scholarly journals Inequalities in child immunization coverage in Togo: an analysis of Decomposition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaovi TOSSOU
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Vulnerable Children ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Abstract Background Child vaccination is recognised as a mechanism to improve child survival and health by reducing child deaths. However, there are significant inequalities in the coverage of different childhood vaccinations in both urban and rural areas. In this article, we examine the inequalities between rural and urban areas in the vaccination of children in Togo. Methods Using data from the 2017 MICS6 Survey, we examine the probability that a child aged 12–59 months will receive the required vaccinations and break down the sources of inequalities in immunisation coverage between rural and urban areas. This is done using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique, which identifies the sources and factors that explain differences in outcomes between groups. Results Analysis of the results shows that the characteristics of the child, the mother and the household influence the immunization status of the child. For example, children in rural areas are more likely to complete the required vaccinations. We find that a pro urban advantage in characteristics is observed. Conclusion There is also a need to specifically target vulnerable children in urban areas, in order to maintain the focus on women's empowerment and to pay special attention to children from poor households.

scholarly journals Evaluation of immunization coverage and its determinants in children aged 12-24 months from rural and urban areas of Udaipur, Rajasthan, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 837
Author(s):  
Hartesh Singh Pahwa ◽  
Dileep Goyal ◽  
Devendra Sareen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Diseases ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Eligible Population ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Children And Young Adults ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Background: Infectious diseases are now the world’s biggest killer of children and young adults. Over the last three decades a lot of progress has been made globally as far as protection against six important vaccine preventable diseases is concerned. The major cause of non-immunization and partial immunization in most of the studies conducted in India and abroad suggest lack of knowledge and awareness about vaccination in the community.Methods: 400 children aged 12-24 months from urban and rural areas (200 each) of Udaipur in a randomized manner were included in this study. For coverage and evaluation of vaccination in this study, informants preferably mothers were interviewed using pre-coded and pretested questionnaire by door to door visit from 1st April 2017 to 31st March 2018, in urban and rural areas of Udaipur and if mother was not available then father or any other person >18 years belonging to the household was asked to respond to questionnaire.Results: The present study was undertaken to find out the vaccination coverage in eligible population in rural and urban blocks of Udaipur. Out of 400 children evaluated. More than half (60.25%) of children were completely immunized. 29.5% children were partially immunized and 10.25% were not immunized at all.Conclusions: Lack of knowledge and awareness were the main reason for non-immunization (44.4%) and partial immunization (29.4%) respectively.

Komparácia pro-poor rastu vo vidieckych a mestských oblastiach Indonézie

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbora Frličková
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Partial Period ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The paper analyses construction and use of a selected indicator of pro-poor growth – the rate of pro-poor growth. It further explains the interpretation of this indicator in absolute and relative terms and indicates how economic growth affects poverty and inequality. The selected indicator is applied to the example of Indonesia and compares pro-poor growth in urban and rural areas of the country, examines regional disparities in terms of pro-poor growth for the period 1996–2019. From the absolute interpretation, pro-poor growth is observed in both urban and rural areas over the whole period. In relative terms, results of pro-poor growth for the first partial period (1996–2000) differ. While there was a relative pro-poor growth in the rural areas, there was a strong pro-poor growth in the cities with a significant decline in inequality observed (incomes of poor people increased while the average income of the whole population dropped). Indonesia achieved trickle-down growth in both rural and urban areas in two remaining periods (2000–2010 and 2010–2019).

scholarly journals ALS Curriculum Implementation for Juvenile Delinquents in Urban and Rural Areas in the Philippines: A Comparative Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Vandon Borela
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Juvenile Delinquents ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Alternative Learning ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Purpose: The aim of this research study is to evaluate the implementation of Alternative Learning System (ALS) curriculum offered to juvenile delinquents in urban and rural areas in the Philippines. The study also aims to determine whether the current education programs meet the needs of the juvenile delinquents with reference to Juvenile delinquency acts. The study is an attempt to highlight the aspects of Alternative Learning System (ALS) that should be developed.  Approach/Methodology/Design: The study is qualitative and conducted in Marikina City and Rizal province, the Philippines. This study used exploratory study analysis. The respondents are the Alternative Learning System (ALS) teachers. For data collection, three semi-structured interviews were employed and the respondents’ answers were categorized using analytical coding to compare and analyze the implementation of the ALS curriculum for juvenile delinquents. Findings: The interpretation and analysis of the data collected shows that the ALS teachers from both the rural and urban areas have the same experiences on the implementation of the ALS program for juvenile delinquents in terms of curriculum, instruction and assessment. Furthermore, the teachers gave an emphasis that once the juvenile delinquents undergo the program, they are given a new hope and new direction in life to pursue their dreams. Lastly, the teachers from both areas have the same suggestions for the improvement of the implementation of the program, such as additional funds for the development of quality learning materials, increasing the number of learning centers, and designing various forms of assessment.  Practical Implications: The study will contribute positively to the understanding of Alternative learning System. The significance of this study lies in the comparison of the alternative learning system curriculum and how it is implemented to the juvenile delinquents in urban and in rural areas. Originality/value: This study engages ALS teachers in assessing the ALS curriculum, reflecting actual experiences to meet the expectations and needs of the juvenile delinquents.

