scholarly journals Susceptibility to smoking and associated factors among the youth in central and eastern European countries. 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Polanska ◽  
Malgorzata Znyk ◽  
Dorota Kaleta
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Young People ◽  
Passive Smoking ◽  
Smoking Initiation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Susceptibility To Smoking ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Smoking Susceptibility

Abstract Background Tobacco use among young people still remains a major public health problem. The aim of this study was to examine the association between a variety of factors and susceptibility to smoking initiation and experimentation among the youth from central and eastern European countries. Methods The data used in the current analysis, focusing on current non-smokers, is available from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey, which was performed in five countries (the Czech Republic (2016), n = 3191; Slovakia (2016), n = 3178; Slovenia (2017), n = 2255; Romania (2017), n = 4681; Lithuania (2018), n = 2260). Results Among the never smokers, nearly a quarter of the students were susceptible to smoking in 4 of 5 countries (16% of those susceptible to smoking were identified in Romania). Moreover, 60% of the students in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia, and about 50% of the students in Lithuania and Romania were found to be vulnerable to smoking experimentation (an analysis among ever smokers). The multiple regression models provided results that are consistent among all the examined countries, with the following factors identified as significant correlates of smoking initiation and experimentation: being girls, having more money available for own expenses, experiencing exposure to passive smoking in public places, as well as indicating peer smoking. Moreover, adolescents who have declared lack of antismoking education and knowledge on harmful effects of passive smoking, those who saw people using tobacco on TV, in videos or in movies as well as advertising of tobacco products at point of sales were susceptible to smoking. Finally, the students who shared an opinion that smoking helped people feel more comfortable at celebrations, parties or in other social gatherings were at higher risk of smoking susceptibility. Conclusions A high proportion of the youth from central and eastern European countries is susceptible to smoking. Personal and social factors and those related to educational and policy issues were strongly and consistently correlated with smoking susceptibility. These factors should be considered when designing and implementing anti-smoking activities among young people.

scholarly journals Susceptibility to tobacco use and associated factors among youth in five central and eastern European countries

2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Polanska ◽  
Malgorzata Znyk ◽  
Dorota Kaleta
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Young People ◽  
Tobacco Use ◽  
Passive Smoking ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Abstract Background Tobacco use among young people still remains a major public health problem. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform a cross-country comparison for the factors associated with susceptibility to tobacco use among youth from five central and eastern European countries. Methods The data used in the current analysis, focusing on youth (aged 11–17 years), who have never tried or experimented with cigarette smoking, was available from the recent Global Youth Tobacco Survey (Czech Republic (2016), n = 1997; Slovakia (2016), n = 1998; Slovenia (2017), n = 1765; Romania (2017), n = 3718; Lithuania (2018), n = 1305). Simple, multiple logistic regression analyses and random-effect meta-analysis were conducted to identify factors associated with tobacco use susceptibility as the lack of a firm commitment not to smoke. Results Nearly a quarter of the students were susceptible to tobacco use in 4 of 5 countries. The following factors were identified, consistently across countries, as correlates of tobacco use susceptibility: exposure to passive smoking in public places (AOR from 1.3; p = 0.05 in Slovakia to 1.6; p < 0.01 in Czech Republic and Romania), peers smoking status (AOR from 1.8 p < 0.01 in Slovakia to 2.5; p < 0.01 Lithuania), opinion that smoking helped people feel more comfortable at celebrations (AOR from 1.3; p = 0.01 in Czech Republic to 1.9; p < 0.01 in Lithuania), noticing people using tobacco in mass media (AOR 1.5; p < 0.01 in Slovenia and 1.6; p < 0.01 in Lithuania), lack of knowledge on harmful effects of passive smoking (AOR 1.8; p < 0.01 in Slovakia and 2.4; p < 0.01 in Slovenia), lack of antismoking education provided by school (AOR 1.3; p < 0.05 in Czech Republic, Slovakia and Slovenia; 1.9; p < 0.01 in Lithuania), and family (AOR 1.5; p < 0.01 in Slovenia and Romania). Moreover those who believed that smoking makes young people look less attractive (AOR from 0.5; p < 0.01 in Romania to 0.7; p = 0.05 in Lithuania) and that people who smoke have less friends (AOR 0.7; p ≤ 0.06) turned out to be less susceptible to tobacco use initiation. In Czech Republic and Slovenia significantly higher susceptibility to tobacco use was observed among females as compared to males (AOR 1.4; p < 0.01), whereas in Romania opposite pattern, although not significant, was observed (p = 0.3). Having more money available for own expenses, positively correlated with smoking suitability in all countries (AOR > 1.5; p < 0.01) except Lithuania where youth with more money available tend to be less susceptible to tobacco use (p > 0.05). Youth who share the opinion that people who smoke have more friends were more susceptible to smoking in Romania (AOR 1.4; p = 0.04) but tend to be less susceptible in other countries. Exposure to advertisements at points of sale was significant correlate of tobacco use susceptibility in Slovakia and Slovenia (AOR 1.4 and 1.5 respectively; p < 0.05), with moderate heterogeneity between the countries. Conclusions A high proportion of youth from central and eastern European countries was susceptible to tobacco use. Social factors, and those related to educational and policy issues as well as to attitudes regarding tobacco use were strongly, and consistently across countries, correlated with tobacco use susceptibility. Slight differences in susceptibility to tobacco use between the countries were related to: sex, money available for own expenses, exposure to advertisements at points of sale and opinion that people who smoke have more friends. These factors should be considered when designing and implementing anti-tobacco activities among young people.

