Prevalence of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis-B, and Hepatitis-C among People with Injecting Drugs in Western Terai Highway districts, Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-106
Author(s):  
Tarun Paudel ◽  
Bir Rawal ◽  
Keshab Deuba ◽  
Sampurna Kakchapati ◽  
Kapil Amgain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Sexual Partner ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Female Sexual Partner

 Introduction: HIV epidemic has become the major problems among people with injecting drugs (PWIDs) in Nepal. The study was carried out to assess the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS among PWIDs. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in male PWIDs of age more than 16 years residing in Western to Far West Terai Districts of Nepal who had been injecting drugs for three months prior to the date of the survey" March-April 2017. A two-stage cluster sampling was used to recruit 300 PWIDs from seven Districts. HIV was diagnosed by using standard techniques approved by WHO. Similarly, Syphilis was tested using the "Rapid Plasma Reagin" and Hepatitis C as well as Hepatitis B was tested by using rapid test kits. Demographic data were collected by using structured questionnaire and the data obtained were entered in MS excel was transformed into the SPSS version 21 for the descriptive as well as inferential analysis. Results: Prevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV, and STI among PWIDs were 5.3%, 2.7%, 23.7%, and 2.0% respectively. Majority of the PWIDs were literate (93.7%) and their age was below 35 years. Among the married PWIDs, 32.4% had got married before the age of 19. Similarly, 53.7% of them were living with their female sexual partner, and 95.0% were living with their wife. Ninety six percent of the respondents reported to be ever involved in sexual activity, 77.1% of them initiated the sexual intercourse before the age of 20 years and 41.9% of them had more than one female sexual partner. The survey indicated that 36.3% had been injecting drugs for more than 5 years while 27.7% had been injecting for last 2-5 years and 55.0% of the respondents had injected for the first time at the age of 16-24 years. About one in 10 respondents had started injecting drugs recently. Conclusion: There is high prevalence of HIV, HCV, HBV and active syphilis among the PWIDs. Co-infection of HIV and HCV as well as Hepatitis B and C were also prevalent among PWIDs. Comprehensive education and awareness program is required to reduce the prevalence.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C markers in adolescents in Southern Brazil

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 753-758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natália Gazzoni Scaraveli ◽  
Ana Maria Passos ◽  
Andréia Royer Voigt ◽  
Andréa do Livramento ◽  
Gabriela Tonial ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunosorbant Assay ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
The City

This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) markers among adolescents aged between 10 and 16 years old, who are elementary school students in the city of Chapecó, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The study involved a cross-sectional survey that included 418 volunteers, from March to July, 2008. Serology comprised HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs and anti-HCV. Tests were performed using automated Microparticle Enzyme Immunosorbant Assay (Abbott, AxSYM System, Wiesbaden, Germany). The prevalence of HBsAg was found to be 0.2% (95%CI: 0.0-1.3), and the prevalence of anti-HBc was found to be 1.4% (95%CI: 0.5-3.1). Regarding anti-HBs, 48.6% had titers greater than 10UI/L. None of the volunteers presented reactive results for anti-HCV. This study showed a low prevalence of HBV and HCV markers of infection and a great number of volunteers immunized against HBV. Finally this study shows the importance of proper health campaigns and policies in reducing those prevalences.

scholarly journals Primary prevention of sexually transmitted infections in Switzerland: practices of family physicians and their determinants—a national cross-sectional survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. e032950
Author(s):  
Hanna Vautrin ◽  
Nicolas Senn ◽  
Christine Cohidon
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sexual Life ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Active Monitoring ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

ObjectivesTo describe the activities of general practitioners (GPs) pertaining to primary prevention in the field of affective and sexual life, studying the advice they provide as well as their vaccination practices.DesignCross-sectional national survey.Setting/participantsThe study was carried out using the Swiss Primary Care Active Monitoring GPs’ network, a national GP network created in 2012. One hundred and seventy Swiss GPs, from a random sample from professional lists stratified by canton, participated in the present study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrevention practices against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) performed by GPs through advice provided as well as their vaccination practices. Predictive factor of these practices through their links with the doctors’ relevant characteristics and their opinions about STI prevention.ResultsApproximately 80% consider prevention in the area of affective and sexual life to be part of their duty and discuss it easily with patients. Most of them spontaneously give advice regarding STIs during a routine consultation. Regarding human papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation in adults, almost half of GPs report never doing it, while almost 75% often or always immunise their adult patients against hepatitis B. Higher numbers of consultations per day are associated with vaccinating more adults against HPV (OR 1.13 (1.05 to 1.23)) and against hepatitis A (OR 1.17 (1.05 to 1.31)). Vaccinating children against hepatitis B is associated with practising in rural areas (OR 4.64 (1.20 to 17.98)). GPs practising in the French-speaking region of Switzerland immunise children less against HPV (OR 0.40 (0.20 to 0.80)). Longer consultations are associated with providing advice on affective and sexual life during a first consultation (OR 1.08 (1.01 to 1.14)).ConclusionSwiss GPs are involved in primary prevention against STIs and consider it as their responsibility. Prevention practices are associated with GPs’ favourable opinions on prevention.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of Major Transfusion-Transmissible Infections among Foreign Departing Employees from Itahari, Nepal.

