scholarly journals Detecting influenza and emerging avian influenza virus by influenza and pneumonia surveillance systems in a large city in China, 2005 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Guo ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Ruchun Liu ◽  
Yaman Li ◽  
Qingqing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Large City ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Death Cases

Abstract BACKGROUND: Detecting avian influenza virus has become an important public health strategy for controlling the emerging infectious disease. METHODS: The HIS (hospital information system) modified influenza surveillance system (ISS) and a newly built pneumonia surveillance system (PSS) were used to monitor the influenza viruses in Changsha City, China. The ISS was used to monitor outpatients in two sentinel hospitals and to detect mild influenza and avian influenza cases, and PSS was used to monitor inpatients in 49 hospitals and to detect severe and death influenza cases. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2016, there were 3,551,917 outpatients monitored by the ISS system, among whom 126,076 were influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, with the ILI proportion (ILI%) of 3.55%. After the HIS was used, the reported incident cases of ILI and ILI% were increased significantly. From March, 2009 to September, 2016, there were 5,491,560 inpatient cases monitored by the PSS system, among which 362,743 were pneumonia cases, with a proportion of 6.61%. Among pneumonia cases, about 10.55% (38,260/362,743) of cases were severe or death cases. The pneumonia incidence increased each year in the city. Among 15 avian influenza cases reported from January, 2005 to September, 2016, there were 26.7% (4/15) mild cases detected by the HIS-modified ISS system, while 60.0% (9/15) were severe or death cases detected by the PSS system. Two H5N1 severe cases were missed by the ISS system in January, 2009 when the PSS system was not available. CONCLUSIONS: The HIS was able to improve the efficiency of the ISS for monitoring ILI and emerging avian influenza virus. However, the efficiency of the system needs to be verified in a wider area for a longer time span in China.

scholarly journals Detecting influenza and emerging avian influenza virus by influenza and pneumonia surveillance systems in a large city in China, 2005 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Guo ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Ruchun Liu ◽  
Yaman Li ◽  
Qingqing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Large City ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Death Cases

Abstract Background Detecting avian influenza virus has become an important public health strategy for controlling the emerging infectious disease. Methods The HIS (hospital information system) modified influenza surveillance system (ISS) and a newly built pneumonia surveillance system (PSS) were used to monitor the influenza viruses in Changsha City, China. The ISS was used to monitor outpatients in two sentinel hospitals and to detect mild influenza and avian influenza cases, and PSS was used to monitor inpatients in 49 hospitals and to detect severe and death influenza cases. Results From 2005 to 2016, there were 3,551,917 outpatients monitored by the ISS system, among whom 126,076 were influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, with the ILI proportion (ILI%) of 3.55%. After the HIS was used, the reported incident cases of ILI and ILI% were increased significantly. From March, 2009 to September, 2016, there were 5,491,560 inpatient cases monitored by the PSS system, among which 362,743 were pneumonia cases, with a proportion of 6.61%. Among pneumonia cases, about 10.55% (38,260/362,743) of cases were severe or death cases. The pneumonia incidence increased each year in the city. Among 15 avian influenza cases reported from January, 2005 to September, 2016, there were 26.7% (4/15) mild cases detected by the HIS-modified ISS system, while 60.0% (9/15) were severe or death cases detected by the PSS system. Two H5N1 severe cases were missed by the ISS system in January, 2009 when the PSS system was not available. Conclusions The HIS was able to improve the efficiency of the ISS for monitoring ILI and emerging avian influenza virus. However, the efficiency of the system needs to be verified in a wider area for a longer time span in China.

scholarly journals Detecting influenza and emerging avian influenza virus by influenza and pneumonia surveillance systems in a large city in China, 2005 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Guo ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Ruchun Liu ◽  
Yaman Li ◽  
Qingqing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Large City ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Death Cases

