Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV prevalence and related risk practices among key populations in South Africa: findings from a seven-city cross-sectional survey

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Scheibe ◽  
Katherine Young ◽  
Anna Versfeld ◽  
C Wendy Spearman ◽  
Mark Sonderup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Consistent Condom ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Practices

Abstract Background: People who use drugs including people who inject drugs (PWUD/ID), sex workers (SWs) and men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk for HIV and viral hepatitis infection. Limited data exists on the epidemiology of these infections among these key population groups (KPs) in South Africa. We aimed to describe the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV and related risk factors among these KPs to inform effective responses. Methods: We aimed to recruit 3 500 KPs across Cape Town (SWs, MSM, PWUD/ID), Durban (SWs, PWUD/ID), Pietermaritzburg (SWs), Mthatha (SWs), Port Elizabeth (SWs), Johannesburg (MSM) and Pretoria (MSM and PWUD/ID) for participation in a cross-sectional survey. We used an interviewer administered questionnaire to assess socio-demographic characteristics, drug use and sexual risk practices. We tested for HCV (antibody, viral load and genotype), HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HIV antibody. We used descriptive statistics to explore data, which was stratified by KP. Results: Among the 3 439 included in the study (1 528 SWs, 746 MSM, 1 165 PWUD/ID) the median age was 29 years, most participants were black African (60%), and 24% reported homelessness. 82% reported substance use in the last month, including alcohol (46%) and heroin (33%). 75% were sexually active in the previous month, with condom use at last sex at 74%. HIV prevalence was 37% (highest among SWs at 47%), HBsAg prevalence 4% (similar across KPs) and HCV prevalence of 16% (highest among PWUD/ID at 46%). Conclusions: HCV, HBV and HIV are major health threats for KPs in South Africa. While HIV is an important condition for all included KPs, HCV is of particular importance to PWUD/ID. For KPs, HBV vaccination and behaviour change interventions that support consistent condom and lubricant access and use are needed. Coverage of opioid substitution therapy and needle and syringe services and access to HCV treatment for PWUD/ID need to be expanded.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV prevalence and related sexual and substance use risk practices among key populations who access HIV prevention, treatment and related services in South Africa: findings from a seven-city cross-sectional survey (2017)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Scheibe ◽  
Katherine Young ◽  
Anna Versfeld ◽  
C. Wendy Spearman ◽  
Mark W. Sonderup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Consistent Condom ◽  
Key Populations ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Practices

Abstract Background People who use drugs including people who inject drugs (PWUD/ID), sex workers (SWs) and men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk of HIV and viral hepatitis infection. Limited epidemiological data on the infections exists in key populations (KPs) in South Africa. We investigated the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV and selected risk factors among these KPs to inform effective responses. Methods We used convenience sampling to recruit a targeted 3500 KPs accessing HIV-related health services across Cape Town (SWs, MSM, PWUD/ID), Durban (SWs, PWUD/ID), Pietermaritzburg (SWs), Mthatha (SWs), Port Elizabeth (SWs), Johannesburg (MSM) and Pretoria (MSM and PWUD/ID) into a cross-sectional survey. An interviewer questionnaire to assess socio-demographic characteristics, drug use and sexual risk practices, was administered. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg); HCV antibody, viral load and genotype, and HIV antibody, was tested. Results Among the 3439 people included in the study (1528 SWs, 746 MSM, 1165 PWUD/ID) the median age was 29 years, most participants were black African (60%), and 24% reported homelessness. 82% reported substance use in the last month, including alcohol (46%) and heroin (33%). 75% were sexually active in the previous month, with condom use at last sex at 74%. HIV prevalence was 37% (highest among SWs at 47%), HBsAg prevalence 4% (similar across KPs) and HCV prevalence was 16% (highest among PWUD/ID at 46%). Conclusions HBV, HCV and HIV pose a health burden for KPs in South Africa. While HIV is key for all included KPs, HCV is of particular importance to PWUD/ID. For KPs, HBV vaccination and behavioural change interventions that support consistent condom and lubricant access and use are needed. Coverage of opioid substitution therapy and needle and syringe services, and access to HCV treatment for PWUD/ID need to be expanded.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV Prevalence and Related Sexual and Substance Use Risk Practices Among Key Populations Who Access HIV Prevention, Treatment and Related Services in South Africa: Findings from A Seven-City Cross-Sectional Survey (2017)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Scheibe ◽  
Katherine Young ◽  
Anna Versfeld ◽  
C Wendy Spearman ◽  
Mark Sonderup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Consistent Condom ◽  
Key Populations ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Practices

