Environmental Control of Inter-annual Variability of Net Ecosystem Exchange in Rice-rice Cropping System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chinmaya Kumar Swain ◽  
Amaresh Kumar Nayak ◽  
Dibyendu Chatterjee ◽  
Suchismita Pattanaik ◽  
Pratap Bhattacharyya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Control ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Fluxes ◽  
Ecosystem Responses ◽  
Annual Variability ◽  
Lower Temperature

Abstract Consecutive five-year long eddy covariance measurements in a lowland tropical rice-rice system were used to investigate the impacts of gross primary productivity (GPP), climate drivers and ecosystem responses (i.e. ecosystem respiration, RE) on the inter-annual variability (IAV) of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE), which is directly related to the agricultural productivity and climate change. The IAV of carbon dioxide fluxes in two crop growing phases i.e. dry and wet season along with fallow period were analysed. The respiratory fluxes build up during the non-growing season were lower by net uptake in growing season. Annual cumulative value of NEE was negative (sink) in both the crop growing season. The variability of climate drivers and changes in the ecosystem responses to drivers revealed a large intra-annual as well as inter-annual variability of net ecosystem fluxes. NEE was found to be strongly correlated with GPP and RE and also with other metrological variables such as photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), precipitation, air temperature and soil temperature. The anomalies of NEE, GPP and RE were observed to be less in 2017 and 2018 which may be due to lower temperature anomalies recorded in these years. Further understanding of biological mechanisms is needed which is involved in the variation of climatological variables to improve our ability to predict future IAV of NEE.

scholarly journals The effect of a permafrost disturbance on growing-season carbon-dioxide fluxes in a high Arctic tundra ecosystem

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 19781-19817
Author(s):  
A. E. Cassidy ◽  
A. Christen ◽  
G. H. R. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Arctic Tundra ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Fluxes ◽  
Tundra Ecosystem ◽  
Retrogressive Thaw Slump ◽  
Measurement Period

Abstract. Soil carbon stored in high-latitude permafrost landscapes is threatened by warming, and could contribute significant amounts of carbon to the atmosphere and hydrosphere as permafrost thaws. Permafrost disturbances, especially active layer detachments and retrogressive thaw slumps, have increased in frequency and magnitude across the Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Canada. To determine the effects of retrogressive thaw slumps on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 in high Arctic tundra, we used two eddy covariance (EC) tower systems to simultaneously and continuously measure CO2 fluxes from a disturbed site and the surrounding undisturbed tundra. During the 32-day measurement period in the 2014 growing season the undisturbed tundra was a small net sink (NEE = −0.12 g C m−2 d−1); however, the disturbed terrain of the retrogressive thaw slump was a net source (NEE = +0.39 g C m−2 d−1). Over the measurement period, the undisturbed tundra sequestered 3.84 g C m−2, while the disturbed tundra released 12.48 g C m−2. Before full leaf out in early July, the undisturbed tundra was a small source of CO2, but shifted to a sink for the remainder of the sampling season (July), whereas the disturbed tundra remained a source of CO2 throughout the season. A static chamber system was also used to measure fluxes in the footprints of the two towers, in both disturbed and undisturbed tundra, and fluxes were partitioned into ecosystem respiration (Re) and gross primary production (GPP). Average GPP and Re found in disturbed tundra were smaller (+0.41 μmol m−2 s−1 and +0.50 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively) than those found in undisturbed tundra (+1.21 μmol m−2 s−1 and +1.00 μmol m−2 s−1, respectively). Our measurements indicated clearly that the permafrost disturbance changed the high Arctic tundra system from a sink to a source for CO2 during the growing season.

scholarly journals The effect of a permafrost disturbance on growing-season carbon-dioxide fluxes in a high Arctic tundra ecosystem

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2291-2303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison E. Cassidy ◽  
Andreas Christen ◽  
Gregory H. R. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Gross Primary Production ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Arctic Tundra ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Fluxes ◽  
Tundra Ecosystem ◽  
Retrogressive Thaw Slump ◽  
Measurement Period