Abstract BACKGROUND: Detecting avian influenza virus has become an important public health strategy for controlling the emerging infectious disease. METHODS: The HIS (hospital information system) modified influenza surveillance system (ISS) and a newly built pneumonia surveillance system (PSS) were used to monitor the influenza viruses in Changsha City, China. The ISS was used to monitor outpatients in two sentinel hospitals and to detect mild influenza and avian influenza cases, and PSS was used to monitor inpatients in 49 hospitals and to detect severe and death influenza cases. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2016, there were 3,551,917 outpatients monitored by the ISS system, among whom 126,076 were influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, with the ILI proportion (ILI%) of 3.55%. After the HIS was used, the reported incident cases of ILI and ILI% were increased significantly. From March, 2009 to September, 2016, there were 5,491,560 inpatient cases monitored by the PSS system, among which 362,743 were pneumonia cases, with a proportion of 6.61%. Among pneumonia cases, about 10.55% (38,260/362,743) of cases were severe or death cases. The pneumonia incidence increased each year in the city. Among 15 avian influenza cases reported from January, 2005 to September, 2016, there were 26.7% (4/15) mild cases detected by the HIS-modified ISS system, while 60.0% (9/15) were severe or death cases detected by the PSS system. Two H5N1 severe cases were missed by the ISS system in January, 2009 when the PSS system was not available. CONCLUSIONS: The HIS was able to improve the efficiency of the ISS for monitoring ILI and emerging avian influenza virus. However, the efficiency of the system needs to be verified in a wider area for a longer time span in China.

scholarly journals Detecting influenza and emerging avian influenza virus by influenza and pneumonia surveillance systems in a large city in China, 2005 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Guo ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Ruchun Liu ◽  
Yaman Li ◽  
Qingqing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Large City ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Health Strategy ◽  
Incident Cases ◽  
Death Cases

Abstract BACKGROUND: Detecting avian influenza virus has become an important public health strategy for controlling the emerging infectious disease. METHODS: The HIS (hospital information system) modified influenza surveillance system (ISS) and a newly built pneumonia surveillance system (PSS) were used to monitor the viruses in Changsha City, China. The ISS was used to monitor outpatients in two sentinel hospitals to detect mild influenza and avian influenza cases, and PSS was used to monitor inpatients in all 49 hospitals to detect severe and death influenza cases. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2016, 3,551,917 outpatients were monitored by the ISS system, among whom 126,076 were influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, with the ILI proportion (ILI%) of 3.55%. After the HIS was used, the reported incident cases of ILI and ILI% increased significantly. From March, 2009 to September, 2016, 5,491,560 inpatient cases were monitored by the PSS system, among which 362,743 were pneumonia cases, with a proportion of 6.61%. About 10.55% (38,260/362,743) of cases reported on pneumonia were severe or death cases. The incidence of pneumonia increased each year in the city. Of 15 avian influenza cases reported from January, 2005 to September, 2016, there were 26.7% (4/15) mild cases detected by the HIS-modified ISS system, while 60.0% (9/15) were severe or death cases detected by the PSS system. Two H5N1 severe cases were missed by the ISS system in January, 2009 when the PSS system was not available. CONCLUSIONS: The HIS was able to improve the efficiency of the ISS for monitoring ILI and emerging avian influenza virus. However, the efficiency of the system needs to be verified in a wider area for a longer time span in China.

scholarly journals Detecting influenza and emerging avian influenza virus by influenza and pneumonia surveillance systems in a large city in China, 2005 to 2016

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaorong Guo ◽  
Dong Yang ◽  
Ruchun Liu ◽  
Yaman Li ◽  
Qingqing Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Death Cases ◽  
Positive Results