Abstract Background: People who use drugs including people who inject drugs (PWUD/ID), sex workers (SWs) and men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk for HIV and viral hepatitis infection. Limited data exists on the epidemiology of these infections among these key populations (KPs) in South Africa. We aimed to describe the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV and selected risk factors among these KPs to inform effective responses. Methods: We used convenience sampling to recruit a targeted 3 500 KPs accessing HIV-related health services across Cape Town (SWs, MSM, PWUD/ID), Durban (SWs, PWUD/ID), Pietermaritzburg (SWs), Mthatha (SWs), Port Elizabeth (SWs), Johannesburg (MSM) and Pretoria (MSM and PWUD/ID) into a cross-sectional survey. We used an interviewer administered questionnaire to assess socio-demographic characteristics, drug use and sexual risk practices. We tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), HCV (antibody, viral load and genotype) and HIV antibody. We used descriptive statistics to explore data, which were stratified by KP. Results: Among the 3 439 people included in the study (1 528 SWs, 746 MSM, 1 165 PWUD/ID) the median age was 29 years, most participants were black African (60%), and 24% reported homelessness. 82% reported substance use in the last month, including alcohol (46%) and heroin (33%). 75% were sexually active in the previous month, with condom use at last sex at 74%. HIV prevalence was 37% (highest among SWs at 47%), HBsAg prevalence 4% (similar across KPs) and HCV prevalence was 16% (highest among PWUD/ID at 46%). Conclusions: HBV, HCV and HIV are major health threats for KPs in South Africa. While HIV is an important condition for all included KPs, HCV is of particular importance to PWUD/ID. For KPs, HBV vaccination and behaviour change interventions that support consistent condom and lubricant access and use are needed. Coverage of opioid substitution therapy and needle and syringe services, and access to HCV treatment for PWUD/ID need to be expanded.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV prevalence and related sexual and substance use risk practices among key populations who access HIV prevention, treatment and related services in South Africa: findings from a seven-city cross-sectional survey (2017)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Scheibe ◽  
Katherine Young ◽  
Anna Versfeld ◽  
C Wendy Spearman ◽  
Mark Sonderup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Consistent Condom ◽  
Key Populations ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Practices

Abstract Background: People who use drugs including people who inject drugs (PWUD/ID), sex workers (SWs) and men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk of HIV and viral hepatitis infection. Limited epidemiological data on the infections exists in key populations (KPs) in South Africa. We investigated the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV and selected risk factors among these KPs to inform effective responses. Methods: We used convenience sampling to recruit a targeted 3 500 KPs accessing HIV-related health services across Cape Town (SWs, MSM, PWUD/ID), Durban (SWs, PWUD/ID), Pietermaritzburg (SWs), Mthatha (SWs), Port Elizabeth (SWs), Johannesburg (MSM) and Pretoria (MSM and PWUD/ID) into a cross-sectional survey. An interviewer questionnaire to assess socio-demographic characteristics, drug use and sexual risk practices, was administered. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg); HCV antibody, viral load and genotype, and HIV antibody, was tested. Results: Among the 3 439 people included in the study (1 528 SWs, 746 MSM, 1 165 PWUD/ID) the median age was 29 years, most participants were black African (60%), and 24% reported homelessness. 82% reported substance use in the last month, including alcohol (46%) and heroin (33%). 75% were sexually active in the previous month, with condom use at last sex at 74%. HIV prevalence was 37% (highest among SWs at 47%), HBsAg prevalence 4% (similar across KPs) and HCV prevalence was 16% (highest among PWUD/ID at 46%). Conclusions: HBV, HCV and HIV pose a health burden for KPs in South Africa. While HIV is key for all included KPs, HCV is of particular importance to PWUD/ID. For KPs, HBV vaccination and behavioural change interventions that support consistent condom and lubricant access and use are needed. Coverage of opioid substitution therapy and needle and syringe services, and access to HCV treatment for PWUD/ID need to be expanded.

scholarly journals Understanding hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV among people who inject drugs in South Africa: findings from a three-city cross-sectional survey

