scholarly journals Cecal microbiota affects chicken growth performance by regulating fat metabolism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolong Zhang ◽  
Yafang Hu ◽  
Abdur Rahman Ansari ◽  
Yan Chen ◽  
Ranran Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Fat Metabolism ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Spearman Correlation ◽  
High Body Weight ◽  
High Body ◽  
Cecal Microbiota

Abstract Background A growing body of evidences suggest critical role of the chicken gut microbiota in growth performance and fat metabolism. However, the underlying mechanism by which the gut microbiota affects chicken growth performance by regulating fat metabolism remains unclear. The purpose of current study was to compare cecal microbial communities between high and low body weight chickens and verify the correlation between fat metabolism and gut microbiota. Results Seven-week-old male and female chickens with significantly different body weight were used in the present study. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to reveal the cecal microbial community. Fat metabolism levels were compared between high and low body weight chickens. Spearman correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the cecal microbiota and fat metabolism. Transferring fecal microbiota from adult chickens with high body weight into one-day-old chickens was examined by oral administration to verify gut microbiota effects on chicken growth through regulation of fat metabolism. There were significant differences in body weight, chest and leg muscle indexes as well as in cross-sectional area of muscle cells, suggesting different growth performance between high and low body weight chickens. By comparing the relative abundance of gut microbes in the cecal content in high and low body weight chickens, we found that Microbacterium and Sphingomonas were more abundant in high body weight chickens and Slackia was more abundant in low body weight chickens. The fat metabolism level was markedly different in serum, liver, abdominal adipose, chest and leg muscles between high and low body weight chickens. Spearman correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between fat metabolism and the relative abundance of Microbacterium and Sphingomonas and a negative correlation between fat metabolism and the abundance of Slackia. Hence, transferring fecal microbiota, instead of saline, from adult chickens with high body weight into one-day-old chickens improved growth performance and fat metabolism in liver. Conclusions These results suggested that cecal microbiota could affect chicken growth performance by regulating fat metabolism.

Direct Oral Anticoagulant Concentrations in Obese and High Body Weight Patients: A Cohort Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Céline Martin ◽  
William Thomas ◽  
Zahra Mahir ◽  
Maeve P. Crowley ◽  
Terry Dowling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Creatinine Clearance ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Direct Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Factor Xa ◽  
High Body Weight ◽  
High Body ◽  
Trough Concentrations ◽  
Fxa Inhibitor ◽  
Age Range

Abstract Background Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are prescribed for atrial fibrillation (AF) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) and both occur more frequently in obese patients. Outcomes from DOAC trials included few individuals ≥ 120 kg leading to uncertainty whether high body weight (BW) reduces DOAC concentrations. Objectives This article investigates the relationship between factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor concentrations, BW, and renal function, and compares them in high BW patients with unselected populations. Methods Consecutive patients in two United Kingdom centers, weighing ≥ 120 kg receiving 5 mg twice daily apixaban or 20 mg once daily rivaroxaban for AF or VTE were prospectively included. Peak or trough concentrations were measured using specific chromogenic assays, expressed in mean or median (5th–95th percentiles). On-therapy range was the interval from the 5th percentile trough concentration to the 95th percentile peak concentration. Results One hundred patients were included; age range: 23 to 78 years, 31% were women, 58% had AF, creatinine clearance range: 67 to 474 mL/min. Median BW was 139 kg, and 84% had body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2. DOAC peak and trough concentrations varied from 44 to 727 and 14 to 299 ng/mL, respectively. There was no linear relationship between FXa inhibitor concentrations at peak or trough and BW or BMI, and creatinine clearance. Apixaban troughs in AF and rivaroxaban peaks in VTE were lower than in unselected populations. However, only two trough concentrations were below the expected range, and 109/116 were within the on-therapy range. Conclusion These data indicated that obese or high BW patients generally achieve therapeutic FXa inhibitor concentrations. However, further investigations assessing clinical outcomes are required.

