scholarly journals Carriage of ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria by houseflies captured in a hospital and its suburban surroundings in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tafese B Tufa ◽  
Andre Fuchs ◽  
Tobias Wienemann ◽  
Yannik Eggers ◽  
Sileshi Abdissa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Disposal Area ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
The Town ◽  
Orthopedic Ward

Abstract Background: Local data from the Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital in the town of Asella, Ethiopia reveal a high prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria in clinical isolates. To investigate a possible route of transmission, we determined the colonization rate of houseflies with ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria in the hospital compound and in the town of Asella. Methods: Houseflies were collected in August 2019 from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), the orthopedic ward, the hospital’s waste disposal area, and from a butchery situated 1.5 km from the hospital. After trapping, the flies were macerated and suspended in sterile normal saline. The suspensions were inoculated on MacConkey agar and incubated overnight. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using Vitek®-MS and VITEK® 2. Results: In total, 103 bacterial isolates were obtained from 85 flies (NICU: 11 isolates from 20 flies, orthopedic ward: 10 isolates from 20 flies, waste disposal area: 37 isolates from 26 flies, butchery: 45 isolates from 27 flies). The prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria in collected flies was 82%, 90%, and 59% in NICU, orthopedic ward and the waste disposal area, respectively and 2% (1/45) in the butchery. The difference between flies trapped inside and outside the hospital compound was statistically significant (p≤0.001). The frequency of ESBL was 67% (6/9) in Raoultella spp. 67% (4/6) in Kluyvera spp., 56% (5/9) in Enterobacter spp., 50% (5/10) in E. coli and Citrobacter spp., and 44% (8/18) in Klebsiella spp.. Of the 41 ESBL-genes detected, 83% were CTX-M-like, 80% TEM-like, 22% SHV-like, and 2% CTX-M-2-like. ESBL-producing bacteria showed higher rates of antimicrobial resistance against ciprofloxacin (66% vs. 5%), gentamicin (68% vs. 3%), piperacillin-tazobactam (78% vs. 5%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88% vs. 16%), compared to non-ESBL-producing bacteria. Conclusion: A high proportion of the hospital’s housefly population were colonized with pathogenic ESBL-producing bacteria, but not houseflies collected at a distance of 1.5 km from the hospital. Houseflies can be potential vectors for transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria within hospitals. Further studies are needed to determine the source of MDR colonization in houseflies and possible impact of the high rate of MDR for nosocomial infections.

scholarly journals Carriage of ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria by houseflies captured in a hospital and its suburban surroundings in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tafese B Tufa ◽  
Andre Fuchs ◽  
Tobias Wienemann ◽  
Yannik Eggers ◽  
Sileshi Abdissa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Disposal Area ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
The Town ◽  
Orthopedic Ward

Abstract Background: Local data from the Asella Referral and Teaching Hospital in the town of Asella, Ethiopia reveal a high prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria in clinical isolates. To investigate a possible route of transmission, we determined the colonization rate of houseflies with ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria in the hospital compound and in the town of Asella. Methods: Houseflies were collected in August 2019 from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), the orthopedic ward, the hospital’s waste disposal area, and from a butchery situated 1.5 km from the hospital. After trapping, the flies were macerated and suspended in sterile normal saline. The suspensions were inoculated on MacConkey agar and incubated overnight. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using Vitek®-MS and VITEK® 2. Results: In total, 103 bacterial isolates were obtained from 85 flies (NICU: 11 isolates from 20 flies, orthopedic ward: 10 isolates from 20 flies, waste disposal area: 37 isolates from 26 flies, butchery: 45 isolates from 27 flies). The prevalence of ESBL-producing bacteria in collected flies was 82%, 90%, and 57% in NICU, orthopedic ward and the waste disposal area, respectively and 2% (1/45) in the butchery. The difference between flies trapped inside and outside the hospital compound was statistically significant (p≤0.001). The frequency of ESBL was 67% (6/9) in Raoultella spp. 67% (4/6) in Kluyvera spp., 56% (5/9) in Enterobacter spp., 50% (5/10) in E. coli and Citrobacter spp., and 44% (8/18) in Klebsiella spp.. Of the 40 ESBL-genes detected, 85% were CTX-M-like, 83% TEM-like, 23% SHV-like, and 2% CTX-M-2-like. ESBL-producing bacteria showed higher rates of antimicrobial resistance against ciprofloxacin (66% vs. 5%), gentamicin (68% vs. 3%), piperacillin-tazobactam (78% vs. 5%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88% vs. 16%), compared to non-ESBL-producing bacteria. Conclusion: A high proportion of the hospital’s housefly population were colonized with pathogenic ESBL-producing bacteria, but not houseflies collected at a distance of 1.5 km from the hospital. Houseflies can be potential vectors for transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria within hospitals. Further studies are needed to determine the source of MDR colonization in houseflies and possible impact of the high rate of MDR for nosocomial infections.