Rural Area Emotional Disturbance Service Delivery: Problems and Future Directions

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Paul L. Beare ◽  
Evelyn C. Lynch
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Emotional Disturbance ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Directors Of Special Education ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
The Status ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

This study investigated the status of Emotional Disturbance (ED) service delivery in rural and urban areas of three midwestern states. Information was gathered from directors of special education. Urban and rural areas were compared on level and types of services, and training and license of the involved teachers. Additional data were collected concerning the directors' perception of service delivery problems and solutions. Generally, rural areas were found to have more severe problems than urban areas in service delivery. Suggestions were offered to help alleviate delivery problems.

scholarly journals The Influence of Information Services on Public Transport Behavior of Urban and Rural Residents

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 5454
Author(s):  
Xuemei Zhou ◽  
Jiahui Liang ◽  
Xiangfeng Ji ◽  
Caitlin Cottrill
Keyword(s):  
Public Transport ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Rural Residents ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Transport Behavior ◽  
Urban And Rural Residents ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Rural and urban areas are mainly connected by public transport in China. The characteristics of the trips of local residents in rural and urban areas are different; therefore, the demand for public transport information services is different. Based on the revealed data, a structural equation model is applied to examine the critical factors affecting the behavior of urban and rural residents in choosing public transport in the Beidaihe District, Qinhuangdao City, China. The effect of information service factors on public transport behavior of urban and rural residents is obtained. The influence level of public transport information service on public transport behavior of urban and rural residents before and during travel is discussed. This study provides valuable insights to improving public transport services between urban and rural areas of China, which can attract more residents to use public transport and promotes sustainable development between urban and rural areas.

Exploring Arrestee Drug Use in Rural Nebraska

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise C. Herz ◽  
Rebecca Murray
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Using Data ◽  
A Current

Since 1987, the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program (ADAM—formerly known as the Drug Use Forecasting Program) has documented the prevalence and type of arrestee drug use across the nation. Unfortunately, this research is limited to urban or metropolitan areas, possibly because of presumed low levels of both crime and drugs in rural areas. The purpose of this paper is to present the importance of researching arrestee drug use in rural areas using data collected from the Rural ADAM Pilot Program. Specifically, this study examines the prevalence and type of arrestee drug use in four rural Nebraska counties and compares these results to those found in Omaha, Nebraska, which is a current ADAM site. Results indicated that arrestee drug use is similar to that in urban areas and the type of arrestee drug use varies across rural counties as well as between rural and urban areas. Most importantly, rural arrestee methamphetamine use appeared to exceed Omaha arrestee use in one rural area. These findings have substantial implications for planning at the local, state, and federal levels.

scholarly journals The Effect of Location on the Value of Ornamental Trees Using the Example of a Green Space in Lublin

2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Eugenia Czernyszewicz ◽  
Małgorzata Szymańska ◽  
Beata Żuraw ◽  
Katarzyna Leziak
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Health Resort ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Valuation Method ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Historic Areas ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Ornamental Trees

Abstract This paper examines and identifies, using a specific example, how the location of trees influences their value. For the valuation of trees outside a forest area, appraisers often employ methods recommended for estimating forest stands, which significantly reduces the value of trees and valued properties. The tree-valuation method developed by SZCZEPANOWSKA et al. (2010) was used in our study. First, we compiled an inventory of trees located on plots intended for expropriation. The study covered all specimens with trunk circumferences of over 25 centimetres, which amounted to a total of 76 trees. We considered the value of the trees in the conditions of the actual location, which means that our calculations included house gardens in the city and the values of the same trees in hypothetical growth conditions: tree stands in rural and urban areas, green spaces in urban and rural areas, housing estates, roads and streets (both urban and rural), and historic areas, health resorts and health-resort protection zones. Our study has shown that the tree valuation method based on differentiating coefficients is a very useful tool for establishing the value of trees in outlying areas.

scholarly journals Functional links between rural and urban areas in the territory of the city of Banja Luka and the perspective of their development

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
Milan Tomić ◽  
Sandra Rover ◽  
Bojan Pejović ◽  
Nina Uremović
Keyword(s):  
Urban Environment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Urban Center ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Political Dimensions ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Banja Luka