Abstract. Soil carbon stored in high-latitude permafrost landscapes is threatened by warming and could contribute significant amounts of carbon to the atmosphere and hydrosphere as permafrost thaws. Thermokarst and permafrost disturbances, especially active layer detachments and retrogressive thaw slumps, are present across the Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island, Canada. To determine the effects of retrogressive thaw slumps on net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2 in high Arctic tundra, we used two eddy covariance (EC) tower systems to simultaneously and continuously measure CO2 fluxes from a disturbed site and the surrounding undisturbed tundra. During the 32-day measurement period in the 2014 growing season, the undisturbed tundra was a small net sink (NEE  =  −0.1 g C m−2 d−1); however, the disturbed terrain of the retrogressive thaw slump was a net source (NEE  =  +0.4 g C m−2 d−1). Over the measurement period, the undisturbed tundra sequestered 3.8 g C m−2, while the disturbed tundra released 12.5 g C m−2. Before full leaf-out in early July, the undisturbed tundra was a small source of CO2 but shifted to a sink for the remainder of the sampling season (July), whereas the disturbed tundra remained a source of CO2 throughout the season. A static chamber system was also used to measure daytime fluxes in the footprints of the two towers, in both disturbed and undisturbed tundra, and fluxes were partitioned into ecosystem respiration (Re) and gross primary production (GPP). Average GPP and Re found in disturbed tundra were smaller (+0.40 µmol m−2 s−1 and +0.55 µmol m−2 s−1, respectively) than those found in undisturbed tundra (+1.19 µmol m−2 s−1 and +1.04 µmol m−2 s−1, respectively). Our measurements indicated clearly that the permafrost disturbance changed the high Arctic tundra system from a sink to a source for CO2 during the majority of the growing season (late June and July).

scholarly journals Drivers of long-term variability in CO<sub>2</sub> net ecosystem exchange in a temperate peatland

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 14981-15018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Helfter ◽  
C. Campbell ◽  
K. J. Dinsmore ◽  
J. Drewer ◽  
M. Coyle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Annual Variability ◽  
Dormant Season ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Abstract. Land–atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2) in peatlands exhibits marked seasonal and inter-annual variability, which subsequently affects the carbon sink strength of catchments across multiple temporal scales. Long-term studies are needed to fully capture the natural variability and therefore identify the key hydrometeorological drivers in the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) of CO2. NEE has been measured continuously by eddy-covariance at Auchencorth Moss, a temperate lowland peatland in central Scotland, since 2002. Hence this is one of the longest peatland NEE studies to date. For 11 yr, the site was a consistent, yet variable, atmospheric CO2 sink ranging from −5.2 to −135.9 g CO2-C m−2 yr−1 (mean of −64.1 ± 33.6 g CO2-C m−2 yr−1). Inter-annual variability in NEE was positively correlated to the length of the growing season. Mean winter air temperature explained 87% of the inter-annual variability in the sink strength of the following summer, indicating a phenological memory-effect. Plant productivity exhibited a marked hysteresis with respect to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) over the growing season, indicative of two separate growth regimes. Ecosystem respiration (Reco) and gross primary productivity (GPP) were closely correlated (ratio 0.74), suggesting that autotrophic processes were dominant. Whilst the site was wet most of the year (water table depth <5 cm) there were indications that heterotrophic respiration was enhanced by drought, which also depressed GPP. NEE was compared to 5 other peatland sites which have published long-term NEE records. The CO2 uptake rate during the growing season was comparable to 3 other European sites, however the emission rate during the dormant season was significantly higher.

scholarly journals MODELING OF THE SEASONAL COURSE OF CARBON EXCHANGE IN WETLAND ECOSYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
E. A. Dyukarev ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Western Siberia ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Biological Productivity ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Fluxes ◽  
Wetland Ecosystems ◽  
Bog Ecosystems ◽  
Two Parameters

