Retro-Digitization of Croatian Pre-Standard Grammars

In this article, we will present the rich linguistic heritage of the Croatian language and our attempts to ensure its preservation and presentation to the general public by means of the "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism ‒ RETROGRAM" project. There is a long tradition of grammatical description in the history of the Croatian language. The first grammar book of the Croatian language was written at the beginning of the 17th century and the first grammar book written in Croatian was compiled in the middle of the 17th century. In later years, when literary and linguistic activity were transferred from the Dalmatian area to the northern and eastern part of Croatia, the Latin model for the description of the Croatian language was still present, even though German was also used. There were a large number of grammars written up to the second half of the 19th century, which are considered pre-standard Croatian grammars. They are the subject of research within the project "Pre-standard Croatian Grammars" at the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics. This research proposal "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism" aims to create a model for the retro-digitization of the chosen eight Pre-standard Croatian Grammars (written from the 17th until the 19th century). The retro-digitization of Croatian grammar books implies the transfer of printed media to computer-readable and searchable text. It also includes a multilevel mark-up of transcribed or translated grammar text. The next step of the project is the creation of a Web Portal of Pre-standard Croatian Grammars, on which both the facsimiles and the digitized text of the grammars will be presented. Our aim is to present to the wider and international public the attainments of the Croatian language and linguistics as an important part of Croatian culture in general. Keywords: pre-standard Croatian grammars, history of the Croatian language, retro-digitization, Extensible mark-up language, Text encoding initiative, web portal of pre-standard Croatian grammars

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“The Escape in the Desert” in Book Culture and Literature of Pre-Peter Russia

Проблемы исторической поэтики ◽

10.15393/j9.art.2020.6822 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 56-72

Author(s):

Tatiana A. Isachenko

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

17Th Century ◽

Russian Society ◽

Western Literature ◽

19Th Century Literature ◽

Old Russian ◽

World Outlook ◽

The Subject ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Century Literature

<p> The motif of “the escape from paradise” has recently become one more time the subject of historical poetics. This motif is opposed to “the expulsion from paradise” accepted in Western literature. In the perception of scholars the motif of “the escape from paradise” in 19th century literature took a paradoxical form of “loneliness” (Dmitriev, Pushkin, Ostrovsky and Batyushkov) and then was designated as a “moving” model of a Russian man’s life who escapes from Paradise — a “homeostatic” society (L. N. Gumilev). The transformation of the motif from a “stable” model to a “moving” one led to formation of a new Russian character — a “homeless wanderer” mentioned by F. M. Dostoevsky in his “Pushkin Speech”. The article puts forward a thesis that under the influence of wandering a part of Russian society feel inclined for Old Russian forms of world outlook that incites person’s searches for life paradise in his own soul. This trend appears in the pilgrimage and theological literature of the 19th century. The transformation of the ratio between the “stable” and the “moving” towards the Old Russian ideal of wandering brings man to the saving paths of evangelical commandments. The theme of “escape in the desert” is closely related to the theme of “Mental Paradise”. In this regard, the key plot of the popular collection “Mental Paradise” popular in the 17th century and released in Wallay Iversky Monastery in 1658–1659 is considered. Based on the manuscripts the article shows how the motives of “Paradise” and “escape in the desert” having preceded the trends and having been developed in the 19th century leading to the prosperity of pilgrimage literature, are presented in literature of pre-Peter Russia.</p>

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Piśmiennictwo religijne Tatarów Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego jako oryginalne źródło do badań polszczyzny północnokresowej

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne Seria Językoznawcza ◽

10.14746/pspsj.2017.24.2.6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 85-110

Author(s):

Joanna Kulwicka-Kamińska

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Slavic Languages ◽

The North ◽

Religious Writings ◽

The World ◽

History Of ◽

Polish Language ◽

The Subject ◽

Linguistic Analyses ◽

The 19Th Century

The religious writings of the Tatars constitute a valuable source for philological research due to the presence of heretofore unexplored grammatical and lexical layers of the north borderland Polish language of the 16th-20th centuries and due to the interference-related and transfer-related processes in the context of Slavic languages and Slavic-Oriental contacts. Therefore the basis for linguistic analyses is constituted by one of the most valuable monuments of this body of writing – the first translation of the Quran into a Slavic language in the world (probably representing the north borderland Polish language), which assumed the form of a tefsir. The source of linguistic analyses is constituted by the Olita tefsir, which dates back to 1723 (supplemented and corrected in the 19th century). On the basis of the material that was excerpted from this work the author presents both borderland features described in the subject literature and tries to point the new or only sparsely confirmed facts in the history of the Polish language, including the formation of the north borderland Polish language on the Belarusian substrate. Research involves all levels of language – the phonetic-phonological, morphological, syntactic and the lexical-semantic levels.

