scholarly journals Spatial Models for Infants HIV/AIDS Incidence Using an Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation Approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Nzula Mutua
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Model Comparison ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Laplace Approximation ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Information Criteria ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation ◽  
Mother To Child

Abstract Background Kenya has made significant progress in the elimination of mother to child transmission of HIV through increasing access to HIV treatment and improving the health and well-being of women and children living with HIV. Despite this progress, broad geographical inequalities in infant HIV outcomes still exist. This study aimed at assessing the spatial distribution of HIV amongst infants, areas of abnormally high risk and associated risk factors for mother to child transmission of HIV using INLA and SPDE approach. Methods Data were obtained from the Early infant diagnosis (EID) database that is routinely collected for infants under one year for the year 2017. We performed both areal and point-reference analysis. Bayesian hierarchical Poisson models with spatially structured random effects were fitted to the data to examine the effects of the covariates on infant HIV risk. Spatial random effects were modelled using Conditional autoregressive model (CAR) and stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs). Inference was done using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation. Posterior probabilities for exceedance were produced to assess areas where the risk exceeds 1. The Deviance Information Criteria (DIC) selection was used for model comparison and selection. Results CAR model outperformed similar competing models in modeling and mapping HIV Relative Risk in Kenya. It had a smaller DIC among the rest (DIC = 306.36)) The SPDE model outperformed the spatial GLM model based on the DIC statistic. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and breastfeeding were found to be negatively and positively associated with infant HIV positivity respectively [-0.125, 95% Credible Interval (Cred. Int.)= -0.348, -0.102], [0.178, 95% Cred. Int. -0.051, 0.412].Conclusion The study provides relevant strategic information required to make investment decisions for targeted high impact interventions to reduce HIV infections among infants in Kenya.

scholarly journals Tantangan Pelaksanaan Program Prevention Of Mother To Child Transmission (PMTCT): Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimas Ayu Lestari Nurjanah ◽  
Tri Yunis Miko Wahyono
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Pmtct Program ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: HIV / AIDS is still a global health problem which needs to be addressed including prevention of HIV / AIDS transmission from mother to child. Prevention of transmission is carried out by implementing the Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission or PMTCT program. The PMTCT program is considered successful in reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission, but this has not been done well and thoroughly, various kinds of challenges have occurred in the implementation of the PMTCT program.Objective: To know the challenges that occur in implementing the PMTCT programMethod: This study uses a systematic review based on Preferred Reporting Items For Systematic Reviews & Meta-Analyzes (PRISMA)  to identify all the literature published using relevant keywords.Results: challenges in implementing the PMTCT program are the lack of information on HIV treatment, lack of family support, the heavy workload experienced by health workers and the limited availability of HIV testing equipment and drug stocks.Conclusion:  The success of efforts to prevent HIV / AIDS transmission from mother to child does not depend on one party only, but involves several parties, the active role of health workers in providing education and information about HIV / AIDS to mothers and their families is not enough but must be added with active roles and support from family members to HIV mothers as the primary motivator for good behavior in accordance with the guidelines for PMTCT.

scholarly journals Modelling Mother-To-Child HIV Transmission Rate in Nigeria Using an Exponentiated Exponential Inverse Exponential Distribution

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-81
Author(s):  
Abraham Iorkaa Asongo ◽  
Innocent Boyle Eraikhuemen ◽  
Adamu Abubakar Umar ◽  
Terna Godfrey Ieren
Keyword(s):  
Exponential Distribution ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Continuous Model ◽  
Information Criteria ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Estimation Of Parameters ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Inverse Exponential Distribution ◽  
Mother To Child

The act of adding extra parameters into existing distributions for increasing their flexibility or performance is a giant stride in the area of statistical theory and applications. Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that leads to a progressive deterioration of the immune system. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is a problem in Nigeria where its rate has been on an increase over the past few years. The Exponentiation family is one of the most efficient methods proposed and studied for introducing skewness and flexibility into continuous probability distributions with a single shape parameter. In this paper, the method of exponentiation has been used to add flexibility to the exponential inverse exponential distribution which results to a new continuous model known as “Exponentiated Exponential Inverse Exponential distribution”. The properties, application and estimation of parameters of the new distribution using the method of maximum likelihood estimation are presented and discussed in this paper. The new model has been applied to a dataset on the rate of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and the result is being compared among the fitted distributions using some information criteria.

Neonatal HIV Infection

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Anne Katz
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Infected Pregnant Woman ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Infected Newborn

The purpose of this article is to describe the pertinent issues related to mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection. Significant success has been achieved in developed countries to reduce the incidence of this devastating disease in neonates through screening of pregnant women, maternal antiretroviral therapy to reduce transmission, and cesarean section for delivery. Prophylaxis continues for the first six weeks of the newborn’s life with antiretroviral therapy and careful monitoring of clinical well-being. Antiretroviral therapy offers significant reduction in the rate of mother-to-child transmission, and this is presently the cornerstone of therapy for the HIV-infected pregnant woman. Clinical studies of treatment modalities continue to offer new hope to prevent transmission of the virus to the fetus. Care for the HIV-infected newborn is highly complex and constantly evolving. All neonatal nurses should be aware of these issues so that they can be partners in the identification of new cases and the ongoing treatment of babies who are infected.

scholarly journals Prevention of mother-to-child transmission in South Africa: an ever-changing landscape

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosie Burton ◽  
Janet Giddy ◽  
Kathryn Stinson
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Substantial Reduction ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mother To Child

Almost 30% of pregnant women attending public health clinics in South Africa are HIV positive; which represents approximately 280,000 women each year. South Africa has the largest antiretroviral therapy programme in the world, with over 2.7 million people on treatment in 2013. Since its belated and controversial beginning, the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission programme has achieved a substantial reduction in vertical transmission. South Africa is justifiably proud of this success. However, the history of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) and antiretroviral therapy programmes in South Africa has been fraught with delays and political intervention. South Africa could have started both PMTCT and antiretroviral therapy programmes in 2000. Instead, the AIDS denialist views of the government allowed the HIV epidemic to spiral out of control. Roll-out of a national PMTCT programme began in 2002, but only after the government was forced to do so by a Constitutional Court ruling. Now, a decade later, HIV treatment and prevention programmes have been completely transformed. This article will discuss the evolution of the HIV epidemic in South Africa, and give a historical overview of the struggle to establish a national PMTCT, and the impact of delaying PMTCT and treatment programmes on infant and maternal health.

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV: developing integration of healthcare programmes with clinical, social and basic research studies

2003 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 1343-1348
Author(s):  
Menu E ◽  
Scarlatti G ◽  
Barré-Sinoussi F ◽  
Gray G ◽  
Bollinger B ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Mother To Child ◽  
Research Studies
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