Genetic variation in a line of mice selected to its limit for high body weight

1974 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. K. Al-Murrani ◽  
R. C. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Random Mating ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
High Body Weight ◽  
High Body ◽  
Lower Body Weight ◽  
Recessive Genes ◽  
Selection For

SUMMARYA line of mice, at its limit to selection for high body weight did not decline in performance over 11 generations of random mating, neither did it respond when selection was renewed. The experiment tested a method of improving body weight by a scheme which had earlier increased litter size under similar circumstances. The scheme was to derive partially inbred lines from the plateaued line, to select during inbreeding and, finally, to cross the best inbreds. Body weight was not increased, but the study allowed further examination of the residual genetic variance in the line.During inbreeding, the inbred lines became clearly differentiated in body weight, proving that loci controlling body weight had not become fixed. There was also a significant response to selection for a lower body weight during inbreeding. The pattern of results suggested the segregation of recessive genes, detrimental to high body weight but which selection had become inefficient at removing. A genetic model compatible with the results accommodated several such recessives, perhaps as many as 10, each with an effect of about two-thirds of a standard deviation (or some equivalent combination of gene number and effect), and at frequencies of around 0·2. Nevertheless, the total improvement in body weight to be gained by their elimination was only half a gram, or less than 2 %. Thus, substantial genetic effects can occur at individual loci despite trivially low heritabilities and negligible potential gains.

Direct-acting oral anticoagulant use at extremes of body weight: Literature review and recommendations

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 865-876
Author(s):  
Kelly Covert ◽  
Donald L Branam
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Oral Anticoagulants ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Cardioembolic Stroke ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
High Body Weight ◽  
High Body ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Agent Selection ◽  
Direct Acting

Abstract Purpose To review the literature on treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prevention of cardioembolic stroke with direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in low- and high-body-weight patients and to make recommendations regarding agent selection and dosing in these patient populations. Summary The selection and optimal dosing of DOACs in low- and high-body-weight patients has not yet been fully elucidated by clinical trials; however, evidence suggests that issues of both safety and efficacy in patients at the extremes of body weight may warrant careful consideration when selecting a DOAC for such patients. This review provides a thorough discussion of the use of DOACs in the treatment of VTE and prevention of cardioembolic stroke in patients at the extremes of body weight and provides guidance regarding agent selection. Conclusion While the published evidence on use of DOACs in patients at extremes of body weight is sparse, apixaban and rivaroxaban appear to have the most favorable safety and efficacy profiles. Edoxaban and dabigatran should be avoided.

scholarly journals Determinants of inequalities in years with disability: an international-comparative study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilma J Nusselder ◽  
José Rubio Valverde ◽  
Matthias Bopp ◽  
Henrik Brønnum-Hansen ◽  
Patrick Deboosere ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
High Body Weight ◽  
High Body ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
Manual Occupation

Abstract Background Persons with a lower socioeconomic position spend more years with disability, despite their shorter life expectancy, but it is unknown what the important determinants are. This study aimed to quantify the contribution to educational inequalities in years with disability of eight risk factors: father’s manual occupation, low income, few social contacts, smoking, high alcohol consumption, high body-weight, low physical exercise and low fruit and vegetable consumption. Methods We collected register-based mortality and survey-based disability and risk factor data from 15 European countries covering the period 2010–14 for most countries. We calculated years with disability between the ages of 35 and 80 by education and gender using the Sullivan method, and determined the hypothetical effect of changing the prevalence of each risk factor to the prevalence observed among high educated (‘upward levelling scenario’), using Population Attributable Fractions. Results Years with disability among low educated were higher than among high educated, with a difference of 4.9 years among men and 5.5 years among women for all countries combined. Most risk factors were more prevalent among low educated. We found the largest contributions to inequalities in years with disability for low income (men: 1.0 year; women: 1.4 year), high body-weight (men: 0.6 year; women: 1.2 year) and father’s manual occupation (men: 0.7 year; women: 0.9 year), but contributions differed by country. The contribution of smoking was relatively small. Conclusions Disadvantages in material circumstances (low income), circumstances during childhood (father’s manual occupation) and high body-weight contribute to inequalities in years with disability.

scholarly journals A model of pre-pubertal broiler breeder estradiol-17β levels predicts advanced sexual maturation for birds with high body weight or short juvenile day-length exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (10) ◽  
pp. 5137-5145 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A.S. van der Klein ◽  
S.H. Hadinia ◽  
F.E. Robinson ◽  
G.Y. Bédécarrats ◽  
M.J. Zuidhof
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Broiler Breeder ◽  
High Body Weight ◽  
High Body ◽  
Estradiol 17Β

Stimulation of food intake after central galanin is associated with arcuate nucleus activation and does not differ between genetically selected low and high body weight lines of chickens

Neuropeptides ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Hagen ◽  
Brandon A. Newmyer ◽  
Rebekah I. Webster ◽  
Elizabeth R. Gilbert ◽  
Paul B. Siegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
High Body Weight ◽  
High Body ◽  
Stimulation Of
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