The paper summarizes the results of expeditionary studies to study biological productivity, carbon dioxide fluxes in the bog ecosystems of the Central Taiga of Western Siberia. The paper summarizes the results of expeditionary studies to study biological productivity, carbon dioxide fluxes in the bog ecosystems of the Central Taiga of Western Siberia. Measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes were carried out from July 7 to July 14, 2019 at six observation sites located on the territory of typical wetland ecosystems of eutrophic, mesotrophic and oligotrophic types, taking into account the diversity of microlandscapes. Automatic measurements of the CO2 fluxes were carried out using the Licor LI-8100A soil respiration system. To extend the obtained observation data to other periods and to calculate the annual carbon balance of the ecosystem, a net ecosystem exchange (NEE) model was proposed, and the net fluxes of greenhouse gases for the growing season were calculated. The model uses air temperature and incoming photosynthetically active radiation as explanatory factors for gross primary production and ecosystem respiration. The model was calibrated in accordance with field measurements of carbon dioxide fluxes. For each observation site, six parameters were determined: two parameters for the photosynthesis model, two parameters for the respiration model and two for the biomass growth model. As a result of calculations for the period from May to October 2019, time series of fluxes of carbon dioxide absorption by vegetation during photosynthesis, CO2 release during ecosystem respiration, and the resulting flux – net ecosystem exchange were obtained. In the annual course, an increase in the intensity of photosynthesis during the daytime is associated with both the annual course of solar radiation and the accumulation of plant biomass. It was found that the net ecosystem exchange varies more strongly than its components. The NEE for ecosystems without vegetation is always positive. NEE is negative for the hollow and the open transit mesotrophic fen on any day of the growing season. Other ecosystems show both positive and negative daily mean fluxes. Wetland ecosystems with large biomass storages have significant fluxes (more than 1500 g CO2 / m2 ) associated with photosynthesis, but they also have a large expenditure component of carbon exchange (750–2200 g / m2 ). As a result, it was found that the greatest total absorption of carbon dioxide is observed in the mesotrophic sedge- menyanthes fen (1062 g / m2 ) and in the low ryam, taking into account the tree layer (603 g / m2 ). Other wetlands accumulate 244–466 g / m2 from the atmosphere during the growing season.

scholarly journals From sink to source: long-term (2002-2019) trends and anomalies in net ecosystem exchange of CO2 from a Scottish temperate peatland.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Hei-Laan Yeung ◽  
Carole Helfter ◽  
Neil Mullinger ◽  
Mhairi Coyle ◽  
Eiko Nemitz
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Water Table Depth ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
C Cycle ◽  
Dry Spell

&lt;p&gt;Peatlands North of 45&amp;#730; represent one of the largest terrestrial carbon (C) stores. They play an important role in the global C-cycle, and their ability to sequester carbon is controlled by multiple, often competing, factors including precipitation, temperature and phenology. Land-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) is dynamic, and exhibits marked seasonal and inter-annual variations which can effect the overall carbon sink strength in both the short- and long-term.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Due to increased incidences of climate anomalies in recent years, long-term datasets are essential to disambiguate natural variability in Net Ecosystem Exchange (NEE) from shorter-term fluctuations. This is particularly important at high latitudes (&gt;45&amp;#730;N) where the majority of global peatlands are found. With increasing pressure from stressors such as climate and land-use change, it has been predicted that with a ca. 3&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;C global temperature rise by 2100, UK peatlands could become a net source of C.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;NEE of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; has been measured using the eddy-covariance (EC) method at Auchencorth Moss (55&amp;#176;47&amp;#8217;32 N, 3&amp;#176;14&amp;#8217;35 W, 267 m a.s.l.), a temperate, lowland, ombrotrophic peatland in central Scotland, continuously since 2002. Alongside EC data, we present a range of meteorological parameters measured at site including soil temperature, total solar and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), rainfall, and, since April 2007, half-hourly water table depth readings. The length of record and range of measurements make this dataset an important resource as one of the longest term records of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; fluxes from a temperate peatland.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Although seasonal cycles of gross primary productivity (GPP) were highly variable between years, the site was a consistent CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sink for the period 2002-2012. However, net annual losses of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; have been recorded on several occasions since 2013. Whilst NEE tends to be positively correlated with the length of growing season, anomalies in winter weather also explain some of the variability in CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sink strength the following summer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Additionally, water table depth (WTD) plays a crucial role, affecting both GPP and ecosystem respiration (R&lt;sub&gt;eco&lt;/sub&gt;). Relatively dry summers in recent years have contributed to shifting the balance between R&lt;sub&gt;eco&lt;/sub&gt; and GPP: prolonged periods of low WTD were typically accompanied by an increase in R&lt;sub&gt;eco&lt;/sub&gt;, and a decrease in GPP, hence weakening the overall CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sink strength. Extreme events such as drought periods and cold winter temperatures can have significant and complex effects on NEE, particularly when such meteorological anomalies co-occur. For example, a positive annual NEE occurred in 2003 when Europe experienced heatwave and summer drought. More recently, an unusually long spell of snow lasting until the end of March delayed the onset of the 2018 growing season by up to 1.5 months compared to previous years. This was followed by a prolonged dry spell in summer 2018, which weakened GPP, increased R&lt;sub&gt;eco&lt;/sub&gt; and led to a net annual loss of 47.4 ton CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-C km&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt;. It is clear that the role of Northern peatlands within the carbon cycle is being modified, driven by changes in climate at both local and global scales.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Drivers of inter-annual variability in Net Ecosystem Exchange in a semi-arid savanna ecosystem, South Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Archibald ◽  
A. Kirton ◽  
M. R. van der Merwe ◽  
R. J. Scholes ◽  
C. A. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Annual Variability ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. Inter-annual variability in primary production and ecosystem respiration was explored using eddy-covariance data at a semi-arid savanna site in the Kruger Park, South Africa. New methods of extrapolating night-time respiration to the entire day and filling gaps in eddy-covariance data in semi-arid systems were developed. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in these systems occurs as pulses associated with rainfall events, a pattern not well-represented in current standard gap-filling procedures developed primarily for temperate flux sites. They furthermore do not take into account the decrease in respiration at high soil temperatures. An artificial neural network (ANN) model incorporating these features predicted measured fluxes accurately (MAE 0.42 gC/m2/day), and was able to represent the seasonal patterns of photosynthesis and respiration at the site. The amount of green leaf area (indexed using satellite-derived estimates of fractional interception of photosynthetically active radiation fAPAR), and the timing and magnitude of rainfall events, were the two most important predictors used in the ANN model. These drivers were also identified by multiple linear regressions (MLR), with strong interactive effects. The annual integral of the filled NEE data was found to range from −138 to +155 g C/m2/y over the 5 year eddy covariance measurement period. When applied to a 25 year time series of meteorological data, the ANN model predicts an annual mean NEE of 75(±105) g C/m2/y. The main correlates of this inter-annual variability were found to be variation in the amount of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR), length of the growing season, and number of days in the year when moisture was available in the soil.