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Jenish Shakya ◽  
Bijay Kumar Shrestha ◽  
Hemanta Khanal
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Blood Products ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Treatment Procedures ◽  
Anti Hiv

Transfusion-Transmissible Infections (TTIs) include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis that are transmitted from person to person through parenteral, administration of blood or blood products leading to serious health problems. The present study was lab based cross-sectional study conducted from February 2018 to August 2019 to investigate the prevalence of hepatitis B, HIV, hepatitis C, and syphilis among the foreign departing employees from Itahari, Sunsari, Nepal. The samples were screened for the presence of anti-HIV IgG, HBsAg, anti-syphilis and anti-HCV IgG using commercial rapid test kits following standard protocols. A total of 4260 samples processed, the overall seroprevalence of TTIs was found to be 1.22% (52/4260). Seroprevalence of HIV was found to be 0.05% (2/4260), HBV was found to be 0.53% (23/4260), HCV was found to be 0.18% (8/4260) and syphilis was found to be 0.45% (19/4260). Among the transfusion transmissible infections in individuals going for foreign employment, the most prevalent was found to be hepatitis B (0.53%). In overall, the TTIs infection was most prevalent in the age group of 24-29 (0.35%) and 30-35 (0.35%) years. Further investigation including studying the prevalence of TTIs in general population is required to address the issue and to formulate proper preventive, diagnosis and treatment procedures of these infections.

scholarly journals Study on Status and Willingness towards Hepatitis B Vaccination among Migrant Workers in Chongqing, China: A Cross-Sectional Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 4046
Author(s):  
Hui Xiang ◽  
Xiaojun Tang ◽  
Meng Xiao ◽  
Lin Gan ◽  
Kun Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Hbv Infection ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hb Vaccine

Background: Rural-to-urban migrant workers may serve as a bridge population for the cross-regional spread of hepatitis B vaccination (HBV) due to frequent shifts between their work areas and homelands, and they are less likely to be covered by the national hepatitis B (HB) immunization program. This study aimed to investigate the current inoculation status of HB vaccine among migrant workers and the willingness to be vaccinated among non-vaccinated ones. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey using anonymous interviews with migrant workers selected by two-stage cluster sampling from July to December 2018. Binary logistic regression models were adopted to detect influencing factors associated with HB inoculation status and vaccination willingness. Results: 1574 respondents were recruited in the surveys, and 773 (49.11%) respondents reported that they had been inoculated with HB vaccine. Only 285 (35.58%) non-vaccinated respondents were willing to be inoculated. Logistic regression indicated that younger age, higher education level, less wearing of condoms, higher knowledge scores of HB, and higher risk perception of HBV infection were positively associated with inoculation of HB vaccine. Respondents who were more highly educated, and drinkers, with higher knowledge scores of HB and with higher risk perception of HBV infection were more willing to be vaccinated. Conclusions: the HB vaccination rate of migrant workers in Chongqing was relatively low and only a small section of non-vaccinated migrant workers had vaccination willingness. Health interventions and policies are needed to improve knowledge and cognition of HB among migrant workers, particularly for those who are older, less educated, poor in HB knowledge, less likely to wear condoms, and non-drinkers. Peer education, as well as the combination of traditional and new media, would be accessible and effective ways to disseminate HB related knowledge for migrant workers.

