A correlation shows the amount of trapped oil at any saturation to be directly proportional to the conventional residual oil saturation Sir The factor of proportionality is related to the fractional permeability to the water phase. Part of the oil which was not trapped was displaced in a piston- like manner (normal part) and part was eluted gradually (lagging part). The observed phenomena are more than of mere academic importance. Oil which is trapped may well provide the fuel essential for forward combustion and thus be beneficial. On the contrary, in tertiary recovery operations, it is this trapped oil which seems to make current techniques uneconomic. Introduction A typical oilfield may initially contain connate water and oil. After a period of primary production water often enters the field either from surrounding aquifers or from surface injection. During primary production evolution and establishment of a free gas saturation usually occurs. The effect and importance of this third phase is fully recognized. However, this investigation is limited to a two- phase system, one wetting phase (water) and one non-wetting phase (oil). The increase in water content of a water-wet system is termed imbibition. In a relative permeability-saturation diagram such as the one shown in Fig. 1, the initial conditions of the field would he represented by a point below a water saturation of about 35 per cent, i.e., where the imbibition and the drainage curves to the non-wetting phase nearly coincide. When water enters the field the relative permeability to oil decreases along the imbibition curve. At watered-out conditions the relative permeability to the oil becomes zero. At this point a considerable amount of oil, called residual oil, (about 35 per cent in Fig. 1) remains unrecovered. Any attempt to produce this oil will require that its saturation be increased. In Fig. 1 this would mean retracing the imbibition curve upwards. In addition, processes like alcohol and fire flooding, which can be employed at any stage of production, involve the complete displacement of connate water and an increase, or imbibition, of water saturation ahead of the displacing front. Thus, in several types of oil production it is the imbibition-relative permeability curve which rules the flow behavior. For this reason a knowledge of the distribution of the non-wetting phase, as obtained through imbibition, whether "coming down" or "going up" on the imbibition curve, is important. SPEJ P. 49^

scholarly journals DCPNet: A Densely Connected Pyramid Network for Monocular Depth Estimation

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 6780
Author(s):  
Zhitong Lai ◽  
Rui Tian ◽  
Zhiguo Wu ◽  
Nannan Ding ◽  
Linjian Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Feature Fusion ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Depth Estimation ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Pyramid Structure ◽  
Benchmark Datasets ◽  
The Common ◽  
Monocular Depth ◽  
Multiple Stages

Pyramid architecture is a useful strategy to fuse multi-scale features in deep monocular depth estimation approaches. However, most pyramid networks fuse features only within the adjacent stages in a pyramid structure. To take full advantage of the pyramid structure, inspired by the success of DenseNet, this paper presents DCPNet, a densely connected pyramid network that fuses multi-scale features from multiple stages of the pyramid structure. DCPNet not only performs feature fusion between the adjacent stages, but also non-adjacent stages. To fuse these features, we design a simple and effective dense connection module (DCM). In addition, we offer a new consideration of the common upscale operation in our approach. We believe DCPNet offers a more efficient way to fuse features from multiple scales in a pyramid-like network. We perform extensive experiments using both outdoor and indoor benchmark datasets (i.e., the KITTI and the NYU Depth V2 datasets) and DCPNet achieves the state-of-the-art results.

In-Process Data Fusion for Process Monitoring and Control of Metal Additive Manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuo Yang ◽  
Yan Lu ◽  
Simin Li ◽  
Jennifer Li ◽  
Yande Ndiaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Process Control ◽  
Data Fusion ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fusion Framework ◽  
Scale Data ◽  
Metal Additive

Abstract To accelerate the adoption of Metal Additive Manufacturing (MAM) for production, an understanding of MAM process-structure-property (PSP) relationships is indispensable for quality control. A multitude of physical phenomena involved in MAM necessitates the use of multi-modal and in-process sensing techniques to model, monitor and control the process. The data generated from these sensors and process actuators are fused in various ways to advance our understanding of the process and to estimate both process status and part-in-progress states. This paper presents a hierarchical in-process data fusion framework for MAM, consisting of pointwise, trackwise, layerwise and partwise data analytics. Data fusion can be performed at raw data, feature, decision or mixed levels. The multi-scale data fusion framework is illustrated in detail using a laser powder bed fusion process for anomaly detection, material defect isolation, and part quality prediction. The multi-scale data fusion can be generally applied and integrated with real-time MAM process control, near-real-time layerwise repairing and buildwise decision making. The framework can be utilized by the AM research and standards community to rapidly develop and deploy interoperable tools and standards to analyze, process and exploit two or more different types of AM data. Common engineering standards for AM data fusion systems will dramatically improve the ability to detect, identify and locate part flaws, and then derive optimal policies for process control.

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