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Scheibe ◽  
Katherine Young ◽  
Lorraine Moses ◽  
Rudolph L. Basson ◽  
Anna Versfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C markers in adolescents in Southern Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália Gazzoni Scaraveli ◽  
Ana Maria Passos ◽  
Andréia Royer Voigt ◽  
Andréa do Livramento ◽  
Gabriela Tonial ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunosorbant Assay ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
The City

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) markers among adolescents aged between 10 and 16 years old, who are elementary school students in the city of Chapecó, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The study involved a cross-sectional survey that included 418 volunteers, from March to July, 2008. Serology comprised HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs and anti-HCV. Tests were performed using automated Microparticle Enzyme Immunosorbant Assay (Abbott, AxSYM System, Wiesbaden, Germany). The prevalence of HBsAg was found to be 0.2% (95%CI: 0.0-1.3), and the prevalence of anti-HBc was found to be 1.4% (95%CI: 0.5-3.1). Regarding anti-HBs, 48.6% had titers greater than 10UI/L. None of the volunteers presented reactive results for anti-HCV. This study showed a low prevalence of HBV and HCV markers of infection and a great number of volunteers immunized against HBV. Finally this study shows the importance of proper health campaigns and policies in reducing those prevalences.

High HIV prevalence among transgender women in Paraguay

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (13) ◽  
pp. 1308-1314
Author(s):  
Gloria Aguilar ◽  
Tania Samudio ◽  
Gladys Lopez ◽  
Liliana Jimenez ◽  
Erin C Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Prevention ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Transgender Women ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Trans Women

Transgender women have been understudied and underserved in Paraguay; data are urgently needed to understand their HIV prevention and care needs. To estimate HIV prevalence and related risk and preventive behaviors among trans women in Paraguay, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in 2017. We employed starfish sampling – a hybrid venue-based and peer-referral method combining recruitment at randomly sampled venues and randomly selected clients from program lists, followed by short-chain referrals of eligible peers. Among 304 trans women enrolled, HIV prevalence was 24.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18.5–31.2%), with risk increasing with age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.06 per year, 95% CI 1.03–1.10), residence in Asunción department (AOR 4.75, 95% CI 1.57–14.36), and cocaine use (AOR 2.09, 95% CI 1.11–3.95). Trans women in Paraguay need to be prioritized for interventions with high HIV prevention efficacy. Substance use interventions to address cocaine use may also yield prevention benefits for trans women in our context.

scholarly journals An Assessment of Digital Media-related Admissions in Psychiatrically Hospitalized Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 220-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meredith Gansner ◽  
Erin Belfort ◽  
Caroline Leahy ◽  
Danielle Mirda ◽  
Nicholas Carson
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Psychiatric Admissions ◽  
Adolescent Report ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Psychiatrically Hospitalized ◽  
Suicide Planning

Background: Prevalent adolescent digital media use has brought clinical attention to its potential associated risks. While excessive digital media use has been connected to adolescent difficulties with mood and impulsivity, no study has examined digital media’s role in precipitating adolescent psychiatric admissions. Objective: Our study aims were to identify and characterize digital media-related admissions in a sample of psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents, and to recognize unique patterns of digital media use within this sample. We hypothesized that adolescents with digital mediarelated admissions would endorse higher amounts of digital media use and problematic online behaviors. Methods: We administered a cross-sectional survey of psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents between 2012 and 2016. Admissions were considered related to digital media use either by adolescent report or documentation in the medical record. Unadjusted comparisons were used to examine relationships between digital media-related psychiatric admissions, online behaviors and suicide-related risk factors. Results: 68 of 218 participants (31.2%) had digital media-related admissions. The most frequent cause of digital media-related admission was cyberbullying (31.9%). Teens with digital- media related admissions were significantly more likely to sext, use social media, and be cyberbullied; these adolescents were also at increased risk of suicide planning and hopelessness. Conclusion: Efforts should be made by mental health clinicians to identify and address online relational conflict, as well as to screen for cyberbullying and sexting. Clinicians should consider that adolescents with digital media-related presentations may be at elevated risk of self-harm, with higher rates of suicide planning and hopelessness compared to hospitalized peers with admissions unrelated to digital media.