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Le « serpent de mer du Constitutionnel », « cet admirable et immortel canard ». Examen d’un running gag médiatique

Précisions sur les sciences dans l'oeuvre de Marie Darrieussecq - Dalhousie French Studies ◽

10.7202/1081083ar ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 61-91

Author(s):

Jean-Luc Buard

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Police Investigation ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Sea Serpent ◽

The 19Th Century

This paper assesses the reality and sources of the Constitutionnel's sea serpent case, attributing to this newspaper the authorship of the invention of this journalist's joke (hoax), circulated as a running gag during the 19th century. The subject is not so much the dissemination of sea serpent stories as this problematic attribution, which became traditional in the history of the French press. At the end of our inquiry, after what might seem like a police investigation, it is established that the first mention of a sea serpent indeed really took place in this newspaper in 1817-18, when it was called the Journal du commerce, a paper that had no exclusivity in the dissemination of this hoax, which had its source in American papers. Before the digitization of newspapers, it was difficult if not impossible to find brief mentions or even articles on these elusive subjects. It was therefore easy to make fun of them without having to provide any proof or justification.

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Quarantine as a tool of epidemic fight

Przeglad Epidemiologiczny ◽

10.32394/pe.74.15 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 180-195

Author(s):

Renata E. Paliga

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Middle Ages ◽

World Literature ◽

Epidemiological Tool ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Economic Balance ◽

The 19Th Century

Until the 19th century, the factor causing epidemics was not known, and the escape from a place where it occurred as well as isolation of patients was considered to be the only effective way to avoid illness and death. Quarantine in a sense similar to modern times was used in 1377 in Ragusa, today’s Dubrovnik, during the plague epidemic. It was the first administratively imposed procedure in the world’s history. It was later used in Venice and other rich port cities in the Mediterranean. On the territory of today’s Poland, quarantine measures were used by the so-called Mayor of the Air – LukaszDrewno in 1623 during the plague epidemic in Warsaw. The quarantine left its mark on all areas of human activity. It affected all humanity in a way that is underestimated today. Throughout history, it has been described and presented visually. It is omnipresent in the world literature, art and philosophy. However, the isolation and closure of cities, limiting trade, had an impact on the economic balance, and the dilemma between the choice of inhabitants’ health and the quality of existence, i.e. their wealth, has been the subject of discussions since the Middle Ages. Since the end of the 19th century, quarantine has lost its practical meaning. The discovery of bacteria and a huge development of medical and social sciences allowed limiting its range. In the 20th century isolation and quarantine no longer had a global range, because the ability to identify factors causing the epidemic, knowledge about the incubation period, carrier, infectiousness, enabled the rational determination of its duration and territorial range. The modern SARS COV 2 pandemic has resulted in a global quarantine on a scale unprecedented for at least three hundred years. The aim of this paper is to present the history of quarantine from its beginning to the present day, including its usefulness as an epidemiological tool.

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Jovan Pavlovic as a liberalism paradigm in the history of Serbian press

Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke ◽

10.2298/zmsdn1761013b ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 13-25

Author(s):

Vladimir Barovic ◽

Ljubomir Zuber

Keyword(s):

