scholarly journals Emotional modulation of cortical activity during gum-chewing: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoko Hasegawa ◽  
Ayumi Sakuramoto ◽  
Joe Sakagami ◽  
Masako Shiramizu ◽  
Tatsuya Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cortical Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Gum Chewing

Abstract Evidence indicates that distinct brain regions are associated with various emotional states. Cortical activity may be modulated by emotional states that are triggered upon chewing with various flavors. We examined cortical activity during chewing with different tastes/odors using multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Thirty-six right-handed subjects participated in a crossover-design trial. Subjects chewed flavorful (palatable) or less flavorful (unpalatable) gum for 5 minutes. During gum-chewing these subjects experienced positive and negative emotions, respectively. Subjects rated the taste/odor/deliciousness of each gum with a visual analog scale. Bilateral hemodynamic responses in the frontal to parietal lobes, bilateral masseter muscle activation, and heart rate were measured during gum-chewing. Data changes during gum-chewing were evaluated. Subjects’ ratings of the tastes and odors of each gum differed (p<0.001). Hemodynamic response changes were significantly elevated in the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortex during gum-chewing, in comparison to resting. The hemodynamic responses of wide brain regions showed little difference between the gum conditions; however, a difference was detected in the corresponding left frontopolar/dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Muscle activation and heart rate were not significantly different between the gum conditions. Differential processing in the left prefrontal cortex might be responsible for emotional states caused by palatable and unpalatable foods.

scholarly journals Cerebral haemodynamics during simulated driving: Changes in workload are detectable with functional near infrared spectroscopy

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248533
Author(s):  
Peter M. Bloomfield ◽  
Hayden Green ◽  
Nicholas Gant
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cerebral Blood Volume ◽  
Cortical Activity ◽  
Medial Aspect ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Simulated Driving

Motor vehicle operation is a complicated task and substantial cognitive resources are required for safe driving. Experimental paradigms examining cognitive workload using driving simulators often introduce secondary tasks, such as mathematical exercises, or utilise simulated in-vehicle information systems. The effects of manipulating the demands of the primary driving task have not been examined in detail using advanced neuroimaging techniques. This study used a manipulation of the simulated driving environment to test the impact of increased driving complexity on brain activity. Fifteen participants drove in two scenarios reflecting common driving environments differing in the amount of vehicular traffic, frequency of intersections, number of buildings, and speed limit restrictions. Functional near infrared spectroscopy was used to quantify changes in cortical activity; fifty-five optodes were placed over the prefrontal and occipital cortices, commonly assessed areas during driving. Compared to baseline, both scenarios increased oxyhaemoglobin in the bilateral prefrontal cortex and cerebral blood volume in the right prefrontal cortex (all p ≤ 0.05). Deoxyhaemoglobin decreased at the bilateral aspects of the prefrontal cortex but overall tended to increase in the medial aspect during both scenarios (both p ≤ 0.05). Cerebral oxygen exchange significantly declined at the lateral aspects of the prefrontal cortex, with a small but significant increase seen in the medial aspect (both p < 0.05). There were no significant differences for oxyhaemoglobin, deoxyhaemoglobin, or cerebral blood volume (all p > 0.05). This study demonstrates that functional near infrared spectroscopy is capable of detecting changes in cortical activity elicited by simulated driving tasks but may be less sensitive to variations in driving workload aggregated over a longer duration.

scholarly journals A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study on the Cortical Haemodynamic Responses During the Maastricht Acute Stress Test