Prevalence of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis-B, and Hepatitis-C among People with Injecting Drugs in Western Terai Highway districts, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Tarun Paudel ◽  
Bir Rawal ◽  
Keshab Deuba ◽  
Sampurna Kakchapati ◽  
Kapil Amgain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Sexual Partner ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Female Sexual Partner

 Introduction: HIV epidemic has become the major problems among people with injecting drugs (PWIDs) in Nepal. The study was carried out to assess the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS among PWIDs. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in male PWIDs of age more than 16 years residing in Western to Far West Terai Districts of Nepal who had been injecting drugs for three months prior to the date of the survey" March-April 2017. A two-stage cluster sampling was used to recruit 300 PWIDs from seven Districts. HIV was diagnosed by using standard techniques approved by WHO. Similarly, Syphilis was tested using the "Rapid Plasma Reagin" and Hepatitis C as well as Hepatitis B was tested by using rapid test kits. Demographic data were collected by using structured questionnaire and the data obtained were entered in MS excel was transformed into the SPSS version 21 for the descriptive as well as inferential analysis. Results: Prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and STI among PWIDs were 5.3%, 2.7%, 23.7%, and 2.0% respectively. Majority of the PWIDs were literate (93.7%) and their age was below 35 years. Among the married PWIDs, 32.4% had got married before the age of 19. Similarly, 53.7% of them were living with their female sexual partner, and 95.0% were living with their wife. Ninety six percent of the respondents reported to be ever involved in sexual activity, 77.1% of them initiated the sexual intercourse before the age of 20 years and 41.9% of them had more than one female sexual partner. The survey indicated that 36.3% had been injecting drugs for more than 5 years while 27.7% had been injecting for last 2-5 years and 55.0% of the respondents had injected for the first time at the age of 16-24 years. About one in 10 respondents had started injecting drugs recently. Conclusion: There is high prevalence of HIV, HCV, HBV and active syphilis among the PWIDs. Co-infection of HIV and HCV as well as Hepatitis B and C were also prevalent among PWIDs. Comprehensive education and awareness program is required to reduce the prevalence.

scholarly journals Trends and correlates of HIV prevalence among adolescents in South Africa: evidence from the 2008, 2012 and 2017 South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Behaviour surveys

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Musawenkosi Mabaso ◽  
Goitseone Maseko ◽  
Ronel Sewpaul ◽  
Inbarani Naidoo ◽  
Sean Jooste ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Gender

Abstract Background Adolescents are at increased risk of HIV infection compared to other age groups. There is an urgent need for strategic information that will inform programmes to reduce risk and vulnerability to HIV and reverse the pattern of increasing HIV infection as they transition to adulthood. This paper analysed trends and factors associated with HIV prevalence among adolescents in South Africa using the national HIV population-based household surveys conducted in 2008, 2012 and 2017. Methods All three surveys used a multistage cross-sectional design. A trend analysis was conducted to assess the differences in HIV prevalence and covariates overtime using P-trend Chi-squared statistic. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine factors associated with HIV prevalence. Results Overall there was a significant increase in HIV prevalence among adolescents aged 12–19 years from 3.0% (n = 2892) in 2008 to 3.2% (n = 4829) in 2012 and 4.1% (n = 3937) in 2017 (p = 0.031). The odds of being HIV positive among adolescents aged 12–19 years was significantly higher among females [AOR = 2.24; 95% CI (1.73–2.91); p < 0.001] than males, those residing in KwaZulu-Natal province [AOR = 2.01; 95% CI (1.-3.99); p = 0.027] than Northern Cape, and those who did not attend an educational institution and were unemployed [AOR = 2.66; 95% CI (1.91–3.67); p < 0.001] compared to those attending an educational institution. The odds were significantly lower among Whites [AOR = 0.29; 95% CI (0.09–0.93); p = 0.037], Coloureds [AOR = 0.21; 95% CI (0.11–0.37); p ≤ 0.001] and Indian/Asian [AOR = 0.08; 95% CI (0.02–0.34); p = 0.001] population groups than Black Africans. Conclusion The observed increasing trend and gender disparities in HIV prevalence suggests an urgent need for age appropriate and gender specific HIV interventions tailored and targeted at identified drivers of HIV infection among adolescents.

HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors Among Men in South Africa 30 Years into the Epidemic: The Fifth Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawanda Makusha ◽  
Musawenkosi Mabaso ◽  
Sizulu Moyo ◽  
Nompumelelo Zungu ◽  
Khangelani Zuma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional
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