scholarly journals Description of the targeted WASH response strategy implemented during the cholera outbreak of 2017-2018 in Kinshasa, DRC

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Bompangue ◽  
Sandra Moore ◽  
Nadège Taty ◽  
Benido Impouma ◽  
Bertrand Sudre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Emergency Water Supply ◽  
The City

Abstract Background Rapid control of cholera outbreaks is a significant challenge in overpopulated urban settings, and documented results on field interventions are scarce. During the 2017-2018 period, Kinshasa, the capital ofDemocratic Republic of the Congo, experienced a sharp increase in cholera cases that showed potential to quickly spread throughout the city. A novel targeted WASH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) strategy was implemented to quickly stem the cholera outbreak. Methods We carried out a descriptive study of the cholera outbreak in Kinshasa from 2017 to 2018. Cholera surveillance databases from the Ministry of Health were analyzed to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of the cholera outbreak using epidemic curves and cartography. Weekly precipitation levels in Kinshasa were also assessed. We also described the targeted cluster grid WASH strategy, which was implemented to quickly target case clusters at the household and community level, carrying out interventions focused on emergency water supply, household water treatment and safe storage, home disinfection and hygiene promotion. We also examined the evolution of the outbreak following implementation of the response strategy. Results From January 2017 to November 2018, a total of 1,712 suspected cholera cases were reported in Kinshasa. During this period, the health zones most affected included Binza Météo, Limeté, Kokolo, Kintambo and Kingabwa. Following implementation of the response strategy, the weekly cholera case numbers in Binza Météo, Kintambo and Limeté decreased by an average of 57% in two weeks and 86% in four weeks. The total weekly case numbers throughout Kinshasa Province dropped by 71% at four weeks after the outbreak peak. Conclusion During the 2017-2018 period, Kinshasa experienced a sharp increase in cholera cases that showed potential to quickly spread throughout the city. To contain the outbreak, WASH response interventions targeted case households, nearby neighbors and public areas in case clusters using a grid approach. Following implementation of the WASH response, the outbreak in Kinshasa was quickly brought under control. A similar approach may be useful to quickly interrupt cholera transmission in other urban settings.

scholarly journals Description of the targeted water supply and hygiene response strategy implemented during the cholera outbreak of 2017-2018 in Kinshasa, DRC

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Bompangue ◽  
Sandra Moore ◽  
Nadège Taty ◽  
Benido Impouma ◽  
Bertrand Sudre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Cholera Case ◽  
Grid Approach ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
The City

Abstract Background Rapid control of cholera outbreaks is a significant challenge in overpopulated urban areas. During late-2017, Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, experienced an increase in cholera cases that showed potential to spread throughout the city. A novel targeted water and hygiene response strategy was implemented to quickly stem the outbreak. Methods We describe the first implementation of the cluster grid response strategy carried out in the community during the cholera outbreak in Kinshasa, in which water and hygiene response activities targeted cholera case clusters. Interventions, which focused on emergency water supply, household water treatment and safe storage, home disinfection and hygiene promotion, were organized using a grid approach. We also performed a preliminary community trial study to assess the temporal pattern of the outbreak, before and after response interventions were implemented. Cholera surveillance databases from the Ministry of Health were analyzed to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of the outbreak using epidemic curves and cartography. Results From January 2017 to November 2018, a total of 1,712 suspected cholera cases were reported in Kinshasa. During this period, the health zones most affected included Binza Météo, Limeté, Kokolo, Kintambo and Kingabwa. Following implementation of the response strategy, the weekly cholera case numbers in Binza Météo, Kintambo and Limeté decreased by an average of 57% in two weeks and 86% in four weeks. The total weekly case numbers throughout Kinshasa Province dropped by 71% at four weeks after the outbreak peak. Conclusion During the 2017-2018 period, Kinshasa experienced a sharp increase in cholera cases that showed potential to rapidly spread throughout the city. To contain the outbreak, water and hygiene response interventions targeted case households, nearby neighbors and public areas in case clusters using a grid approach. Following implementation of the response, the outbreak in Kinshasa was quickly brought under control. A similar approach may be useful to quickly interrupt cholera transmission in other urban settings.

scholarly journals Description of the targeted water supply and hygiene response strategy implemented during the cholera outbreak of 2017-2018 in Kinshasa, DRC

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Bompangue ◽  
Sandra Moore ◽  
Nadège Taty ◽  
Benido Impouma ◽  
Bertrand Sudre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Cholera Case ◽  
Grid Approach ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Republic Of The Congo

