scholarly journals Structural Analysis of Traditional Chinese Complex Puzzle Locks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kan Shi ◽  
Ming-Jie Wang ◽  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Kuo-Hung Hsiao ◽  
Yan-An Yao
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Matrix Representation ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Complicated Structure ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Opening Process

Abstract The development of barbed-spring locks in ancient China has a history of more than two thousand years. With the development of the design and manufacturing techniques in ancient China, the safety of locks has gotten better and better. Since the 17th century, the puzzle lock, with a complicated structure and a high difficulty in opening, was gradually developed and used. The puzzle lock needs specific steps to be opened. Even if strangers have the correct key, it is still difficult for them to open the lock immediately. Based on the difficulty of the opening process, traditional Chinese puzzle locks can be partition into two sorts, namely, general puzzle locks and complex puzzle locks. As the structure of the puzzle lock will change during the opening process, the puzzle lock belongs to the reconfigurable mechanism. In this paper, a method of topology matrix is provided to analyze the structure of the complex puzzle lock during operation systematically. Firstly, the characteristics and types of general puzzle locks are explained, and then the topology matrix representation is introduced. Finally, four complex puzzle locks are taken as examples, to illustrate the opening process. There are various types of complex puzzle locks, and the mechanism designs are quite ingenious and interesting, which shows the extraordinary technique and ingenuity of the ancient craftsmen.

scholarly journals After Joseph Needham: The legacy reviewed, the agenda revised – some personal reflections

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Ancient Greece ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Ancient China ◽  
Chinese Science ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
History Of ◽  
Personal Reflections ◽  
Political Economic

We all owe Joseph Needham an immense debt for discovering Chinese science and technology for Western scholars. But his famous question (Why did the Chinese, who had been so far in advance of Europe until the 17th century, fail to produce modern science independently?) is simplistic. Needham’s discussion relied on categories (‘physics’, ‘engineering’, even ‘mathematics’) that are largely anachronistic. He was preoccupied by questions of priorities (who did what first). We should recognise that the historical record brings to light many breakthroughs in the development of science, in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, ancient Greece and ancient China, as well as in Europe in the 17th century and beyond; they all call for detailed analysis of the different social, political, economic, institutional and intellectual factors at work. One topic of particular importance and current interest concerns the factors that enable innovation to flourish, where the differing experience of ancient societies can provide lessons that may still be relevant today. The new agenda for the history of science should have a global remit.

Public Libraries of the Vladimir and Kostroma Provinces' District Towns in the Second Half of the 19th — early 20th Century

2010 ◽  
pp. 98-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey A. Soloviev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Native Population ◽  
History Of

On the history of the first public libraries in the province towns of Vladimirskaya and Kostromskaya provinces in the second half of the 17th century - early 20th century. The author considers main statistical data of libraries and analyses necessity and influence of these libraries and reading rooms on the native population.

The Application of Computer Techniques in the Design and Manufacturing of Timing Scrolls

1993 ◽  
Vol 207 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
L Q Tang ◽  
D N Moreton
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Characteristic ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Feeding Mechanism ◽  
Control Techniques ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Design And Manufacturing ◽  
Manufacturing Techniques ◽  
Aided Design ◽  
Design And Manufacture

The timing scroll is an important feeding mechanism on packaging lines. As packaging line speeds have increased and the shape of containers has become more diverse, the techniques used for the design and manufacture of such timing scrolls have become critical for successful packaging line performance. Since 1980, various techniques have evolved to improve scroll design, manufacture and the associated line performance. In recent years, as CAD (computer aided design), CAM (computer aided manufacture) and CNC (computer numerical control) techniques have evolved, scroll design and manufacturing techniques began to be linked with computer techniques. In this paper, a scroll design and manufacturing package is presented which can be run on a minicomputer, such as a μ-VAX on an IBM PC clone. This scroll package can produce a timing scroll for any type of container with a correct pocket shape and good dynamic characteristic. Tests using carefully chosen containers have been made using this package and the results indicate that the scrolls obtained by this package have the correct pocket shape and good line performance. However, the design of a good pick-up geometry for some container shapes remains a problem.

On the Signatures of the Members of Boyar Duma in the Council Code of 1649 and their Purchase of the Printed Copy of the Book

2021 ◽  
pp. 190-221
Author(s):  
Я.Н. Рабинович
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
History Of

В статье рассмотрены неизвестные страницы истории России середины XVII в., связанные с принятием Соборного уложения 1649 г. Уточнен персональный состав Боярской думы на момент составления Уложения. Особое внимание уделено отсутствию подписей некоторых членов Боярской думы на свитке Уложения, а также распространению печатного экземпляра Уложения среди членов Боярской думы. Подробно рассмотрен такой источник, как «Книга продаж» печатного экземпляра Уложения. Показано, что основную массу покупателей Уложения вначале составили члены Боярской думы и другие москвичи. При этом подавляющее число покупателей не участвовало в принятии Уложения и не расписалось на свитке этого документа. The article discussed unknown pages in the history of Russia in the middle of the 17th century, associated with the adoption of the Cathedral Code of 1649. The personal composition of the Boyar Duma at the time of drawing up the Code has been clarified. Particular attention is paid to the absence of signatures of some members of the Boyar Duma on the scroll of the Code, as well as the distribution of a printed copy of the Code among the members of the Boyar Duma. A source such as the "Sales Book" of a printed copy of the Code is considered in detail. It is shown that the bulk of the buyers of the Code at first were members of the Boyar Duma and other Muscovites. At the same time, the overwhelming number of buyers did not participate in the adoption of the Code and did not sign on the roll of this document.