Human Rights ◽

19Th Century ◽

National Liberation ◽

Printed Media ◽

Church Hierarchy ◽

Eastern Question ◽

History Of ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Liberal Thought

This paper is focused on a celebrated Serbian journalist and liberal, Jovan Pavlovic, who founded and edited, in the second half of the 19th century, the following newspapers: Pancevac, Granicar and Novi Granicar. Pavlovic turned his newspapers into the most militant and the most liberal media printed in Serbian language in Austria-Hungary in the second half of the 19th century. This paper analyzes the beginnings of Serbian liberal thought and individuals who were significant for the development of liberal ideas in the 19th century. The work of Vladimir Jovanovic and other liberals in Serbia has been considered, including the influence of Svetozar Markovic and Serbian liberals in Austria-Hungary. The authors analyzed Pavlovic?s articles in Zastava, Pancevac, Granicar, and Novi Granicar. Pavlovic?s newspapers supported very liberal and militant attitudes unlike other printed media throughout the history of Serbian journalism. Pavlovic was very incisive when writing in anticlerical spirit, and in many of his articles he criticized church hierarchy. The Eastern question was also extensively dealt with in his articles. In the history of Serbian journalism, Jovan Pavlovic has been remembered as a great supporter of human rights, national liberation and emancipation, as well as a significant representative of liberal ideas.

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Revolutionary England, 1642-1702

Renaissance and Reformation ◽

10.1093/obo/9780195399301-0063 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah Covington

Keyword(s):

20Th Century ◽

19Th Century ◽

17Th Century ◽

Historical Narrative ◽

National Myth ◽

British Identity ◽

History Of ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

The Revolution

The 17th century is one of the most important periods in England’s history, eliciting highly charged and often ideologically driven debates among scholars. The story of England, as it was told during the 19th century, was central in defining British identity and creating a national myth, known as Whig history, of triumphant progress toward liberty. Not surprisingly, the 20th century revised this history in accordance with contemporary ideologies that included communism, while the 1970s witnessed a further revisionist turn when Conrad Russell, most notably, asserted the contingent nature of the causes leading to the war, in response to the traditional position that emphasized long-term events originating in a division between the crown and an oppositional parliament. This position has, unsurprisingly, been amended in recent years. Meanwhile, another shift has extended the midcentury upheavals to include the “Three Kingdoms” approach, which decenters England in its readings and incorporates Scotland and Ireland into the larger turmoil. But the 17th century was not simply about the Civil War and Interregnum dominated by Cromwell; the Restoration itself was also determined by the events that preceded it, with continuities as well as the more obvious cultural and political shifts blurring the demarcating historical line. And in some respects, the revolution of 1688 served as a culminating answer to the questions raised but never fully resolved by issues earlier in the century. Whether the revolution of 1688 was truly significant or not—and it was certainly once thought to be the crowning achievement of liberty and rights—has itself provoked debate, with James II’s “absolutism” or William III’s victory convincingly modified by historians. So many debates abound, and so many figures are subject to different readings, that it is difficult to fix this period into any stable meaning without lending it heavy qualifications. As a result, it is revealing that an increasingly common subgenre in the field consists of books solely devoted not to the history of these revolutionary years, but to the debates about it—just as the names of historians such as Gardiner, Hill, Stone, or Russell have become inextricably a part of the historical narrative as well. Such debates will continue as long as the 17th century resists clear interpretation—a testament to the dramatic complexity of the time, and to the historians who continue to interpret it.

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Dzieje Pałacu Biskupiego w Krakowie w latach 1815-1894

10.12797/9788381382182 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Marlena Hajduk

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

National Archive ◽

Relevant Information ◽

Doctoral Dissertation ◽

Historical Records ◽

Archival Documents ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Central Archive

THE HISTORY OF THE BISHOP’S PALACE IN THE 19TH CENTURY KRAKOW The subject of my doctoral dissertation is the history of the Bishop’s Palace in Krakow in the 19th Century. The main issue I tried to solve in my thesis was to establish what kind of function had the Bishop’s Palace in Krakow in the 19th Century. In order to gather relevant information I searched archival documents in 26 archives, including in particular: The Archive of the Metropolitan Curia in Krakow, The Archive of the Chapter of the Cathedral in Krakow, The National Archive in Krakow, The Jagiellonian Library, The Central Archive of Historical Records in Warsaw, The Secret Vatican Archive in Rome, The National Archive in Vienna.