Abstract Background: Detecting avian influenza virus has become an important public health strategy for controlling the emerging infectious disease. This study aimed to analyze the efficiency of two surveillance systems in detecting the emerging avian influenza viruses. Methods: A modified influenza surveillance system (ISS) and a new built pneumonia surveillance system (PSS) have been used to monitor the viruses in Changsha City, China. The ISS is based on monitoring outpatients in two sentinel hospitals to detect mild influenza and avian influenza cases, and PSS is based on monitoring inpatients in all 49 hospitals to detect severe and death influenza cases. Results: During the study period, 3551917 outpatients were monitored by the ISS system, among which 126076 were influenza-like illness (ILI) cases, with the ILI% of 3.55%. Totally, 14913 throat swabs were collected by the ISS system, among which 2016 were tested positive of influenza or avian influenza virus. Among the positive results, 621 were H3N2, 135 were seasonal H1N1, 610 were influenza A/H1N1 (pandemic in 2009), 106 were untyped influenza A, 540 were B, 1 was H5N6, 1 was H7N9, and 2 were H9N2 virus. 5491560 inpatient people were monitored by the PSS system, among which 6.61% (362743/5491560) were pneumonia cases. 10.55% (38260/362743) of reported pneumonia was severe or death cases. 3401 throat swab or lower respiratory tract samples were collected, among which 2094 were tested positive of influenza or avian influenza virus. Among the positive results, 78 were H3N2, 17 were seasonal H1N1, 1871 were influenza A/H1N1, 103 were untyped influenza A, 16 were B, 1 was H5N6, and 8 were H7N9 virus. Of 15 avian influenza cases reported from January, 2005 to September, 2016, 26.7% (4/15) were mild cases detected by the ISS system, while 60.0% (9/15) were severe or death cases detected by the PSS system. Two H5N1 severe cases were missed by the ISS system in January, 2009 when the PSS system was not available. Conclusion: The two systems seem to be of high efficiency in detecting the emerging avian influenza viruses but need to be verified in other cities or countries.

scholarly journals Swine ANP32A Supports Avian Influenza Virus Polymerase

2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Peacock ◽  
Olivia C. Swann ◽  
Hamish A. Salvesen ◽  
Ecco Staller ◽  
P. Brian Leung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Virus Replication ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
2009 H1n1 ◽  
Mixing Vessels

ABSTRACT Avian influenza viruses occasionally infect and adapt to mammals, including humans. Swine are often described as “mixing vessels,” being susceptible to both avian- and human-origin viruses, which allows the emergence of novel reassortants, such as the precursor to the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. ANP32 proteins are host factors that act as influenza virus polymerase cofactors. In this study, we describe how swine ANP32A, uniquely among the mammalian ANP32 proteins tested, supports the activity of avian-origin influenza virus polymerases and avian influenza virus replication. We further show that after the swine-origin influenza virus emerged in humans and caused the 2009 pandemic, it evolved polymerase gene mutations that enabled it to more efficiently use human ANP32 proteins. We map the enhanced proviral activity of swine ANP32A to a pair of amino acids, 106 and 156, in the leucine-rich repeat and central domains and show these mutations enhance binding to influenza virus trimeric polymerase. These findings help elucidate the molecular basis for the mixing vessel trait of swine and further our understanding of the evolution and ecology of viruses in this host. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza viruses can jump from wild birds and poultry into mammalian species such as humans or swine, but they only continue to transmit if they accumulate mammalian adapting mutations. Pigs appear uniquely susceptible to both avian and human strains of influenza and are often described as virus “mixing vessels.” In this study, we describe how a host factor responsible for regulating virus replication, ANP32A, is different between swine and humans. Swine ANP32A allows a greater range of influenza viruses, specifically those from birds, to replicate. It does this by binding the virus polymerase more tightly than the human version of the protein. This work helps to explain the unique properties of swine as mixing vessels.

scholarly journals Knockout of IRF7 Highlights its Modulator Function of Host Response Against Avian Influenza Virus and the Involvement of MAPK and TOR Signaling Pathways in Chicken

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Tae Hyun Kim ◽  
Colin Kern ◽  
Huaijun Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Host Response ◽  
Antiviral Response ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Type I

Interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) is known as the master transcription factor of the type I interferon response in mammalian species along with IRF3. Yet birds only have IRF7, while they are missing IRF3, with a smaller repertoire of immune-related genes, which leads to a distinctive immune response in chickens compared to in mammals. In order to understand the functional role of IRF7 in the regulation of the antiviral response against avian influenza virus in chickens, we generated IRF7-/- chicken embryonic fibroblast (DF-1) cell lines and respective controls (IRF7wt) by utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) system. IRF7 knockout resulted in increased viral titers of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Further RNA-sequencing performed on H6N2-infected IRF7-/- and IRF7wt cell lines revealed that the deletion of IRF7 resulted in the significant down-regulation of antiviral effectors and the differential expression of genes in the MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling pathways. Dynamic gene expression profiling of the host response between the wildtype and IRF7 knockout revealed potential signaling pathways involving AP1 (activator protein 1), NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) and inflammatory cytokines that may complement chicken IRF7. Our findings in this study provide novel insights that have not been reported previously, and lay a solid foundation for enhancing our understanding of the host antiviral response against the avian influenza virus in chickens.