The Burial of Alexander Nevsky in Vladimir: the Archaeology of the Veneration

2021 ◽  
pp. 76-107
Author(s):  
Л.А. Беляев ◽  
П.Л. Зыков ◽  
О.М. Иоаннисян ◽  
А.В. Сиренов
Keyword(s):  
Main Part ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church

В статье публикуются материалы по истории некрополя при главном храме монастыря Рождества Богородицы во Владимире, где в 1263 г. был погребен князь Александр Ярославич Невский. Основная часть сведений получена в 1997–2000 гг. при раскопках остатков собора (снесен в 1930 г.). Это белокаменные саркофаги и могилы, а также остатки самого собора, построенного в 1198 г. из белого камня, и его галереи, целиком перестроенной из кирпича в XVII в. В кладке галереи была обнаружена ниша с нижней частью саркофага, возможно, служившей одной из реликвий князя после переноса его мощей в Санкт-Петербург (1722–1724). Традиционные источники, рассказывающие о судьбе погребения князя Александра в XIV—XVIII вв., рассматриваются в свете археологических данных и новых архивных документов и фотографий (в том числе - о каменных гробах, найденных при сносе собора в 1930 г.). Materials on the history of the necropolis near the principal church of the monastery of Nativity of Blessed Virgin where Prince Alexander Nevsky was buried in 1263 are published in the article. The main part of information was obtained during the excavation of the church remnants (excavations were performed in 1997-2000). The church was demolished in 1930. Archeologists discovered sarcophagi and tombs made of white stone and remnants of the very church built in 1198 of white stone and of its gallery that was rebuilt completely of bricks in the 17th century. A niche was discovered in the brickwork and contained a lower part of a sarcophagus. That served (probably) as a relic of Alexander upon his remnants transfer to Saint-Petersburg. Traditional sources telling the fate of Prince Alexander's internment are considered in light of archeological data and new archive documents and photos including photos of stone sarcophagi found during the demolition of the church in 1930.

Justice without the State within the State

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
North America ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Global Perspective ◽  
State Courts ◽  
History Of ◽  
Research Questions

History of justice is not only the history of state justice. Rather, we often deal with a coexistence of state, parastatal and non-state courts. Interesting research questions emerge out of this constellation: Where are notions of just conflict resolution most likely to be enforceable? To what extent is non-state jurisdiction a mode of self-regulation of social groups who define themselves by means of ethnic, religious or functional criteria? How do state and non-state ambitions interact? This collective volume contains contributions exploring non-state and parastatal justice between the 17th century and the present in Europe, Asia, North America as well as from a global perspective.

Retro-Digitization of Croatian Pre-Standard Grammars

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-310
Author(s):  
Marijana Horvat ◽  
Martina Kramarić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Web Portal ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Language Text

In this article, we will present the rich linguistic heritage of the Croatian language and our attempts to ensure its preservation and presentation to the general public by means of the "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism ‒ RETROGRAM" project. There is a long tradition of grammatical description in the history of the Croatian language. The first grammar book of the Croatian language was written at the beginning of the 17th century and the first grammar book written in Croatian was compiled in the middle of the 17th century. In later years, when literary and linguistic activity were transferred from the Dalmatian area to the northern and eastern part of Croatia, the Latin model for the description of the Croatian language was still present, even though German was also used. There were a large number of grammars written up to the second half of the 19th century, which are considered pre-standard Croatian grammars. They are the subject of research within the project "Pre-standard Croatian Grammars" at the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics. This research proposal "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism" aims to create a model for the retro-digitization of the chosen eight Pre-standard Croatian Grammars (written from the 17th until the 19th century). The retro-digitization of Croatian grammar books implies the transfer of printed media to computer-readable and searchable text. It also includes a multilevel mark-up of transcribed or translated grammar text. The next step of the project is the creation of a Web Portal of Pre-standard Croatian Grammars, on which both the facsimiles and the digitized text of the grammars will be presented. Our aim is to present to the wider and international public the attainments of the Croatian language and linguistics as an important part of Croatian culture in general. Keywords: pre-standard Croatian grammars, history of the Croatian language, retro-digitization, Extensible mark-up language, Text encoding initiative, web portal of pre-standard Croatian grammars

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