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Human Immunodeficiency Viruses in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients, Southern Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
Nahid T. Movaghar ◽  
Saber Mojarrad ◽  
Hadi R. Shahraki ◽  
Mohammadreza Nazari ◽  
Mahtab Hadadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fars Province ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Southern Iran

Background: Hemodialysis [HD] patients are more prone to blood-borne viruses, such as hepatitis B virus [HBV], hepatitis C virus [HCV], and, to a lesser extent, Human Immunodeficiency Virus [HIV]. Chronic HBV and HCV infections are associated with liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and early graft failure after kidney transplantation. As there was no recent information, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection in HD patients in Fars province, southern Iran. This could help health policymakers to run more effective infection control practices for reducing such blood-borne virus infections, if necessary. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 906 HD patients in Fars province, southern Iran. A total of 906 blood samples were obtained from patients and diagnostic tests of HBV, HCV, and HIV were done. Demographic data and some other information, such as duration of dialysis, were extracted from the patients’ medical records. Data were analyzed in SPSS, version 18. Results: Out of the patients enrolled in the study, 547 [60.4%] were male and 359 [39.6%] female. The mean ± SD age of the patients was 58.0 ± 15.8 years. The prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV infection was 0.88%, 0.55% and 0.44%, respectively. HIV-infected subjects were significantly younger than the HIV-negative group [P <0.017]. Conclusion: It seems that Fars is among the provinces with low HBV and HCV prevalence in HD patients in comparison to other provinces of Iran. On the other hand, HIV prevalence here is higher than other provincial studies. Strict adherence to preventive infection control measures is recommended in HD centers.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV prevalence and related sexual and substance use risk practices among key populations who access HIV prevention, treatment and related services in South Africa: findings from a seven-city cross-sectional survey (2017)

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Scheibe ◽  
Katherine Young ◽  
Anna Versfeld ◽  
C. Wendy Spearman ◽  
Mark W. Sonderup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Consistent Condom ◽  
Key Populations ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Practices

Abstract Background People who use drugs including people who inject drugs (PWUD/ID), sex workers (SWs) and men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk of HIV and viral hepatitis infection. Limited epidemiological data on the infections exists in key populations (KPs) in South Africa. We investigated the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV and selected risk factors among these KPs to inform effective responses. Methods We used convenience sampling to recruit a targeted 3500 KPs accessing HIV-related health services across Cape Town (SWs, MSM, PWUD/ID), Durban (SWs, PWUD/ID), Pietermaritzburg (SWs), Mthatha (SWs), Port Elizabeth (SWs), Johannesburg (MSM) and Pretoria (MSM and PWUD/ID) into a cross-sectional survey. An interviewer questionnaire to assess socio-demographic characteristics, drug use and sexual risk practices, was administered. HBV surface antigen (HBsAg); HCV antibody, viral load and genotype, and HIV antibody, was tested. Results Among the 3439 people included in the study (1528 SWs, 746 MSM, 1165 PWUD/ID) the median age was 29 years, most participants were black African (60%), and 24% reported homelessness. 82% reported substance use in the last month, including alcohol (46%) and heroin (33%). 75% were sexually active in the previous month, with condom use at last sex at 74%. HIV prevalence was 37% (highest among SWs at 47%), HBsAg prevalence 4% (similar across KPs) and HCV prevalence was 16% (highest among PWUD/ID at 46%). Conclusions HBV, HCV and HIV pose a health burden for KPs in South Africa. While HIV is key for all included KPs, HCV is of particular importance to PWUD/ID. For KPs, HBV vaccination and behavioural change interventions that support consistent condom and lubricant access and use are needed. Coverage of opioid substitution therapy and needle and syringe services, and access to HCV treatment for PWUD/ID need to be expanded.

scholarly journals HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C in Incarcerated Women in a Metropolitan Detention Center in Northeast Brazil

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-56
Author(s):  
Maria de Souza Barros Neta ◽  
Renata Mírian Nunes Eleutério ◽  
Mariana Brito Dantas Castelo Branco ◽  
José Eleutério Junior
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Incarcerated Women ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Big City ◽  
Elementary School Education

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system cells, and causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Incarcerated populations have a recognized increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Objectives: The study was aimed to identify the frequency of HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B/C in women incarcerated in a prison in a big city in northeast Brazil. Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional quantitative study. Methodology: The sample was composed of incarcerated women in a medium- to high-security prison in a metropolitan region in northeast Brazil. Between January and October 2018, 200 prisoners were interviewed to collect their socio-demographic data. At that time, a drop of peripheral blood was collected to perform syphilis, HIV, and hepatitis B and C rapid tests after informed consent was obtained. Results: The age of the women ranged from 19 to 62 years old (mean=32.85±10.4). The time of incarceration varied between less than one to 10 years (mean=3.6±2.1). The majority of the women were single (71.5%), not pregnant (97%), mixed race (68.5%), housewives (30.5%) and had an elementary school education (51%). Among the 122 women tested for syphilis, 24 were positive (19.7%). HIV was present in 4 of the 200 tested woman (2%), and hepatitis C was identified in 3 of the 91 tested patients. All 85 patients tested for hepatitis B were negative. When considering the time of incarceration, the results were not significantly different. Conclusion: Only the frequency of syphilis was high, at almost 20%, which is higher than those observed in other studies from other regions of Brazil and other countries.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B and hepatitis C in three large regions of Kazakhstan