scholarly journals A review of H5Nx avian influenza viruses

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 251513551882162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivette A. Nuñez ◽  
Ted M. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs), originating from the A/goose/Guangdong/1/1996 H5 subtype, naturally circulate in wild-bird populations, particularly waterfowl, and often spill over to infect domestic poultry. Occasionally, humans are infected with HPAVI H5N1 resulting in high mortality, but no sustained human-to-human transmission. In this review, the replication cycle, pathogenicity, evolution, spread, and transmission of HPAIVs of H5Nx subtypes, along with the host immune responses to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) infection and potential vaccination, are discussed. In addition, the potential mechanisms for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (HPAIV) H5 Reassorted Viruses H5N1, H5N2, H5N6, H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses to transmit, infect, and adapt to the human host are reviewed.

scholarly journals Distinct Pathogenesis of Hong Kong-Origin H5N1 Viruses in Mice Compared to That of Other Highly Pathogenic H5 Avian Influenza Viruses

2000 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 1443-1450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jody K. Dybing ◽  
Stacey Schultz-Cherry ◽  
David E. Swayne ◽  
David L. Suarez ◽  
Michael L. Perdue
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Rapid Weight Loss ◽  
Avian Influenza Viruses ◽  
Highly Pathogenic

ABSTRACT In 1997, an outbreak of virulent H5N1 avian influenza virus occurred in poultry in Hong Kong (HK) and was linked to a direct transmission to humans. The factors associated with transmission of avian influenza virus to mammals are not fully understood, and the potential risk of other highly virulent avian influenza A viruses infecting and causing disease in mammals is not known. In this study, two avian and one human HK-origin H5N1 virus along with four additional highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza viruses were analyzed for their pathogenicity in 6- to 8-week-old BALB/c mice. Both the avian and human HK H5 influenza virus isolates caused severe disease in mice, characterized by induced hypothermia, clinical signs, rapid weight loss, and 75 to 100% mortality by 6 to 8 days postinfection. Three of the non-HK-origin isolates caused no detectable clinical signs. One isolate, A/tk/England/91 (H5N1), induced measurable disease, and all but one of the animals recovered. Infections resulted in mild to severe lesions in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. Most consistently, the viruses caused necrosis in respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles with accompanying inflammation. The most severe and widespread lesions were observed in the lungs of HK avian influenza virus-infected mice, while no lesions or only mild lesions were evident with A/ck/Scotland/59 (H5N1) and A/ck/Queretaro/95 (H5N2). The A/ck/Italy/97 (H5N2) and the A/tk/England/91 (H5N1) viruses exhibited intermediate pathogenicity, producing mild to moderate respiratory tract lesions. In addition, infection by the different isolates could be further distinguished by the mouse immune response. The non-HK-origin isolates all induced production of increased levels of active transforming growth factor β following infection, while the HK-origin isolates did not.

scholarly journals Performance of Avian Influenza Surveillance System, Ogun State Nigeria, 2015-2019

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Folajimi. O. Shorunke ◽  
Aisha Usman ◽  
Tade Adeniyi Olanrewaju ◽  
Ndadilnasiya Endie Waziri ◽  
S. N. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Ogun State

Background: In 2019, two Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) outbreaks in poultry establishments in Bulgaria, two of wild birds in Denmark and one low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H5N3) in captive birds in the Netherlands were reported. Nigeria recorded the first outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in February 2006 in a commercial poultry farm. Nigerian Pandemic Preparedness and Action Plan for Avian Influenza were then used to respond. Although influenza sentinel surveillance has been established in several African countries including Nigeria, data about the performance of established surveillance systems are limited on the continent. We described the avian influenza (AI) surveillance system in Ogun State, accessed veterinary health workers and farmers knowledge, evaluated all its attributes and made recommendations to improve the AI surveillance system. Methods: We adopted 2001 CDC Updated Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems. We reviewed and analyzed passive surveillance data from Ogun State Ministry of Agric, key informant interviews were conducted for relevant stakeholders at the state level and Local Government divisional veterinary clinics and farms to obtain additional information on the operations of the system.