scholarly journals Response of carbon fluxes to water relations in a savanna ecosystem in South Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 1797-1808 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Kutsch ◽  
N. Hanan ◽  
B. Scholes ◽  
I. McHugh ◽  
W. Kubheka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Eddy Covariance Method

Abstract. The principal mechanisms that connect carbon fluxes with water relations in savanna ecosystems were studied by using eddy covariance method in a savanna ecosystem at Kruger National Park, South Africa. Since the annual drought and rewetting cycle is a major factor influencing the function of savanna ecosystems, this work focused on the close inter-connection between water relations and carbon fluxes. Data from a nine-month measuring campaign lasting from the early wet season to the late dry season were used. Total ecosystem respiration showed highest values at the onset of the growing season, a slightly lower plateau during the main part of the growing season and a continuous decrease during the transition towards the dry season. The regulation of canopy conductance was changed in two ways: changes due to phenology during the course of the growing season and short-term acclimation to soil water conditions. The most constant parameter was water use efficiency that was influenced by VPD during the day but the VPD response curve of water usage did change only slightly during the course of the growing season and decreased by about 30% during the transition from wet to dry season. The regulation of canopy conductance and photosynthetic capacity were closely related. This observation meets recent leaf-level findings that stomatal closure triggers down-regulation of Rubisco during drought. Our results may show the effects of these processes on the ecosystem scale.

scholarly journals Moist moss tundra on Kapp Linne, Svalbard is a net source of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> to the atmosphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anders Lindroth ◽  
Norbert Pirk ◽  
Ingibjörg S. Jónsdóttir ◽  
Christian Stiegler ◽  
Leif Klemedtsson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Annual Nee ◽  
Greenness Index