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Francis James Herbert Haskell 1928–2000

Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 115 Biographical Memoirs of Fellows, I ◽

10.5871/bacad/9780197262788.003.0011 ◽

2003 ◽

Author(s):

Charles Hope

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Art History ◽

18Th Century ◽

17Th Century ◽

Oxford University ◽

French Painting ◽

King's College ◽

History Of Art ◽

History Of ◽

The 19Th Century

Publication of Patrons and Painters (1963), which dealt with art in 17th-century Rome and 18th-century Venice, established Francis Haskell as one of the leading art historians of his generation. He held posts at King's College Cambridge and was then appointed Professor of the History of Art at Oxford University with a Fellowship at Trinity College. Haskell turned to studying French painting of the 19th century. Rediscoveries in Art: Some Aspects of Taste, Fashion and Collecting in England and France (1976) won the Mitchell Prize for Art History. Haskell was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1971. Obituary by Charles Hope.

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Putopis Lacroma krunske princeze udove Stephanie i dvorskog marinista Antona Perka

Ars Adriatica ◽

10.15291/ars.187 ◽

2016 ◽

pp. 219

Author(s):

Sanja Žaja Vrbica

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Paper Analysis ◽

The North ◽

History Of ◽

German Edition ◽

The Rich ◽

Important Position ◽

Crown Prince ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Made In

Among the numerous travelogues describing southern Dalmatia, Dubrovnik, and its surroundings, the booklet called Lacroma merits special attention. Its author was the widowed Crown Princess Stephanie (1864-1945) and the illustrations were provided by Anton Perko, seascape painter at the court and the former governor of Lokrum. The first edition was published in 1892 in German, followed by an Italian one five years later. This article focuses on the first, German edition. Painter Anton Perko (1833-1905) stayed on the island of Lokrum from January 1879 until the beginning of 1881, with minor absences. The following year, he spent the entire winter on the island, and when the princely couple moved to Vienna, he also moved there in 1883. After the Mayerling drama, when Rudolf and his young mistress Marie Vetsera were found dead under mysterious circumstances, Perko’s life changed as well, yet he remained in the service of the widowed princess until 1896, when he retired. Anton Perko did not write an autobiography, but his important position in the royal household is evident from the fact that Stephanie and her daughter took care of his widow after his death in 1905. In 1892, a volume on Dalmatia was published as part of the complex work Die österreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, initiated by Prince Rudolf and continued by his widow Stephanie, which must have also inspired her to write a separate book on Lokrum with its rich historical, cultural, and natural heritage. Her description of Lokrum is intended for future tourists, potential visitors from the north, and introduces the reader to this insular Arcadia with descriptions of its position in southern Dalmatia and Dubrovnik, after which she turns to the history of Lokrum and its monuments, with reference to two written sources: the Apendius chronicle and the Memorie storiche sull’isola Lacroma, published in Vienna in 1861. Illustrations by Anton Perko are completely subjected to the text, eternalizing scenes described by Princess Stephanie and faithfully presenting the details that intrigued the author. The German version of Lacroma was published shortly before the end of Perko’s active life, spent largely next to the Crown Prince and his wife. It may thus be understood as a sort of sublimation for his work as the court secretary and painter. Sketches for the nineteen illustrations in the Lokrum booklet were probably made in the previous decades, while Perko was still the governor of the island. Among his works donated to the libraries of Dubrovnik, there are three drawing folders of small dimensions titled Lacroma and dated to 1879 and 1880 respectively, as well as a number of drawings and watercolours showing Lokrum’s landscapes. As a passionate sketcher, Perko must have made a far larger number of drawings on the island, but they must have been acquired by Stephanie after his death, which is why the Dubrovnik collection possesses only a small segment of his oeuvre. With its historical overview, descriptions of architecture and vegetation, and especially the contemporary details, this travelogue offers a precious insight into the appearance and life of the island in the 19th century. Especially valuable details include those referring to the interior of the summerhouse, inscriptions on the walls of the monastery, and Maximilian’s poetry, which Stephanie recorded preserving it from oblivion and making it available for a wider audience. Perko’s illustrations carefully follow the text, completely subjecting themselves to the author’s tone and introducing us to the solitude of island vistas and their hidden beauty in the conservative artistic tradition of the late 19th century. The painter has drawn with utter precision the architecture and the vistas of the island, the imperial residence, and the coastline, including the rare inhabitants in the serene solitude of their isolation, in the spirit of AustroHungarian Orientalism that he adhered to, yet he also gave us an image of the island that is nowadays almost unrecognizable owing to the rich vegetation. This paper analysis the textual and visual segments of the travelogue and their contribution to our knowledge of the island’s recent history, including the imperial residence and the natural resources.