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Schaal ◽  
P. Hepp ◽  
A. Schweda ◽  
O. T. Wolf ◽  
C. Krampe
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Abstract In order to better understand stress responses, neuroimaging studies have investigated the underlying neural correlates of stress. Amongst other brain regions, they highlight the involvement of the prefrontal cortex. The aim of the present study was to explore haemodynamic changes in the prefrontal cortex during the Maastricht Acute Stress Test (MAST) using mobile functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS), examining the stress response in an ecological environment. The MAST includes a challenging mental arithmic task and a physically stressful ice-water task. In a between-subject design, participants either performed the MAST or a non-stress control condition. FNIRS data were recorded throughout the test. Additionally, subjective stress ratings, heart rate and salivary cortisol were evaluated, confirming a successful stress induction. The fNIRS data indicated significantly increased neural activity of brain regions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in response to the MAST, compared to the control condition. Furthermore, the mental arithmetic task indicated an increase in neural activity in brain regions of the dlPFC and OFC; whereas the physically stressful hand immersion task indicated a lateral decrease of neural activity in the left dlPFC. The study highlights the potential use of mobile fNIRS in clinical and applied (stress) research.

scholarly journals DETECTING BILATERAL FUNCTIONAL CONNECTIVITY IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX DURING A STROOP TASK BY NEAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY

2013 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 1350031 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEI ZHANG ◽  
JINYAN SUN ◽  
BAILEI SUN ◽  
CHENYANG GAO ◽  
HUI GONG
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Stroop Task ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Cognitive Activities

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is generally accepted as a functional brain imaging technology for brain activation study. With multichannel highly sensitive NIRS instruments, it has become possible to assess functional connectivity of different brain regions by NIRS. However, the feasibility needs to be validated in complex cognitive activities. In this study, we recorded the hemodynamic activity of the bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) during a color-word matching Stroop task. Wavelet transform coherence (WTC) analysis was applied to assess the functional connectivity of all homologous channel pairs within the left/right PFC. Both the behavioral and brain activation results showed significant Stroop effects. The results of WTC analysis revealed that, bilateral functional connectivity was significantly stronger during both the incongruent stimuli and neutral stimuli compared to that of the rest period. It also showed significant Stroop effect. Our findings demonstrate that, NIRS becomes a valuable tool to elucidate the functional connectivity of brain cortex in complex cognitive activities.

scholarly journals Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) of posterolateral cerebellum and prefrontal cortex for fNIRS-driven cerebellar tES

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubh Mohan Singh ◽  
Kavya Narendra Kumar ◽  
Pushpinder Walia ◽  
Shashi Ranjan ◽  
Zeynab Rezaee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Frontoparietal Network ◽  
Delta Band ◽  
Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation ◽  
Phase Amplitude

Abstract Abstract—Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) has been shown to facilitate standing balance in stroke survivors where a good general linear model fit was found in the latent space between the mean lobular ctDCS electric field strength with the oxy-hemoglobin concentrations (HbO) from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and log10-transformed electroencephalogram (EEG) bandpower at the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the sensorimotor cortex in the responders. Recent works have also found that the infra-slow activity (0.01–0.10 Hz) and delta band (0.5–4 Hz) activity propagated in opposite directions between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Therefore, in this study, we tested the feasibility of fNIRS of cerebellum and PFC where infra-slow (0.01–0.10 Hz) PFC HbO activity was used to drive (phase amplitude coupling) 4Hz cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation (ctACS) at right lobules VI-CrusI/II-VIIb. We found that 2mA ctDCS evoked similar HbO response across cerebellum and PFC brain regions (a=0.01); however, 2mA ctACS evoked HbO across brain regions that was statistically different (a=0.01). Clinical Relevance—We showed the feasibility of fNIRS of cerebellum and PFC, and fNIRS-driven ctACS at 4Hz that may facilitate cognitive function via the frontoparietal network in cerebellar cognitive affective/Schmahmann syndrome.

scholarly journals Classification of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data upon Olfactory Stimulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 701
Author(s):  
Cheng-Hsuan Chen ◽  
Kuo-Kai Shyu ◽  
Cheng-Kai Lu ◽  
Chi-Wen Jao ◽  
Po-Lei Lee
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Kernel Functions ◽  
Olfactory Stimulation ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Hemodynamic Response Function ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Data Set

