scholarly journals SLGT11 Controls Floral Organ Patterning and Floral Meristem Termination in Tomato

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liling Yang ◽  
Shilian Qi ◽  
Arfa touqeer ◽  
Haiyang Li ◽  
Shuang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Rnai Silencing ◽  
Spatiotemporal Expression ◽  
Meristem Identity ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Type Gene

Abstract Background: Flower development affects fruit production directly in tomato. Despite the framework mediated by ABC genes have been established in Arabidopsis, the spatiotemporal precision of floral development in tomato has not been well examined.Results: Here, we analyzed a novel tomato mutant in which the normal development of stamens and carpels failed, resulting in ectopic formation of floral and shoot apical meristem in the fourth whorl position, which later developed into stem- and leaf-like structures. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA), we assigned the causal mutation to the gene SLGT11 that encodes a transcription factor belonging to Trihelix gene family. Further RNAi silencing of SLGT11 verified the defective phenotypes of slf mutant. The failed termination of floral meristem and the occurrence of floral reversion in slf mutant indicate that SLGT11 functions as a non-canonical C type gene. Furthermore, we found that the defects in slf were substantially enhanced at higher temperature, with petals transformed into sepals, all stamens disappeared, and increased frequency of ectopic floral meristem.Conclusions: Together with the spatiotemporal expression pattern, we suggest that SLGT11 functions in floral organ patterning and termination of floral meristem identity in tomato.

scholarly journals SlGT11 Controls Floral Organ P atterning and F loral Determinacy in Tomato

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liling Yang ◽  
Shilian Qi ◽  
Arfa touqeer ◽  
Haiyang Li ◽  
Xiaolan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Rnai Silencing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Spatiotemporal Expression ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Type Gene

Abstract Background: Flower development directly affects fruit production in tomato. Despite the framework mediated by ABC genes have been established in Arabidopsis, the spatiotemporal precision of floral development in tomato has not been well examined.Results: Here, we analyzed a novel tomato stamenless like flower (slf) mutant in which the development of stamens and carpels is disturbed, with carpelloid structure formed in the third whorl and ectopic formation of floral and shoot apical meristem in the fourth whorl. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA), we assigned the causal mutation to the gene Solanum lycopersicum GT11 (SlGT11) that encodes a transcription factor belonging to Trihelix gene family. SlGT11 is expressed in the early stages of the flower and the expression becomes more specific to the primordium position corresponding to stamens and carpels in later stages of the floral development. Further RNAi silencing of SlGT11 verifies the defective phenotypes of the slf mutant. The carpelloid stamen in slf mutant indicates that SlGT11 functions like as a B-type gene in the third whorl. The failed termination of floral meristem and the occurrence of floral reversion in slf indicate that SlGT11 also functions as a C-type gene in the fourth whorl. Furthermore, we find that at higher temperature, the defects of slf mutant are substantially enhanced, with petals transformed into sepals, all stamens disappeared, and the frequency of ectopic shoot/floral meristem in fourth whorl increased, indicating that SlGT11 may have the function of tomato B and E class gene in the development of second and fourth whorls.Conclusions: Together with the spatiotemporal expression pattern, we suggest that SlGT11 functions in floral organ patterning and maintenance of floral determinacy in tomato.

scholarly journals SlGT11 Controls Floral Organ Patterning and Floral Determinacy in Tomato

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liling Yang ◽  
Shilian Qi ◽  
Arfa touqeer ◽  
Haiyang Li ◽  
Xiaolan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Rnai Silencing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Spatiotemporal Expression ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Floral Determinacy

Abstract Background: Flower development directly affects fruit production in tomato. Despite the framework mediated by ABC genes have been established in Arabidopsis, the spatiotemporal precision of floral development in tomato has not been well examined.Results: Here, we analyzed a novel tomato stamenless like flower (slf) mutant in which the development of stamens and carpels is disturbed, with carpelloid structure formed in the third whorl and ectopic formation of floral and shoot apical meristem in the fourth whorl. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA), we assigned the causal mutation to the gene Solanum lycopersicum GT11 (SlGT11) that encodes a transcription factor belonging to Trihelix gene family. SlGT11 is expressed in the early stages of the flower and the expression becomes more specific to the primordium position corresponding to stamens and carpels in later stages of the floral development. Further RNAi silencing of SlGT11 verifies the defective phenotypes of the slf mutant. The carpelloid stamen in slf mutant indicates that SlGT11 is required for B-function activity in the third whorl. The failed termination of floral meristem and the occurrence of floral reversion in slf indicate that part of the C-function requires SlGT11 activity in the fourth whorl. Furthermore, we find that at higher temperature, the defects of slf mutant are substantially enhanced, with petals transformed into sepals, all stamens disappeared, and the frequency of ectopic shoot/floral meristem in fourth whorl increased, indicating that SlGT11 functions in the development of the three inner floral whorls. Consistent with the observed phenotypes, it was found that B, C and an E-type MADS-box genes were in part down regulated in slf mutants.Conclusions: Together with the spatiotemporal expression pattern, we suggest that SlGT11 functions in floral organ patterning and maintenance of floral determinacy in tomato.