Different types of interactions between rural and urban areas have the effect of improving economic, social, cultural and political dimensions in both areas, separating these two areas by their type of activity. Rural and urban types of regions have different resources and means that can be used in a complementary way. In rural-urban interaction there is a possibility of occurrence of conflict of interest of these two areas. This kind of conflict should be overcome when applying the partnership approach between rural and urban areas. The types of rural areas, depending on the proximity of the urban center and the functions of these areas, are divided into suburban, agricultural and remote type areas. By determining the functions of each type of area, the type and intensity of the interactions of rural areas with the urban center are presented. Rural entrepreneurs are able to bridge rural-urban differences, possessing certain market knowledge and descriptions of the characteristics of urban environments, while benefiting from their position. Rural entrepreneurs' interaction with the urban environment can contribute to sustainable economic relations between citizens in urban and rural areas. This paper presents the results of research related to determining the functions of certain areas, their strengths, unused and utilized resources, the frequency of interaction with the urban environment and the perspectives of suburban, agricultural and remote type areas in the context of interaction with the urban environment.

scholarly journals Assessment of immunization Status of Children between 12-23 months in Bareilly District

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hari S Joshi ◽  
Rakesh Gupta ◽  
Arun Singh ◽  
Vipul Mahajan
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Immunization Coverage ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Immunization Status ◽  
Rural And Urban

Objectives: To assess the immunization status of children in the age group 12-23 months and to know the reasons for non-immunization of children. Method: -  A cross-sectional survey was conducted using WHO’s thirty cluster sampling technique in rural and urban areas of Bareilly district from August 2008 to January 2009. Rural areas were divided into blocks and blocks were divided into villages. Urban areas were divided into wards. Villages and wards were taken as clusters. During the house-to-house survey, a total of 240 children of age 12-23 months were included in the present study. Result:  only around 50% of children were fully immunized while 27.5% were partially and 22.5 % were not immunized at all. Immunization coverage was highest for BCG (62.5%) and lowest for measles (39.2%). Dropout rates were 37.3%, 19.7% and 18.2% for BCG to measles, DPT1 to DPT3 and OPV1 to OPV3 respectively. Vitamin A prophylaxis showed a decline from 38.3 % to 16.7%. Amongst the various reasons for not immunizing the child, the most common in both rural (78.7%) and urban areas (28.6%) was lack of awareness for the need of vaccination. However in rural areas lack of availability of services (87.2%) was the major cause for not immunizing the child. Conclusion: The present study shows a low coverage of immunization and Vitamin A prophylaxis in both rural and urban areas. Important reasons for non-immunization were lack of awareness about vaccination and availability of immunization services in rural areas and urban areas.Key Words: Immunization coverage; Children between 12-23 months; Vitamin A Prophylaxis.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v1i2.5091 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2011;1 (2):47-50

scholarly journals Dispatcher-Assisted Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Disparity between Urban and Rural Areas

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Yen-Chin Chen ◽  
Shao-Hua Yu ◽  
Wei-Jen Chen ◽  
Li-Chi Huang ◽  
Chih-Yu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spontaneous Circulation ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Taichung City ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Utstein Style ◽  
Hospital Cardiac Arrest

Object. To compare the provision and effectiveness of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation (DACPR) in rural and urban areas. Methods. Patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) were prospectively registered in Taichung. The 29 districts of Taichung city were divided into urban and rural areas based on whether the population density is more than 1,000 people per square kilometer. Prehospital data were collected according to the Utstein-style template, and telephone auditory records were collected by a dispatch center. Results. 2,716 patients were enrolled during the study period. 88.4% OHCA occurred in urban areas and 11.6% in rural areas. 74.9% after dispatcher assistance, laypersons performed CPR in urban areas and 67.7% in rural areas (p=0.023). The proportion of laypersons continued CPR until an emergency medical technician’s (EMT) arrival was higher in the urban areas (59.57% vs 52.27%, p=0.039). Laypersons continued CPR until an EMT’ arrival would increase the chance of return of spontaneous circulation in urban and rural areas, with adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 1.02, 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.82–1.27, and aOR of 1.49, 95% CI of 0.80–2.80, respectively. Continued laypersons CPR until the EMT’ arrival also improved survival with favorable neurological function, with aOR of 1.16, 95% CI of 0.61–2.20 in urban areas and aOR of 2.90 95% CI of 0.18–46.81 in rural areas. Conclusion. Bystanders in urban areas exhibited higher ratio of acceptance of DACPR. However, after DACPR intervention, prognosis improvement was considerably higher in rural areas than in urban areas.

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