scholarly journals Carriage of ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria by flies captured in a hospital and its suburban surroundings in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tafese B Tufa ◽  
Andre Fuchs ◽  
Tobias Wienemann ◽  
Yannik Eggers ◽  
Sileshi Abdissa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Disposal Area ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
The Town ◽  
Orthopedic Ward

Abstract Background: Local data from the Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital in the town of Asella, Ethiopia reveal a high prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in clinical isolates. To investigate a possible route of transmission, we determined the proportions ESBL-producing GNB in isolates from flies caught in the hospital and in the town of Asella. Methods: Flies were collected in August 2019 from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), the orthopedic ward, the hospital’s waste disposal area, and from a butchery situated 1.5 km from the hospital. After trapping, the flies were macerated and suspended in sterile normal saline. The suspensions were inoculated on MacConkey agar and incubated overnight. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using Vitek®-MS and VITEK® 2. Results: In total, 103 bacterial isolates were obtained from 85 flies (NICU: 11 isolates from 20 flies, orthopedic ward: 10 isolates from 12 flies, waste disposal area: 37 isolates from 26 flies, butchery: 45 isolates from 27 flies). The proportions of ESBL-producing bacteria among isolates obtained from flies collected in the hospital compound were significantly higher (82%, 90%, and 57% in NICU, orthopedic ward and waste disposal area, respectively) compared to flies collected outside of the hospital compound (2% (1/45) in the butchery) (p≤0.001). The proportion of ESBL was 67% (6/9) among Raoultella spp. 67% (4/6) among Kluyvera spp., 56% (5/9) among Enterobacter spp., 50% (5/10) among E. coli, and 44% (8/18) among Klebsiella spp.. Of the 40 ESBL-genes detected, 85% were CTX-M-like, 83% TEM-like, 23% SHV-like, and 2% CTX-M-2-like. ESBL-producing bacteria showed higher rates of resistance against ciprofloxacin (66% vs. 5%), gentamicin (68% vs. 3%), piperacillin-tazobactam (78% vs. 5%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88% vs. 16%), compared to non-ESBL-producing bacteria. Conclusion: A high proportion of ESBL was identified in isolates from flies caught in the hospital compound compared with isolates of flies collected at a distance of 1.5 km from the hospital. Flies can be potential vectors for transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria within hospitals. Further studies are needed to determine the source of MDR colonization in flies and possible impact of MDR for nosocomial infections.

scholarly journals Carriage of ESBL-producing Gram-negative bacteria by flies captured in a hospital and its suburban surroundings in Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tafese Beyene Tufa ◽  
Andre Fuchs ◽  
Tobias Wienemann ◽  
Yannik Eggers ◽  
Sileshi Abdissa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Disposal Area ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
The Town ◽  
Orthopedic Ward