Abstract Background Rapid control of cholera outbreaks is a significant challenge in overpopulated urban areas. During late-2017, Kinshasa, the capital ofthe Democratic Republic of the Congo, experienced a cholera outbreak that showed potential to spread throughout the city. A novel targeted water and hygiene response strategy was implemented to quickly stem the outbreak. Methods We describe the first implementation of the cluster grid response strategy carried out in the community during the cholera outbreak in Kinshasa, in which response activities targeted cholera case clusters using a grid approach. Interventions focused on emergency water supply, household water treatment and safe storage, home disinfection and hygiene promotion. We also performed a preliminary community trial study to assess the temporal pattern of the outbreak before and after response interventions were implemented. Cholera surveillance databases from the Ministry of Health were analyzed to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of the outbreak using epidemic curves and maps. Results From January 2017 to November 2018, a total of 1,712 suspected cholera cases were reported in Kinshasa. During this period, the most affected health zones included Binza Météo, Limeté, Kokolo, Kintambo and Kingabwa. Following implementation of the response strategy, the weekly cholera case numbers in Binza Météo, Kintambo and Limeté decreased by an average of 57% after two weeks and 86% after four weeks. The total weekly case numbers throughout Kinshasa Province dropped by 71% four weeks after the peak of the outbreak. Conclusion During the 2017-2018 period, Kinshasa experienced a sharp increase in cholera case numbers. To contain the outbreak, water supply and hygieneresponse interventions targeted case households, nearby neighbors and public areas in case clusters using a grid approach. Following implementation of the response, the outbreak in Kinshasa was quickly brought under control. A similar approach may be adapted to quickly interrupt cholera transmission in other urban settings.

scholarly journals ­Description of the targeted water supply and hygiene response strategy implemented during the cholera outbreak of 2017-2018 in Kinshasa, DRC

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Bompangue ◽  
Sandra Moore ◽  
Nadège Taty ◽  
Benido Impouma ◽  
Bertrand Sudre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Response Strategy ◽  
Cholera Outbreak ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Cholera Case ◽  
Grid Approach ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Republic Of The Congo

Abstract Background: Rapid control of cholera outbreaks is a significant challenge in overpopulated urban areas. During late-2017, Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, experienced a cholera outbreak that showed potential to spread throughout the city. A novel targeted water and hygiene response strategy was implemented to quickly stem the outbreak.Methods: We describe the first implementation of the cluster grid response strategy carried out in the community during the cholera outbreak in Kinshasa, in which response activities targeted cholera case clusters using a grid approach. Interventions focused on emergency water supply, household water treatment and safe storage, home disinfection and hygiene promotion. We also performed a preliminary community trial study to assess the temporal pattern of the outbreak before and after response interventions were implemented. Cholera surveillance databases from the Ministry of Health were analyzed to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of the outbreak using epidemic curves and maps.Results: From January 2017 to November 2018, a total of 1,712 suspected cholera cases were reported in Kinshasa. During this period, the most affected health zones included Binza Météo, Limeté, Kokolo, Kintambo and Kingabwa. Following implementation of the response strategy, the weekly cholera case numbers in Binza Météo, Kintambo and Limeté decreased by an average of 57% after two weeks and 86% after four weeks. The total weekly case numbers throughout Kinshasa Province dropped by 71% four weeks after the peak of the outbreak.Conclusion: During the 2017-2018 period, Kinshasa experienced a sharp increase in cholera case numbers. To contain the outbreak, water supply and hygiene response interventions targeted case households, nearby neighbors and public areas in case clusters using a grid approach. Following implementation of the response, the outbreak in Kinshasa was quickly brought under control. A similar approach may be adapted to quickly interrupt cholera transmission in other urban settings.

scholarly journals Cholera epidemic in Kinshasa 2017-2018: targeted community-grid WaSH strategy rapidly interrupts cholera transmission throughout the city