Abstract. We measured CO2 and CH4 fluxes using chambers and eddy covariance (only CO2) from a moist moss tundra in Svalbard. The average net ecosystem exchange (NEE) during the summer (June–August) was −0.40 g C m−2 day−1 or −37 g C m−2 for the whole summer. Including spring and autumn periods the NEE was reduced to −6.8 g C m−2 and the annual NEE became positive, 24.7 gC m−2 due to the losses during the winter. The CH4 flux during the summer period showed a large spatial and temporal variability. The mean value of all 214 samples was 0.000511 ± 0.000315 µmol m−2s−1 which corresponds to a growing season estimate of 0.04 to 0.16 g CH4 m−2. We find that this moss tundra emits about 94–100 g CO2-equivalents m−2 yr−1 of which CH4 is responsible for 3.5–9.3 % using GWP100 of 27.9 respectively GWP20. Air temperature, soil moisture and greenness index contributed significantly to explain the variation in ecosystem respiration (Reco) while active layer depth, soil moisture and greenness index were the variables that best explained CH4 emissions. Estimate of temperature sensitivity of Reco and gross primary productivity showed that a modest increase in air temperature of 1 degree did not significantly change the NEE during the growing season but that the annual NEE would be even more positive adding another 8.5 g C m−2 to the atmosphere. We tentatively suggest that the warming of the Arctic that has already taken place is partly responsible for the fact that the moist moss tundra now is a source of CO2 to the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Drivers of interannual variability in Net Ecosystem Exchange in a semi-arid savanna ecosystem, South Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 3221-3266 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Archibald ◽  
A. Kirton ◽  
M. van der Merwe ◽  
R. J. Scholes ◽  
C. A. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Photosynthetically Active Radiation ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Active Radiation ◽  
Annual Variability ◽  
Semi Arid

Abstract. Inter-annual variability in primary production and ecosystem respiration was explored using eddy-covariance data at a semi-arid savanna site in the Kruger Park, South Africa. New methods of extrapolating night-time respiration to the entire day and filling gaps in eddy-covariance data in semi-arid systems were developed. Net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in these systems occurs as pulses associated with rainfall events, a pattern not well-represented in current standard gap-filling procedures developed primarily for temperate flux sites. They furthermore do not take into account the decrease in respiration at high soil temperatures. An artificial neural network (ANN) model incorporating these features predicted measured fluxes accurately (MAE 0.42 g C/m2/day), and was able to represent the seasonal patterns of photosynthesis and respiration at the site. The amount of green leaf area (indexed using satellite-derived estimates of fractional interception of photosynthetically active radiation fAPAR), and the timing and magnitude of rainfall events, were the two most important predictors used in the ANN model. These drivers were also identified by multiple linear models (MLR), with strong interactive effects. The annual integral of the filled NEE data was found to range from −138 to +155 g C/m2/y over the 5 year eddy covariance measurement period. When applied to a 25 year time series of meteorological data, the ANN model predicts an annual mean NEE of 75 (±105) g C/m2/y. The main correlates of this inter-annual variability were found to be variation in the amount of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR), length of the growing season, and number of days in the year when moisture was available in the soil.

scholarly journals Response of carbon fluxes to water relations in a savanna ecosystem in South Africa

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 2197-2235 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Kutsch ◽  
N. Hanan ◽  
R. J. Scholes ◽  
I. McHugh ◽  
W. Kubheka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Ecosystem Respiration ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Carbon Fluxes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Canopy Conductance ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Leaf Level

Abstract. The principal mechanisms that connect carbon fluxes with water relations in savanna ecosystems were studied by using eddy covariance in a savanna ecosystem at Kruger National Park, South Africa. Since the annual drought and rewetting cycle is a major factor influencing the function of savanna ecosystems, this work focused on the close inter-connection between water relations and carbon fluxes. Data from a nine-month measuring campaign lasting from the early wet season to the late dry season were used. Total ecosystem respiration showed highest values at the onset of the growing season, a slightly lower plateau during the main part of the growing season and a continuous decrease during the transition towards the dry season. The regulation of canopy conductance was changed in two ways: changes due to phenology during the course of the growing season and short-term acclimation to soil water conditions. The most constant parameter was water use efficiency that was influenced by VPD during the day but the VPD response curve of water usage did change only slightly during the course of the growing season and decreased by about 30% during the transition from wet to dry season. The regulation of canopy conductance and photosynthetic capacity were closely related. This observation meets recent leaf-level findings that stomatal closure triggers down-regulation of Rubisco during drought. Our results may show the effects of these processes on the ecosystem scale.

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