The sense of smell is one of the most important organs in humans, and olfactory imaging can detect signals in the anterior orbital frontal lobe. This study assessed olfactory stimuli using support vector machines (SVMs) with signals from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data obtained from the prefrontal cortex. These data included odor stimuli and air state, which triggered the hemodynamic response function (HRF), determined from variations in oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) and deoxyhemoglobin (deoxyHb) levels; photoplethysmography (PPG) of two wavelengths (raw optical red and near-infrared data); and the ratios of data from two optical datasets. We adopted three SVM kernel functions (i.e., linear, quadratic, and cubic) to analyze signals and compare their performance with the HRF and PPG signals. The results revealed that oxyHb yielded the most efficient single-signal data with a quadratic kernel function, and a combination of HRF and PPG signals yielded the most efficient multi-signal data with the cubic function. Our results revealed superior SVM analysis of HRFs for classifying odor and air status using fNIRS data during olfaction in humans. Furthermore, the olfactory stimulation can be accurately classified by using quadratic and cubic kernel functions in SVM, even for an individual participant data set.

Activation of the Prefrontal Cortex in Working Memory and Interference Resolution Processes Assessed with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 188-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Schreppel ◽  
Johanna Egetemeir ◽  
Martin Schecklmann ◽  
Michael M. Plichta ◽  
Paul Pauli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Interference Resolution ◽  
Resolution Processes

Social hyperscanning with fNIRS

Gesture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 196-222
Author(s):  
Michela Balconi ◽  
Angela Bartolo ◽  
Giulia Fronda
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Gestural Communication ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Posterior Parietal

Abstract The interest of neuroscience has been aimed at the investigation of the neural bases underlying gestural communication. This research explored the intra- and inter-brain connectivity between encoder and decoder. Specifically, adopting a “hyperscanning paradigm” with the functional Near-infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) cerebral connectivity in oxygenated (O2Hb) and deoxygenated (HHb) hemoglobin levels were revealed during the reproduction of affective, social, and informative gestures of different valence. Results showed an increase of intra- and inter-brain connectivity in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for affective gestures, in superior frontal gyrus for social gestures and in frontal eyes field for informative gestures. Moreover, encoder showed a higher intra-brain connectivity in posterior parietal areas more than decoder. Finally, an increasing of inter-brain connectivity more than intra-brain (ConIndex) was observed in left regions for positive gestures. The present research has explored how the individuals neural tuning mechanisms turn out to be strongly influenced by the nature of specific gestures.

Quantifying contact force artefact in near infrared spectroscopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Timothy Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Contact Force ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Photon Propagation ◽  
Superficial Tissues

Transcutaneous near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of muscle requires coupling between the device and the skin. An unfortunate by-product of this coupling is contact force artefact, where the amount of contact force between the device and the skin affects measurements. Contact force artefact is well known, but largely ignored in most NIRS research. We performed preliminary investigations of contact force artefact to quantify tissue behaviour to inform future NIRS designs. Specifically, we conducted three studies on contact force artefact: (i) an experimental investigation of static load at varied levels of contact force and muscle activation, (ii) an experimental investigation of oscillating load at varied levels of contact force and frequency, and (iii) a Monte Carlo simulation of photon propagation through skin, adipose tissue, and muscle. Our results confirmed that contact force artefact is a confounding factor in NIRS muscle measurements because contact force affects measured hemoglobin concentrations in a manner consistent with muscle contractions. Further, the effects of contact force are not altered by muscle contraction and a likely candidate for the mechanism responsible for contact force artefact is the viscoelastic compression of superficial tissues (skin and adipose) during loading. Simulation data suggests that adipose tissue plays a key role in diffuse reflectance of photons, so any compression of the superficial tissues will affect the reflected signal. Further research is required to fully understand the mechanisms behind contact force artefact, which will, in turn, inform future NIRS device designs.

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