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Bompangue ◽  
Sandra Moore ◽  
Nadège Taty ◽  
Benido Impouma ◽  
Bertrand Sudre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wash Water ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Cholera Epidemic ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Grid Approach ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Epidemic Response ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Abstract Background Rapid control of cholera outbreaks is a significant challenge in overpopulated urban settings, and documented results on field interventions are scarce. During the 2017-2018 period, Kinshasa, the capital of Democratic Republic of the Congo, experienced two cholera epidemics of increasing intensity. By January 2018, cholera cases were reported throughout the city. We describe the spatiotemporal evolution of the cholera outbreaks in Kinshasa from 2017 to 2018 and assess the impact of the targeted community-grid WaSH (Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) strategy to quickly interrupt cholera transmission. Methods We carried out a descriptive study of the cholera outbreaks in Kinshasa from 2017 to 2018. Cholera surveillance databases from the Ministry of Health were analyzed to assess the spatiotemporal dynamics of the cholera epidemic using epidemic curves and cartography. Weekly precipitation levels in Kinshasa were also assessed. Additionally, we described the targeted community-grid WaSH strategy and examined the impact of this approach to interrupt cholera transmission in the city. Results From January 2017 to November 2018, a total of 1,712 suspected cholera cases were reported in Kinshasa. During this period, the health zones most affected included Binza Météo, Limeté, Kokolo, Kintambo and Kingabwa. The community-grid WaSH strategy was implemented to rapidly contain the outbreak by targeting interventions in five heavily-affected heath zones. With this strategy, cholera awareness and WaSH activities were carried out in cholera clusters. In Binza Météo, Kintambo and Limeté, the weekly cholera case numbers were reduced by an average of 57% in two weeks and 86% in four weeks. The total weekly case numbers throughout Kinshasa Province dropped by 71% at four weeks after the epidemic peak. Conclusion During the 2017-2018 period, Kinshasa reported two cholera epidemics of increasing intensity. To contain the main epidemic, response interventions targeted case households and nearby neighbors using a community-grid approach, focusing on emergency WaSH activities and awareness campaigns. The community-grid strategy was effective in bringing outbreaks throughout Kinshasa quickly under control. A similar approach may be useful in other urban settings to quickly interrupt cholera transmission.

Possibility of using compensatory urban drainage techniques as leisure units to expand public areas into subdivisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geovana Geloni Parra ◽  
Bernardo Arantes do Nascimento Teixeira ◽  
Érico Masiero ◽  
Thais Borges Martins Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Social Interest ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Rain Gardens ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Retention Basin ◽  
Housing Complex ◽  
The City ◽  
Housing Estates ◽  
Drainage Technique

Abstract Many housing estates of social interest have not contributed to implementing leisure areas and reducing their environmental and urban quality. This paper aims to propose a leisure unit using a compensatory urban drainage technique in a housing complex of social interest in the city of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. The characterization of the area, land use and occupation surveys, area sectorization, and catchment division were carried out. Afterwards, proposals for interventions based on surface runoff were presented using calculations of existing runoff and future scenarios. Results related to environmental and social gains for the area are discussed, as well as the possibility of implementing decentralized compensatory techniques. Moreover, 156 rain gardens and 3 ditches were proposed throughout the subdivisions, which enabled a gain of 989m² of contribution area to infiltrate the whole area, and the use of the retention basin as a leisure area. The total storage volume achieved with the sum of all the techniques implemented was approximately 3,000 cubic meters more than that projected for the existing retention basin.

Abstract 197: What Limits the Use of AEDs by Bystanders?

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Kaneko ◽  
Tetsuo Hatanaka ◽  
Aki Nagase ◽  
Seishiro Marukawa ◽  
Tetsuya Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Survey Period ◽  
Automated External Defibrillators ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Patient Side ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
The City

Introduction: In Japan, the number of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) placed in public areas has climbed up to the estimated 530,000. We reported previously that a half of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests occurred within 100 m from a public AED in urban areas. However, shocks for defibrillation were given to less than 15% of those patients. The objectives of this study was to identify the limiting factors against the use of AEDs by bystanders. Methods: A prospective survey on out-of-hospital cardiac arrest was conducted in the city of Osaka (Dec 2016 through Mar 2017) and the city of Nagoya (Dec 2016 through Nov 2017) searching for patient demographics and AED settings including; absence/presence of a public AED on the scene, attachment of AED pads, delivery of shocks before the time of EMS arrival. Results: Of 558 cases of cardiac arrest registered during the survey period, an AED had already been delivered at the patient side by the time of EMS arrival in 92 case (16.5%). Of those, pads had been attached in 89 cased (96.7%). Shocks had been advised in 35 cases (39.3%) and to all but one of those cases at least 1 shock had been given by the bystanders. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups of cases with and without AEDs at the patient side regarding the patient age (65 years [IQR: 48-74] vs 63 years [IQR49-75], p=0.84), gender (p=0.68) and the time from call to EMS arrival (7 min [IQR: 6-9] vs 7 min [IQR: 6-9], p=0.74). Cases occurring indoors had more chances of AEDs being delivered on the patient side than cases occurring outdoors (24.0% vs 7.8%, p<0.001). Conclusions: Our study indicates that once an AED is delivered at the patient side, pads are successfully attached and shocks are given if indicated in almost all cases. This suggests that finding and delivering an AED onto the patient side are the limiting factors against the use of AEDs by bystanders. In order to popularize the use of AEDs by bystanders, informing people with AED placement and clear direction to the AED location seem to be the key steps.