scholarly journals Implementation of Real-Time Laboratory-Based Influenza Surveillance System, Thailand

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Phunlerd Piyaraj ◽  
Nira Pet-hoi ◽  
Chaiyos Kunanusont ◽  
Supanee Sangiamsak ◽  
Somsak Wankijcharoen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Surveillance System ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Influenza Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Private Hospitals ◽  
Influenza A H1n1

Objective: We describe the Bangkok Dusit Medical Services Surveillance System (BDMS-SS) and use of surveillance efforts for influenza as an example of surveillance capability in near real-time among a network of 20 hospitals in the Bangkok Dusit Medical Services group (BDMS).Introduction: Influenza is one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality globally. Previous studies have demonstrated the benefit of laboratory surveillance and its capability to accurately detect influenza outbreaks earlier than syndromic surveillance.1-3 Current laboratory surveillance has an approximately 4-week lag due to laboratory test turn-around time, data collection and data analysis. As part of strengthening influenza virus surveillance in response to the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic, the real-time laboratory-based influenza surveillance system, the Bangkok Dusit Medical Services Surveillance System (BDMS-SS), was developed in 2010 by the Bangkok Health Research Center (BHRC). The primary objective of the BDMS-SS is to alert relevant stakeholders on the incidence trends of the influenza virus. Type-specific results along with patient demographic and geographic information were available to physicians and uploaded for public health awareness within 24 hours after patient nasopharyngeal swab was collected. This system advances early warning and supports better decision making during infectious disease events.2 The BDMS-SS operates all year round collecting results of all routinely tested respiratory clinical samples from participating hospitals from the largest group of private hospitals in Thailand.Methods: The BDMS has a comprehensive network of laboratory, epidemiologic, and early warning surveillance systems which represents the largest body of information from private hospitals across Thailand. Hospitals and clinical laboratories have deployed automatic reporting mechanisms since 2010 and have effectively improved timeliness of laboratory data reporting. In April 2017, the capacity of near real-time influenza surveillance in BDMS was found to have a demonstrated and sustainable capability.Results: From October 2010 to April 2017, a total of 482,789 subjects were tested and 86,110 (17.8%) cases of influenza were identified. Of those who tested positive for influenza they were aged <2 years old (4.6%), 2-4 year old (10.9%), 5-14 years old (29.8%), 15-49 years old (41.9%), 50-64 years old (8.3%) and >65 years old (3.7%). Approximately 50% of subjects were male and female. Of these, 40,552 (47.0%) were influenza type B, 31,412 (36.4%) were influenza A unspecified subtype, 6,181 (7.2%) were influenza A H1N1, 4,001 (4.6%) were influenza A H3N2, 3,835 (4.4%) were influenza A seasonal and 196 (0.4%) were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).The number of influenza-positive specimens reported by the real-time influenza surveillance system were from week 40, 2015 to week 39, 2016. A total of 117,867 subjects were tested and 17,572 (14.91%) cases tested positive for the influenza virus (Figure 1). Based on the long-term monitoring of collected information, this system can delineate the epidemiologic pattern of circulating viruses in near real-time manner, which clearly shows annual peaks in winter dominated by influenza subtype B in 2015-1016 season. This surveillance system helps to provide near real-time reporting, enabling rapid implementation of control measures for influenza outbreaks.Conclusions: This surveillance system was the first real-time, daily reporting surveillance system to report on the largest data base of private hospitals in Thailand and provides timely reports and feedback to all stakeholders. It provides an important supplement to the routine influenza surveillance system in Thailand. This illustrates a high level of awareness and willingness among the BDMS hospital network to report emerging infectious diseases, and highlights the robust and sensitive nature of BDMS’s surveillance system. This system demonstrates the flexibility of the surveillance systems in BDMS to evaluate to emerging infectious disease and major communicable diseases. Through participation in the Thailand influenza surveillance network, BDMS can more actively collaborate with national counterparts and use its expertise to strengthen global and regional surveillance capacity in Southeast Asia, in order to secure advances for a world safe and secure from infectious disease. Furthermore, this system can be quickly adapted and used to monitor future influenzas pandemics and other major outbreaks of respiratory infectious disease, including novel pathogens.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document