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261155
Author(s):  
Alexander Nersesov ◽  
Arnur Gusmanov ◽  
Byron Crape ◽  
Gulnara Junusbekova ◽  
Salim Berkinbayev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Comprehensive Programs

Background & aims Kazakhstan has implemented comprehensive programs to reduce the incidence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. This study aims to assess seroprevalence and risk factors for HBsAg and anti-HCV positivity in three large regions of Kazakhstan. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in three regions geographically remote from each other. Participants were randomly selected using a two-stage stratified cluster sampling and were surveyed by a questionnaire based on the WHO STEP survey instrument. Blood samples were collected for HBsAg and anti-HCV testing. Results A total of 4,620 participants were enrolled. The seroprevalence was 5.5% (95%CI: 3.6%-8.4%) for HBsAg and 5.1% (95%CI: 3.5%-7.5%) for anti-HCV antibodies. Both were more prevalent in the western and northern regions than in the southern. A history of blood transfusion was significantly associated with anti-HCV presence, with odds ratios (ORs) of 2.10 (95%CI: 1.37–3.21) and was borderline associated with HBsAg 1.39 (95%CI: 0.92–2.10), respectively. Having a family member with viral hepatitis was also borderline associated (2.09 (95%CI: 0.97–4.50)) with anti-HCV positivity. Conclusions This study found a high-intermediate level of endemicity for HBsAg and a high level of endemicity for anti-HCV antibodies in three large regions of Kazakhstan. We found that history of surgery was not associated with HbsAg neither with anti-HCV seropositivity rates. Blood transfusion was associated with anti-HCV seropositivity, however, to investigate effectiveness of the introduced comprehensive preventive measures in health care settings, there is a need to conduct further epidemiological studies.

scholarly journals Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV Prevalence and Related Sexual and Substance Use Risk Practices Among Key Populations Who Access HIV Prevention, Treatment and Related Services in South Africa: Findings from A Seven-City Cross-Sectional Survey (2017)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Scheibe ◽  
Katherine Young ◽  
Anna Versfeld ◽  
C Wendy Spearman ◽  
Mark Sonderup ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Substance Use ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Consistent Condom ◽  
Key Populations ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Practices

Abstract Background: People who use drugs including people who inject drugs (PWUD/ID), sex workers (SWs) and men who have sex with men (MSM) are at increased risk for HIV and viral hepatitis infection. Limited data exists on the epidemiology of these infections among these key populations (KPs) in South Africa. We aimed to describe the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV) and HIV and selected risk factors among these KPs to inform effective responses. Methods: We used convenience sampling to recruit a targeted 3 500 KPs accessing HIV-related health services across Cape Town (SWs, MSM, PWUD/ID), Durban (SWs, PWUD/ID), Pietermaritzburg (SWs), Mthatha (SWs), Port Elizabeth (SWs), Johannesburg (MSM) and Pretoria (MSM and PWUD/ID) into a cross-sectional survey. We used an interviewer administered questionnaire to assess socio-demographic characteristics, drug use and sexual risk practices. We tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), HCV (antibody, viral load and genotype) and HIV antibody. We used descriptive statistics to explore data, which were stratified by KP. Results: Among the 3 439 people included in the study (1 528 SWs, 746 MSM, 1 165 PWUD/ID) the median age was 29 years, most participants were black African (60%), and 24% reported homelessness. 82% reported substance use in the last month, including alcohol (46%) and heroin (33%). 75% were sexually active in the previous month, with condom use at last sex at 74%. HIV prevalence was 37% (highest among SWs at 47%), HBsAg prevalence 4% (similar across KPs) and HCV prevalence was 16% (highest among PWUD/ID at 46%). Conclusions: HBV, HCV and HIV are major health threats for KPs in South Africa. While HIV is an important condition for all included KPs, HCV is of particular importance to PWUD/ID. For KPs, HBV vaccination and behaviour change interventions that support consistent condom and lubricant access and use are needed. Coverage of opioid substitution therapy and needle and syringe services, and access to HCV treatment for PWUD/ID need to be expanded.

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