scholarly journals Antibody responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, influenza A virus, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from weaning to the end of the finisher stage in fourteen groups of pigs in Ontario

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elana Raaphorst ◽  
Abdolvahab Farzan ◽  
Robert M. Friendship ◽  
Brandon N. Lillie
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Swine Farms ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, swine influenza, and mycoplasmal pneumonia are some of the most prevalent respiratory diseases affecting swine farm productivity in Canada. Monitoring for the prevalence of the infectious agents associated with these diseases on farm may help to improve herd-specific control strategies and to minimize the impact of disease on commercial swine farms. The objectives of this study were to investigate antibody responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A virus (IAV), and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ( M. hyopneumoniae ) from weaning to the end of the finisher stage on a subset of commercial swine farms in Ontario and to examine the effects of nursery diet on antibody responses. Results Serology found 8, 61, and 31% of pigs at weaning, 1, 31, and 22% at the end of nursery, 8, 38, and 18% at the end of grower, and 11, 48, and 25% at the end of the finisher stage tested seropositive for PRRSV, IAV, and M. hyopneumoniae, respectively. Of the groups tested for PRRSV, IAV, and M. hyopneumoniae, 3, 14, and 5 groups had > 20% of pigs that tested seropositive at least once over the course of production (“high seropositivity”). In general, seropositivity was more likely to be lower at the end of nursery compared to the other production stages for all three pathogens, and more likely to be higher for PRRSV and IAV at weaning, end of grower, and end of finisher. Pigs that were seropositive for PRRSV were more likely to be seropositive forM. hyopneumoniae (p < 0.001). Overall, pigs fed a low complexity diet during nursery were more likely to be seropositive for PRRSV (p < 0.001) and IAV (p = 0.04). Conclusions This study provides information regarding changes in serum antibody in pigs across different stages of production and highlights periods of vulnerability. Additionally, these findings may encourage further research into the effects of nursery diet complexity on disease susceptibility and immune response.

scholarly journals Antibody responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, influenza A virus, and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae from weaning to the end of the finisher stage in fourteen groups of pigs in Ontario, Canada

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elana Raaphorst ◽  
Abdolvahab Farzan ◽  
Robert M. Friendship ◽  
Brandon N. Lillie
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae ◽  
Low Complexity ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Farm Productivity ◽  
Virus Influenza

Abstract Background Respiratory diseases are among the most important factors affecting swine farm productivity in Canada. The objectives of this study were to investigate antibody responses to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), influenza A virus (IAV), and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M. hyopneumoniae) from weaning to the end of the finisher stage on a subset of commercial swine farms in Ontario, Canada, and to examine the association between nursery diet and antibody responses. Results Overall, older pigs were more likely to test seropositive for PRRSV and less likely to test seropositive for M. hyopneumoniae (p <  0.001). Pigs were more likely to test seropositive for IAV at weaning and the end of the grower and finisher stages compared to the end of nursery (p <  0.001). Pigs that were seropositive for IAV were more likely to test seropositive for both PRRSV and M. hyopneumoniae (p <  0.001). Two, 9, and 4 groups that had more than 20% of pigs seropositive to PRRSV, IAV, and M. hyopneumoniae, respectively, from the end of nursery to the end of finisher were classified as seropositive. Pigs fed a plant-based (low complexity) diet during nursery were more likely to be seropositive for PRRSV (p <  0.001) but there were no significant differences in seropositivity to IAV or M. hyopneumoniae due to nursery diet complexity. Conclusions This study provides information regarding changes in serum antibody in pigs across different stages of production and highlights periods of vulnerability. Additionally, these findings may encourage further research into the effects of nursery diet complexity on disease susceptibility and immune response.

scholarly journals Kinetics of single and dual simultaneous infection of pigs with swine influenza A virus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1903-1913
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Pomorska‐Mól ◽  
Katarzyna Podgórska ◽  
Ewelina Czyżewska‐Dors ◽  
Hanna Turlewicz‐Podbielska ◽  
Maciej Gogulski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Simultaneous Infection ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
Swine Influenza A Virus

scholarly journals Efficacy of Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with H3N2 Influenza Viruses in Pre-Immune Individuals: Studies in the Pig Model

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 968
Author(s):  
Sharon Chepkwony ◽  
Anna Parys ◽  
Elien Vandoorn ◽  
Koen Chiers ◽  
Kristien Van Reeth
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Pig Model ◽  
Boost Vaccination ◽  
H3n2 Influenza

In a previous study in influenza-naïve pigs, heterologous prime-boost vaccination with monovalent, adjuvanted whole inactivated vaccines (WIV) based on the European swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) strain, A/swine/Gent/172/2008 (G08), followed by the US SwIAV strain, A/swine/Pennsylvania/A01076777/2010 (PA10), was shown to induce broadly cross-reactive hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against 12 out of 15 antigenically distinct H3N2 influenza strains. Here, we used the pig model to examine the efficacy of that particular heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen, in individuals with pre-existing infection-immunity. Pigs were first inoculated intranasally with the human H3N2 strain, A/Nanchang/933/1995. Seven weeks later, they were vaccinated intramuscularly with G08 followed by PA10 or vice versa. We examined serum antibody responses against the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses in peripheral blood, draining lymph nodes, and nasal mucosa (NMC), in ELISPOT assays. Vaccination induced up to 10-fold higher HI antibody titers than in naïve pigs, with broader cross-reactivity, and protection against challenge with an antigenically distant H3N2 strain. It also boosted ASC responses in lymph nodes and NMC. Our results show that intramuscular administration of WIV can lead to enhanced antibody responses and cross-reactivity in pre-immune subjects, and recall of ASC responses in lymph nodes and NMC.

scholarly journals Evidence for Cross-species Influenza A Virus Transmission within Swine Farms, China