scholarly journals SlGT11 controls floral organ patterning and floral determinacy in tomato

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liling Yang ◽  
Shilian Qi ◽  
Arfa Touqeer ◽  
Haiyang Li ◽  
Xiaolan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Rnai Silencing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Spatiotemporal Expression ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Floral Determinacy

Abstract Background Flower development directly affects fruit production in tomato. Despite the framework mediated by ABC genes have been established in Arabidopsis, the spatiotemporal precision of floral development in tomato has not been well examined. Results Here, we analyzed a novel tomato stamenless like flower (slf) mutant in which the development of stamens and carpels is disturbed, with carpelloid structure formed in the third whorl and ectopic formation of floral and shoot apical meristem in the fourth whorl. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA), we assigned the causal mutation to the gene Solanum lycopersicum GT11 (SlGT11) that encodes a transcription factor belonging to Trihelix gene family. SlGT11 is expressed in the early stages of the flower and the expression becomes more specific to the primordium position corresponding to stamens and carpels in later stages of the floral development. Further RNAi silencing of SlGT11 verifies the defective phenotypes of the slf mutant. The carpelloid stamen in slf mutant indicates that SlGT11 is required for B-function activity in the third whorl. The failed termination of floral meristem and the occurrence of floral reversion in slf indicate that part of the C-function requires SlGT11 activity in the fourth whorl. Furthermore, we find that at higher temperature, the defects of slf mutant are substantially enhanced, with petals transformed into sepals, all stamens disappeared, and the frequency of ectopic shoot/floral meristem in fourth whorl increased, indicating that SlGT11 functions in the development of the three inner floral whorls. Consistent with the observed phenotypes, it was found that B, C and an E-type MADS-box genes were in part down regulated in slf mutants. Conclusions Together with the spatiotemporal expression pattern, we suggest that SlGT11 functions in floral organ patterning and maintenance of floral determinacy in tomato.

scholarly journals SlGT11 Controls Floral Organ Patterning and Floral Determinacy in Tomato

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liling Yang ◽  
Shilian Qi ◽  
Arfa touqeer ◽  
Haiyang Li ◽  
Xiaolan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Bulked Segregant Analysis ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Rnai Silencing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Spatiotemporal Expression ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Floral Determinacy

Abstract Background: Flower development directly affects fruit production in tomato. Despite the framework mediated by ABC genes have been established in Arabidopsis, the spatiotemporal precision of floral development in tomato has not been well examined.Results: Here, we analyzed a novel tomato stamenless like flower (slf) mutant in which the development of stamens and carpels is disturbed, with carpelloid structure formed in the third whorl and ectopic formation of floral and shoot apical meristem in the fourth whorl. Using bulked segregant analysis (BSA), we assigned the causal mutation to the gene Solanum lycopersicum GT11 (SlGT11) that encodes a transcription factor belonging to Trihelix gene family. SlGT11 is expressed in the early stages of the flower and the expression becomes more specific to the primordium position corresponding to stamens and carpels in later stages of the floral development. Further RNAi silencing of SlGT11 verifies the defective phenotypes of the slf mutant. The carpelloid stamen in slf mutant indicates that SlGT11 is required for B-function activity in the third whorl. The failed termination of floral meristem and the occurrence of floral reversion in slf indicate that part of the C-function requires SlGT11 activity in the fourth whorl. Furthermore, we find that at higher temperature, the defects of slf mutant are substantially enhanced, with petals transformed into sepals, all stamens disappeared, and the frequency of ectopic shoot/floral meristem in fourth whorl increased, indicating that SlGT11 functions in the development of the three inner floral whorls. Consistent with the observed phenotypes, it was found that B, C and an E-type MADS-box genes were in part down regulated in slf mutants.Conclusions: Together with the spatiotemporal expression pattern, we suggest that SlGT11 functions in floral organ patterning and maintenance of floral determinacy in tomato.

scholarly journals Mutations in the PERIANTHIA gene of Arabidopsis specifically alter floral organ number and initiation pattern

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 1261-1269 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Running ◽  
E.M. Meyerowitz
Keyword(s):  
Floral Organ ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
The Family ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Meristem Identity ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Floral Organ Identity Genes

An open question in developmental biology is how groups of dividing cells can generate specific numbers of segments or organs. We describe the phenotypic effects of mutations in PERIANTHIA, a gene specifically required for floral organ patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana. Most wild-type Arabidopsis flowers have 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 stamens, and 2 carpels. Flowers of perianthia mutant plants most commonly show a pentamerous pattern of 5 sepals, 5 petals 5 stamens, and 2 carpels. This pattern is characteristic of flowers in a number of plant families, but not in the family Brassicaceae, which includes Arabidopsis. Unlike previously described mutations affecting floral organ number, perianthia does not appear to affect apical or floral meristem sizes, nor is any other aspect of vegetative or floral development severely affected. Floral organs in perianthia arise in a regular, stereotypical pattern similar to that in distantly related species with pentamerous flowers. Genetic analysis shows that PERIANTHIA acts downstream of the floral meristem identity genes and independently of the floral meristem size and floral organ identity genes in establishing floral organ initiation patterns. Thus PERIANTHIA acts in a previously unidentified process required for organ patterning in Arabidopsis flowers.