A Mistrustful Society?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-71
Author(s):  
Nicole Horáková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
European Values ◽  
European Values Study ◽  
Eastern European Countries

The level of trust in politicians also in government institutions is taken as an indicator of the state of society in general. Various studies have shown that the population of the Central Eastern European countries, and especially the citizens of the Czech Republic, lack trust in state institutions and democratic structures. The trust of the Czech population in government institutions is, compared to other (Western) European countries, at a relatively low level. This article aims to discuss different factors that are currently influencing this lack of trust: the historical, cultural, and institutional. The empirical data for this article is based on the European Values Study and Czech surveys of public opinion concerning trust in government institutions.

scholarly journals Exchange Rate Volatility, Currency Misalignment, and Risk of Recession in the Central and Eastern European Countries

Risks ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 82
Author(s):  
Victor Shevchuk ◽  
Roman Kopych
Keyword(s):  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Economic Freedom ◽  
Exchange Rate Volatility ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Heritage Foundation ◽  
The Business Cycle ◽  
Eastern European Countries

This study is aimed at estimation of the exchange rate volatility and its impact on the business cycle fluctuations in four central and eastern European countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Romania). Exchange rate volatility is estimated with the EGARCH(1,1) model. It is found that exchange rate volatility is affected by the components of the Index of Economic Freedom from the Heritage Foundation, besides inflation and crisis developments. The empirical results using GMM estimation technique and comprehensive robustness checks suggest that exchange rate volatility reduces the risk of recession in the Czech Republic while the opposite effect is found for Hungary and Romania, with a neutrality for Poland. These findings continue to hold after controlling for the fiscal and monetary policy indicators. There is evidence that the RER undervaluation prevents sliding into a recession on a credible basis in Poland only, with a neutral stance for other countries. Except in Romania, higher levels of economic freedom is associated with worsening of the cyclical position of output. Among other results, stabilization policies in the recession imply fiscal tightening for the Czech Republic and Romania, higher money supply for the Czech Republic and Poland, and lower central bank reference rate for Hungary.

scholarly journals Does politics matter in the conduct of fiscal policy? Political determinants of the fiscal sustainability: Evidence from seven individual Central and Eastern European countries (CEEC)

2007 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srdjan Redzepagic ◽  
Matthieu Llorca
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Fiscal Sustainability ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Political Determinants ◽  
Eastern European Countries

This paper aims at assessing the fiscal sustainability and its political determinants in seven Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), namely Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. First, using the recent sustainability approach of Bohn (1998) based on fiscal reaction function, econometric findings using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) reveal a positive response of the primary surplus to changes in debt in several countries. In other words, fiscal policy is sustainable in Baltic countries, Slovenia and Slovakia, but not in Poland and in the Czech Republic. Second, by introducing political dummy variables, we test the electoral budget cycle and the partisan cycle theories. We find the presence of electoral and partisan cycle in Poland but not in the rest of our countries.