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S24-S24
Author(s):  
Mai-Juan Ma ◽  
Guo-Lin Wang ◽  
Benjamin Anderson ◽  
Zhen-Qiang Bi ◽  
Bing Lu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Influenza A Viruses ◽  
Swine Farms ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Swine Workers

Abstract Background Our understanding of the risk factors for swine influenza A virus transmission between humans and pigs is sparse. Methods Beginning in 2015, we used a One Health approach and serial sampling to prospectively study 299 swine workers and 100 controls, their 9000 pigs, and six pig farm environments in China for influenza A viruses (IAVs) using molecular, culture, and immunological techniques. Study subjects were closely monitored for influenza-like illness (ILI) events. Results Upon enrollment, swine workers had higher serum neutralizing antibody titers against swine H1N1 and higher nasal wash total IgA and specific IgA titers against swine H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. Over a period of 12 months, IAVs were detected by qRT-PCR in 52 (12%) of 432 environmental swabs, 275 (7.6%) of 3600 pig oral secretion, 25 (5.8%) of 432 water, 24 (5.5%) of 432 aerosol, and 20 (4.6%) of 432 fecal-slurry specimens. Five (15.6%) of 32 subjects with ILI events had nasopharyngeal swab specimens that were positive for IAV and 17 (53%) demonstrated 4-fold rises in neutralization titers against a swine virus. Reassorted Eurasian avian-like swine H1N1, pdm09(H1N1)-like virus, and swine-like H3N2 viruses were identified in pig farms. The H1N1 viruses were nearly genetically identical with the human H1N1 viruses isolated from the subjects with ILI. Conclusion There was considerable evidence of A(H1N1)pdm09-like, swine H1N1 and swine H3N2 viruses reassorting and circulating within the pig farms and crossing species. These data suggest that stronger surveillance for novel influenza virus emergence within swine farms is imperative. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Swine influenza A virus subtypes circulating in Brazilian commercial pig herds from 2012 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Luiza Soares Fraiha ◽  
Ana Carolina Diniz Matos ◽  
João Luis Reis Cunha ◽  
Beatriz Senra Álvares da Silva Santos ◽  
Maria Vitória Chaves Peixoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Swine Influenza A Virus

scholarly journals Impact of Influenza A Virus Shutoff Proteins on Host Immune Responses

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 629
Author(s):  
Megan M. Dunagan ◽  
Kala Hardy ◽  
Toru Takimoto
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Lymphocyte Migration ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Mhc Molecules ◽  
The Impact

Influenza A virus (IAV) is a significant human pathogen that causes seasonal epidemics. Although various types of vaccines are available, IAVs still circulate among human populations, possibly due to their ability to circumvent host immune responses. IAV expresses two host shutoff proteins, PA-X and NS1, which antagonize the host innate immune response. By transcriptomic analysis, we previously showed that PA-X is a major contributor for general shutoff, while shutoff active NS1 specifically inhibits the expression of host cytokines, MHC molecules, and genes involved in innate immunity in cultured human cells. So far, the impact of these shutoff proteins in the acquired immune response in vivo has not been determined in detail. In this study, we analyzed the effects of PA-X and NS1 shutoff activities on immune response using recombinant influenza A/California/04/2009 viruses containing mutations affecting the expression of shutoff active PA-X and NS1 in a mouse model. Our data indicate that the virus without shutoff activities induced the strongest T and B cell responses. Both PA-X and NS1 reduced host immune responses, but shutoff active NS1 most effectively suppressed lymphocyte migration to the lungs, antibody production, and the generation of IAV specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. NS1 also prevented the generation of protective immunity against a heterologous virus challenge. These data indicate that shutoff active NS1 plays a major role in suppressing host immune responses against IAV infection.

scholarly journals QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES IN THE ANTIGENIC COMPOSITION OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS STRAINS

1944 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Friedewald
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A Virus ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Allantoic Fluid ◽  
Influenza B Virus ◽  
Influenza B ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Homologous Virus ◽  
Cell Adsorption ◽  
Virus Strains

A study of the PR8, Christie, Talmey, W.S., and swine strains of influenza A virus by means of antibody absorption tests revealed the following findings: 1. Serum antibody could be specifically absorbed with allantoic fluid containing influenza virus or, more effectively, with concentrated suspensions of virus obtained from allantoic fluid by high-speed centrifugation or by the red cell adsorption and elution technique. Normal allantoic fluid, or the centrifugalized sediment therefrom, failed to absorb antibodies. Influenza B virus (Lee) caused no detectable absorption of antibody from antisera directed against influenza A virus strains, but it specifically absorbed antibody from Lee antisera. 2. The neutralizing, agglutination-inhibiting, and complement-fixing anti-bodies in ferret antisera were completely absorbed only by the homologous virus strain, even though 2 absorptions were carried out with large amounts of heterologous virus strains. 3. PR8 virus appeared to have the broadest range of specific antigenic components for it completely absorbed the heterologous antibodies in Christie and W.S. antisera and left only those antibodies which reacted with the respective homologous strains. The other virus strains (Christie, Talmey, W.S., swine) were more specific in the absorption of heterologous antibodies and completely removed only those antibodies which reacted with the absorbing virus. 4. The absorption tests revealed a higher degree of specificity and individuality of the virus strains than the various cross reactions previously reported. The strain specificity of PR8 virus was equally manifest in absorption tests with ferret sera and with human sera following vaccination. 5. The amount of homologous antibody remaining in a PR8 ferret serum after absorption with PR8 virus, obtained by the red cell adsorption and elution method, varied inversely as the concentration of virus used for absorption. A given concentration of virus, however, absorbed a greater percentage of neutralizing antibodies than either agglutination-inhibiting or complement-fixing antibodies.

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