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Kramářské tisky jako specifický doklad knižní kultury 18. a 19. století. Fond kramářských tisků Muzea Jindřichohradecka

Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum ◽

10.37520/amnpsc.2021.019 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 66 (3-4) ◽

pp. 80-100

Author(s):

Štěpánka Běhalová

Keyword(s):

19Th Century ◽

Virgin Mary ◽

Large Set ◽

Memento Mori ◽

Printed Media ◽

Broadside Ballads ◽

The Subject ◽

New Generation ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Made In

This book-science study focuses on chapbooks, the development of research on this specific cultural phenomenon and the related collection activities, presented by the example of the collection of chapbooks housed in the Museum of the Jindřichův Hradec Region. Chapbooks have already been of scientific and collecting interest since the end of the 19th century. Extensive projects have recently been prepared with the aim of processing and providing access to the collections of memory and academic institutions. Bibliologically, a chapbook is defined as a small multi-page print, usually in octavo, duodecimo or sextodecimo (exceptionally trigesimo-secundo) format, which contained a lyric or epic text in poetry or prose with a religious or secular theme, was created with an emphasis on the commercial aspect and was primarily to make profit for the author, the printer (through the use of economical printing methods) as well as the seller (through the number of the printed copies sold). In 2021, the collection of chapbooks, which is part of the holdings of the Museum of the Jindřichův Hradec Region, contains almost 4,400 inventory numbers. The collection was established in the 1930s, and further large acquisitions were made in the 1990s from the literary estate of the Landfras family of printers from Jindřichův Hradec. The collection is dominated by prints from the Jindřichův Hradec printing works, comprising more than half of the collection; a rather large set is formed by the production of Prague printing workshops (14%); smaller sets come from printing workshops in Vienna, Chrudim and Jihlava. The earliest prints in the collection are Píseň o moci, divích a zázracích sv. Škapulíře [A Song about the Power, Wonders and Miracles of the Holy Scapular] (Hradec Králové 1725) and Dvě písničky nové velmi pěkné o svaté Anně [Two Very Nice New Songs about St Anne] (Příbram 1726). The latest prints come from the 1940s, namely Zásvětná modlitba k Panně Marii [A Dedication Prayer to the Virgin Mary] (Olomouc 1940) and Píseň k sv. Janu Nepomuckému [A Song to St John of Nepomuk] (J. Hradec 1944). The study deals with the formal and content aspects of chapbooks. A comparison with extant wooden printing blocks from the inheritance of the Landfras printing works has revealed similarities in this printing decoration across printing workshops, but also the production of several apparently identical plates in one or more printing workshops especially in the 19th century. Moreover, the paper presents the changes in the decoration and form of the prints that chiefly occurred in the second half of the 19th century. In decoration, there is a clear connection with other types of printed production: in the area of secular themes with books of popular reading and in that of religious topics mainly with holy pictures, house blessings, memento mori prints and folding holy letters. There were certain analogies in their methods of production and decoration, but they were also distributed together and were among traditional means of personal devotion. The various texts printed in chapbooks (folk, popularised and artificial songs, poetry or prose texts of religious and secular content) can also be found in other printed media – in hymnals, songbooks, prayer books, books of folk reading, as well as theatrical plays, 19th-century almanacs, and periodicals. The chapbooks from the collection under study contain songs as well as other texts mostly related to religious pilgrimage in the 19th century, with the songs in them becoming ever less frequent. The chapbook production of the long 19th century is represented in the collection by a large number of chapbooks from the Landfras printing works in Jindřichův Hradec. The Landfras family, whose publishing profile emphasised religious and prayer literature primarily for rural population, concentrated the production of chapbooks in this area as well. The chapbook as a multidisciplinary phenomenon has been the subject of interdisciplinary research since the beginning of the 20th century. It has received the attention of ethnologists, librarians, book scientists and musicologists, as well as curators of collections in memory institutions. Its content and genre, hitherto studied in detail within secular broadside ballads, await evaluation by the new generation of literary scholars and cultural anthropologists in the field of religious chapbooks.

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