Abstract Background Local data from the Asella Teaching and Referral Hospital in the town of Asella, Ethiopia reveal a high prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- (ESBL) producing Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in clinical isolates. To investigate a possible route of transmission, we determined the proportions ESBL-producing GNB in isolates from flies caught in the hospital and in the town of Asella. Methods Flies were collected in August 2019 from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), the orthopedic ward, the hospital’s waste disposal area, and from a butchery situated 1.5 km from the hospital. After trapping, the flies were macerated and suspended in sterile normal saline. The suspensions were inoculated on MacConkey agar and incubated overnight. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were performed using Vitek®-MS and VITEK® 2. Results In total, 103 bacterial isolates were obtained from 85 flies (NICU: 11 isolates from 20 flies, orthopedic ward: 10 isolates from 12 flies, waste disposal area: 37 isolates from 26 flies, butchery: 45 isolates from 27 flies). The proportions of ESBL-producing bacteria among isolates obtained from flies collected in the hospital compound were significantly higher (82%, 90%, and 57% in NICU, orthopedic ward and waste disposal area, respectively) compared to flies collected outside of the hospital compound (2% (@1/45) in the butchery) (p ≤ 0.001). The proportion of ESBL was 67% (6/9) among Raoultella spp. 67% (4/6) among Kluyvera spp., 56% (5/9) among Enterobacter spp., 50% (5/10) among E. coli, and 44% (8/18) among Klebsiella spp.. Of the 40 ESBL-genes detected, 85% were CTX-M-like, 83% TEM-like, 23% SHV-like, and 2% CTX-M-2-like. ESBL-producing bacteria showed higher rates of resistance against ciprofloxacin (66% vs. 5%), gentamicin (68% vs. 3%), piperacillin-tazobactam (78% vs. 5%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (88% vs. 16%), compared to non-ESBL-producing bacteria. Conclusion A high proportion of ESBL was identified in isolates from flies caught in the hospital compound compared with isolates of flies collected at a distance of 1.5 km from the hospital. Flies can be potential vectors for transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria within hospitals. Further studies are needed to determine the source of MDR colonization in flies and possible impact of MDR for nosocomial infections.

scholarly journals THE STUDY OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANCE IN NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE UNIT AT THE CENTRAL JAVA HOSPITAL

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ika Puspita Sari ◽  
Titik Nuryastuti ◽  
Djoko Wahyono
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Culture And Sensitivity

Objective: Multidrug-resistance (MDR) is defined as an acquired non-susceptibility to at least one agent in three or more antimicrobial categories. MDR can be caused by several factors, including the misuse of antibiotics.  Resistance to antibiotics still poses a global challenge, especially in Indonesia. This study aimed to identify patterns of MDR in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at the Central Java Hospital, during the period of January 2014 to December 2015.Methods: The study was conducted using a descriptive retrospective design. The research population comprised of 225 patients. Patient inclusion criteria were neonatal patients treated in NICU ward with infection diagnosis. All patients had culture and sensitivity examinations on their bloods. The culture and sensitivity examinations were performed by microbiology clinicians.Results: The most common infection type was sepsis (60%). The most common bacteria found in the blood specimen of patients in the NICU ward was Gram-negative bacteria with a 72% rate, the other was Gram-positive bacteria. Bacteria which infected patients include; Klebsiellapneumoniaessppneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bulkholderiacepacia, Acinetobacterbaumannii, Enterobactercloacae ssp cloacae, Serratiamarcescens, Staphylococcus haemolyticusand Staphylococcus epidermidis. The research result showed that 97.8% MDR cases were reported in the NICU ward. Antibiotics which were still potent for all bacteria found in NICU patients were tigecycline, meropenem and ciprofloxacin (for Gram-negative bacteria) and tigecycline, linezolid, nitrofurantoin, moxifloksacin and vancomycin (for Gram-positive bacteria).Conclusion: A high percentage of MDR occurred in NICU patients. Sepsis is the most common diagnosis in NICU patients. The usage of third generation antibiotics should be limited and regulated systematically.   

scholarly journals Bloodstream infections in patients with hematologic malignancies and febrile neutropenia - a single center experience

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Marina Dragicevic-Jojkic ◽  
Ivana Urosevic ◽  
Amir El Farra ◽  
Borivoj Sekulic ◽  
Ivanka Percic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Febrile Neutropenia ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Hematologic Malignancies ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp

Introduction. Bacterial blood infections during febrile neutropenia episodes are urgent medical conditions which were and still are the main cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with hematologic malignancies. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and clinical characteristics of bacteremia, infectious agents, presence and incidence of antibiotic resistance, as well as the treatment outcome of bloodstream infections in patients with hematologic malignancies. Material and Methods. A three-year retrospective study included 107 patients with hematologic malignancies and positive blood culture results during febrile neutropenia. Results. The most common isolates were Gram-negative bacteria (58.5%), with Escherichia coli being the most frequent pathogen. The Gram-negative microorganisms were mostly sensitive to carbapenems in 70.7%, whereas sensitivity to other antibiotics was as follows: piperacillin/ tazobactam 62%, amikacin 58.5%, and third-generation cephalosporins 50.5%. Acinetobacter spp. was sensitive only to colistin (94.1%). The antibiotic sensitivity among Gram-positive bacteria was highest to linezolid (97.1%), followed by teicoplanin (81.4%) and vancomycin (81.4%). In our patients, the mortality rate during the first 28 days from the moment of positive isolates was high (37.4%). Most patients died within the first seven days. Bacterial blood infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria were associated with significantly higher mortality (?2 = 4.92, p = 0.026). Acinetobacter spp. was isolated in almost half of the patients with fatal outcome, of whom 62.5% died in the first 24 hours. Conclusion. Bacterial bloodstream infections are severe complications with a high rate of mortality in febrile neutropenic hematological patients. Gram-negative bacteria were the most common isolates in our Clinic, with high mortality. It is of utmost importance to constantly monitor the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, as well as to prevent and control the spread of resistant strains. Antibiotics resistance patterns should regularly be followed.

scholarly journals Contamination of an operating theatre by Gram-negative bacteria. Examination of water supplies, cleaning methods and wound infections

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mair E. M. Thomas ◽  
Elizabeth Piper ◽  
Isobel M. Maurer
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Operating Theatre ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Wound Infections ◽  
Breeding Ground ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
Cleaning Methods

SUMMARYThis paper describes a search for Gram-negative bacteria in an operating theatre and the steps taken to reduce the level of environmental contamination.A high rate of infection in clean wounds prompted a bacteriological survey. Potential sources of infection found, and the measures employed are described in the hope that others may be encouraged to examine familiar equipment critically and to improve hygiene even in old premises.The choice, design, use and care of cleaning and sterilizing equipment were open to criticism. In particular, a currently popular floor-scrubbing machine provided a breeding ground for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and was distributing it in the theatre environment.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Profile and their Susceptibility Pattern in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit at Tertiary Care Hospital in Wah

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 219-224
Author(s):  
Saba Mushtaq ◽  
Sohail Ashraf ◽  
Lubna Ghazal ◽  
Rida Zahid ◽  
Basharat Hussain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Neonatal Sepsis ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by multiple symptoms and signs of infection during the first month of life. The objective of this study is to determine the frequency of commonly isolated bacteria from patients of neonatal sepsis and their susceptibility patterns in POF hospital at Wah. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in POF Hospital Neonatal intensive care unit and Microbiology laboratory from January 2018 to December 2019. The blood samples of patients suspected with neonatal sepsis were processed as per standard methodology. Results: Out of ninety blood samples, fifty-one (56.7%) yielded the growth of Gram-negative rods and thirty-nine (43.3%) yielded Gram-positive cocci. Among Gram-positive bacteria, coagulase-negative staphylococci were the most common pathogen isolated from 53.8% cases followed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (15.3%). Among Gram-negative bacteria, Klebsiella pneumoniae (54.90%) was the most frequently identified bacteria followed by Serratia marcescens (27.45%). The Gram-positive cocci were the most susceptible to linezolid (100%) followed by vancomycin (87.2%). The Gram-negative rods depict remarkable resistance to ciprofloxacin (92.2%), gentamicin (100%), and meropenem (54.9%). Conclusions: The study concluded a predominance of Gram-negative bacteria as a causative agent of neonatal sepsis in our setup. The bacterial isolates are highly resistant to commonly prescribed oral as well as injectable antibiotics. Implementation of infection control policies is a dire need to combat the grave situation of increasing antibiotic resistance.

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