scholarly journals Measuring the business cycles similarity and convergence trends in the Central and Eastern European countries towards the Eurozone with respect to some unclear methodological aspects

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Rozmahel
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Short Note ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Euro Adoption ◽  
World Economic ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Methodological Aspects

The adoption of Euro in Slovakia since January 2009 and current world economic crises revived a debate on timing of the Euro adoption in the Czech Republic and other Central and Eastern European countries. The purpose of the article is to contribute to a discussion on the process of joining the Eurozone by the Czech Republic and other candidate countries. The paper provides an analysis of few business cycle similarity and convergence measures using different indicators and detrending techniques. Measures of business cycles similarity are ordinarily used to evaluate preparedness of candidate countries to join the Eurozone. The results indicate continuing convergence of the business cycles similarity between the candidate and Eurozone member countries. The paper also sheds some light on possible influence of selected detrending techniques upon the resultant correlations. It gives a recommendation to interpret the results of business cycles correlation measuring in the close context with used methodology. A short note on a regional approach to analyse the GDP cycles is also included in a text.

The integration of central European countries into the western European economy from 1988 to 1998

2002 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-122
Author(s):  
F. Festoc-Louis
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central European ◽  
The Third ◽  
Western European ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
The Eu

In 1998, the European Union (EU) entered into negotiations with Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia concerning the enlargement of the Union. At the end of 1999, the European Commission decided that six other countries could join the negotiations in 2000 (Bulgaria, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia, Malta and Romania), and it was suggested that a decision concerning the date of membership would be taken in 2002 for these applicants fulfilling all the criteria. Many questions still remain on both sides, in particular regarding institutional reform of the EU (Festoc, 1998), and the ability of the Central and Eastern European countries to adopt the “acquis”. In this article, we shall evaluate the ways in which the Central European countries (Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic — the CECs) have already integrated to the Western European economy, using trade data over the last ten years. First, we show that since the beginning of the transition, a feature of the foreign trade of the CECs has been a strong reorientation from East to West, in particular to Germany, together with a rapid growth in trade between the EU and the CECs. Second, we describe the trade structure, focussed on foreign direct investment as a mean of developing new exports. The third and fourth sections study the development of the specialisations of the CECs and the nature of trade between the CECs and the EU respectively.

Progress and trends in pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation in Central-East European countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 142-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Czyżewski ◽  
Petr Sedláček ◽  
Jaroslav Štěrba ◽  
Ernest Bilic ◽  
Jelena Roganović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Cell Transplantation ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Hematopoietic Cell ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Central Eastern ◽  
Eastern European Countries

AbstractHematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is widely used as a treatment for acquired and congenital disorders. In recent years, a significant increase in transplant activity around the world has been observed, especially in Eastern European countries. This article aimed to assess progress and trends in pediatric HCT in Central-Eastern European countries between 2013 and 2018. Transplant activity survey in 2013 and 2018 in nine Central-Eastern European countries (Czech Republic, Croatia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Ukraine) was performed. The highest transplant rates in total were found in the Czech Republic and Hungary. When calculated per 10 million of the pediatric population, a 25.9% increase in the number of allo-HCT was observed with the highest in Croatia, Romania, Lithuania, and Poland; and a 12.2% increase in the number of auto-HCT was observed with the highest in Slovenia, Slovakia, Romania, Poland, Ukraine, and Croatia. We have shown, over the years 2013 and 2018, in some countries of Central-Eastern Europe that there was a significant increase in transplant activity, especially in those with the lower rates. This increase was observed mainly in centers already existing in 2013, especially in the allo-HCT setting. The rise of activity was significantly less influenced by the creation of new transplant centers or the increase in the number of pediatric transplant beds. In conclusion, our analysis indicates that in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Lithuania, and Slovenia, the actual infrastructure and the number of HCTs cover the needs, whereas in other countries, especially in Romania and Ukraine, the number of HCT needs to be increased.

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