scholarly journals The movement of a leaf-derived mobile AGL24 mRNA specifies floral organ identity in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nien-Chen Huang ◽  
Huan-Chi Tien ◽  
Tien-Shin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Protein Translation ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Floral Organ Identity ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
Meristem Identity

AbstractCell-to-cell and inter-organ communication play pivotal roles in synchronizing and coordinating plant development. In addition to serving as templates for protein translation within cells, many mRNAs can move and exert their function non-cell-autonomously. However, because the proteins encoded by some mobile mRNAs are also mobile, whether the systemic function of mobile mRNAs is attributed to proteins transported distally or translated locally remains controversial. Here, we show that Arabidopsis AGAMOUS-LIKE 24 (AGL24) mRNA acts as a leaf-derived signal to specify meristem identity. AGL24 is expressed in both apex and leaves. Upon floral meristem (FM) transition, apex-expressed AGL24 is transcriptionally inhibited by APETALA1 (AP1) to ensure FM differentiation. The leaf-expressed AGL24 can act as a mobile signal to bypass AP1 inhibition and revert FM differentiation. Although AGL24 mRNA is expressed in leaves, AGL24 protein is rapidly degraded in leaves. In contrast, AGL24 mRNA can move long distance from leaf to apex where the translocated AGL24 mRNAs can be used as templates to translate into proteins. Thus, the movement of AGL24 mRNA can provide the developmental plasticity to fit with environmental dynamics.

scholarly journals The ERECTA receptor kinase regulates Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem size, phyllotaxy and floral meristem identity

Development ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
pp. 830-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mandel ◽  
F. Moreau ◽  
Y. Kutsher ◽  
J. C. Fletcher ◽  
C. C. Carles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Floral Meristem Identity ◽  
Meristem Size ◽  
Meristem Identity

scholarly journals Comparative Ontogeny of Hermaphrodite and Pistillate Florets in Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aslıhan ÇETİNBAŞ ◽  
Meral ÜNAL
Keyword(s):  
Helianthus Annuus ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Inferior Ovary ◽  
Helianthus Annuus L ◽  
Stamen Primordia ◽  
Flower Organs ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Further Development

The inflorescence of Helianthus annuus L. has two types of flowers (or florets) on a single capitulum; central hermaphrodite disc florets and peripheral pistillate ray florets. In both florets, reproductive development starts with the conversion of apical meristem into floral meristem that will produce floral organ primordia. The only difference between hermaphrodite and pistillate florets in apical meristem stage is that apical meristem of the pistillate florets is not as apparent and curvaceous as apical meristem of the hermaphrodite florets. The differentiation of apical meristem into floral meristem is in the same progress in both florets. In hermaphrodite florets, flower organs; petals, stamens and carpels develop from floral meristem. Differentiation of five petal primordia takes place in the same way in both florets. Firstly filament and then anther differentiates in a stamen. Two carpel primordia appear below the stamen primordia in hermaphrodite florets. In following stages, carpel primordia are lengthened and formed inferior ovary, style, stigma respectively. In pistillate florets, flower organs; petals and carpels develop from floral meristem. They pass directly from the periant initiation to the start of carpel formation. Stamen primordia don’t appear and the further development of carpel primordia stops in a short time, as a result, stigma and style do not exist in pistillate florets. However, an inferior ovary with no ovule forms. In the capitulum of hermaphrodite florets, the development takes place in a centripetal manner; it starts firstly on the outermost whorl, and it proceeds towards inner whorl. However, this is not the case in pistillate florets.

OsMADS32 Regulates Rice Floral Patterning through Interactions with Multiple Floral Homeotic Genes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Hu ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Ru Jia ◽  
Wanqi Liang ◽  
Xuelian Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flower Development ◽  
Floral Organ ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Homeotic Genes ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Floral Meristem Identity ◽  
Floral Homeotic Genes ◽  
Organ Identity ◽  
Meristem Identity ◽  
Floral Homeotic

Abstract Floral patterning is regulated by intricate networks of floral identity genes. The peculiar MADS32 subfamily genes, absent in eudicots but prevalent in monocots, regulate floral organ identity. However, how the MADS32 family genes interact with other floral homeotic genes during flower development is mostly unknown. We show here that the rice homeotic transcription factor OsMADS32 regulates floral patterning by interacting synergistically with E class protein OsMADS6 in a dosage-dependent manner. Furthermore, our results indicate important roles of OsMADS32 in defining stamen, pistil and ovule development through physical and genetic interactions with OsMADS1, OsMADS58 and OsMADS13, and in specifying floral meristem identity with OsMADS6, OsMADS3 and OsMADS58 respectively. Our findings suggest that OsMADS32 is an important factor for floral meristem identity maintenance and that it integrates the action of other MADS-box homeotic proteins to sustain floral organ specification and development in rice. Given that OsMADS32 is an orphan gene and absent in eudicots, our data substantially expand our understanding of flower development in plants.

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