La cittŕ degli espressionisti: scenografie cinematografiche

STORIA URBANA ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 47-67
Author(s):  
Claudia Lamberti
Keyword(s):  
Urban Atmosphere ◽  
Set Design ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Use Of Space ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Film Studios ◽  
The City

- The essay compares the images of the city defined by the Expressionist movement and the city images in the films of the time. Expressionist architects discovered that film-set design gave them a chance to experiment with their artistic skills. At the same time, film studios could not shoot outdoors easily and so were forced to rely on constructed sets. All this worked out as an incentive for architectural invention. Sets became an apt proving ground for the new expressiveness of the architects as well as a way to experiment with the use of space without limits and constraints. This essay examines the cases of 6 films whose elements are specifically and directly attributable to the Expressionist culture. Here the case of the city encompasses both set design and the urban atmosphere in films linked with the avant-garde movements. The essay also provides a filmography of the most important films with urban settings shot by German artists in the 1920s and 1930s.

scholarly journals Study of acrylamide level in food from vending machines

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Naceur Haouet ◽  
Simona Pistolese ◽  
Raffaella Branciari ◽  
David Ranucci ◽  
Maria Serena Altissimi
Keyword(s):  
Human Exposure ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Potato Chips ◽  
The Other ◽  
Bakery Products ◽  
Vending Machines ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
The City

Acrylamide is a byproduct of the Maillard reaction and is potentially carcinogenic to humans. It is found in a number of foods with higher concentrations in carbohydrate-rich foods and moderate levels of protein-rich foods such as meat, fish and seafood. Acrylamide levels in food distributed in vending machines placed in public areas of the city of Perugia were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Samples included five different categories, depending on the characteristics of the products: 1) potato chips; 2) salted bakery products; 3) biscuits and wafers; 4) sweet bakery products; 5) sandwiches. A high variability in acrylamide level among different foods and within the same category was detected. Potato chips showed the highest amount of acrylamide (1781±637 μg/kg) followed by salted bakery products (211±245 μg/kg), biscuits and wafers (184±254 μg/kg), sweet bakery products (100±72 μg/kg) and sandwiches (42±10 μg/kg). In the potato chips and sandwiches categories, all of the samples revealed the presence of acrylamide while different prevalence was registered in the other foods considered. The data of this study highlight the presence of acrylamide in different foods sold in vending machines and this data could be useful to understand the contribution of this type of consumption to human exposure to this compound.

scholarly journals Environmental management in the field of noise impact on recreational, public and agricultural areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 175 ◽  
pp. 14001
Author(s):  
Mariya Balmashnova ◽  
Tatyana Sorokoumova
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Natural Structure ◽  
The Public ◽  
Noise Impact ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
Agricultural Areas ◽  
The City

As a result of increase in the number of residents of megacities, the anthropogenic impact on the public, recreational and agricultural areas is increasing. Anthropogenic load causes degradation of the natural structure of the city and has a negative impact on public health. In current situation, more recreational areas are organized for residents of the city. However, the organization of recreational areas does not always comply with the population requirements. In the formation that sort of spaces, it is necessary to obtain complete and reliable information about the quality of the environment, which can only be obtained through the regular monitoring studies. This article considers a number of recreational, agricultural and public areas under the noise exposure. The spatial organization of recreational areas should be carried out taking into account the main goal of creating a comfortable architectural and planning structure of the urban environment. This article shows the insolvency of the public, recreational and agricultural areas as comfortablespaces.

scholarly journals City of Dog

2020 ◽  
pp. 009614422091013
Author(s):  
Sam Ottewill-Soulsby
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Urban Settings ◽  
Roman World ◽  
Greco Roman ◽  
Roman Culture ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
The City

To be fully human in the Greco-Roman world was to be a member of a city. This is unsurprising as cities were the building blocks of Greek and Roman culture and society. The urban landscape of post-Roman Western Europe looked dramatically different, with smaller, less economically diverse cities which played a smaller role in administration. Despite this, Greco-Roman ideas of humans as city-beings remained influential. This article explores this by investigating early medieval descriptions of cynocephali, which sought to determine whether the dog-headed men were human or not. Accounts of the cynocephali that presented them as human showed them living in urban settlements, whereas in reports of non-human cynocephali there are no cities. In exploring interactions between cynocephali and urban settings through ethnographic portrayals and hagiography, this article traces the lingering importance of the city for concepts of humanity.

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