Production of Biodiesel from Mixed Castor Seed and Microalgal Oils: Characterization and Optimization Studies

Abstract In order to lower the high prices of individual feedstock, extend the life of a more limited feedstock and to improve the fuel properties of biodiesel it imperative to optimize process parameters for biodiesel derived from mixed feedstocks. Samples of castor seeds were collected from Jimma zone, southwest Ethiopia while sample of wet microalgal biomass was obtained from wastewater stabilization ponds using a 60µm filter screen. The castor seeds and algal biomass were sun-dried before further dried at 800C in an oven and ground to pastes. Oils were extracted from dried and milled castor seeds and micro-algae pastes with a Soxhlet apparatus using methanol. The extracted oil was purified and characterized before converted to biodiesel. A transesterification process designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) experimental design was used to optimize the biodiesel production process parameters from mixed oil using alkaline catalyst. The Design Expert® 12 software was used to analysis experimental results. The effects of catalyst concentration, ethanol to mixed oil molar ratio and reaction temperature on the biodiesel yield were investigated using the experimental results. Accordingly, the optimum conditions for biodiesel production from mixed oil were a catalyst concentration of 1.23 % w.t of the oil, alcohol to mixed oil molar ratio of 5.94:1 (v/v) and reaction temperature of 51.300C. The yield of biodiesel under these conditions was 93.88%. Experiment was conducted under the specified optimum conditions to validate the result predicted by the software. The yield of biodiesel from the experiment was 93.36% which is very close to the value predicted by the software. The fatty acid composition of the biodiesel from mixed oil was analyzed using Gas chromatograph. The various fuel properties of biodiesel were determined using standard methods and results were compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. The physicochemical properties fulfill both standards.

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Production of biodiesel from mixed castor seed and microalgal oils: characterization and optimization studies

10.21203/rs.3.rs-66053/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dejene Beyene Lemma ◽

Mohammedsani Abdulkadir Abagisa ◽

Adisu Befekadu Kebede

Keyword(s):

Process Parameters ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Fuel Properties ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Castor Seeds ◽

Mixed Oil

Abstract In order to lower the high prices of individual feedstock, extend the life of a more limited feedstock and to improve the fuel properties of biodiesel it imperative to optimize process parameters for biodiesel derived from mixed feedstocks. Samples of castor seeds were collected from Jimma zone, southwest Ethiopia while sample of wet microalgal biomass was obtained from wastewater stabilization ponds using a 60µm filter screen. The castor seeds and algal biomass were sun-dried before further dried at 80 0 C in an oven and ground to pastes. Oils were extracted from dried and milled castor seeds and micro-algae pastes with a Soxhlet apparatus using methanol. The extracted oil was purified and characterized before converted to biodiesel. A transesterification process designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) experimental design was used to optimize the biodiesel production process parameters from mixed oil using alkaline catalyst. The Design Expert® 12 software was used to analysis experimental results. The effects of catalyst concentration, ethanol to mixed oil molar ratio and reaction temperature on the biodiesel yield were investigated using the experimental results. Accordingly, the optimum conditions for biodiesel production from mixed oil were a catalyst concentration of 1.23% w.t of the oil, alcohol to mixed oil molar ratio of 5.94 :1 (v/v) and reaction temperature of 51.30 0 C. The yield of biodiesel under these conditions was 93.88% . Experiment was conducted under the specified optimum conditions to validate the result predicted by the software. The yield of biodiesel from the experiment was 93.36 % which is very close to the value predicted by the software. The fatty acid composition of the biodiesel from mixed oil was analyzed using Gas chromatograph. The various fuel properties of biodiesel were determined using standard methods and results were compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. The physicochemical properties fulfill both standards.

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PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM MIXED CASTOR SEED AND MICROALGAL OILS: CHARACTERIZATION AND OPTIMIZATION STUDIES

10.21203/rs.3.rs-66053/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Dejene Beyene Lemma ◽

Mohammedsani Abdulkadir Abagisa ◽

Adisu Befekadu Kebede

Keyword(s):

Process Parameters ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Fuel Properties ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Castor Seeds ◽

Mixed Oil

Abstract In order to lower the high prices of individual feedstock, extend the life of a more limited feedstock and to improve the fuel properties of biodiesel it imperative to optimize process parameters for biodiesel derived from mixed feedstocks. Samples of castor seeds were collected from Jimma zone, southwest Ethiopia while sample of wet microalgal biomass was obtained from wastewater stabilization ponds using a 60µm filter screen. The castor seeds and algal biomass were sun-dried before further dried at 80 0 C in an oven and ground to pastes. Oils were extracted from dried and milled castor seeds and micro-algae pastes with a Soxhlet apparatus using methanol. The extracted oil was purified and characterized before converted to biodiesel. A transesterification process designed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) experimental design was used to optimize the biodiesel production process parameters from mixed oil using alkaline catalyst. The Design Expert® 12 software was used to analysis experimental results. The effects of catalyst concentration, ethanol to mixed oil molar ratio and reaction temperature on the biodiesel yield were investigated using the experimental results. Accordingly, the optimum conditions for biodiesel production from mixed oil were a catalyst concentration of 1.23% w.t of the oil, alcohol to mixed oil molar ratio of 5.94 :1 (v/v) and reaction temperature of 51.30 0 C. The yield of biodiesel under these conditions was 93.88% . Experiment was conducted under the specified optimum conditions to validate the result predicted by the software. The yield of biodiesel from the experiment was 93.36 % which is very close to the value predicted by the software. The fatty acid composition of the biodiesel from mixed oil was analyzed using Gas chromatograph. The various fuel properties of biodiesel were determined using standard methods and results were compared with ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 standards. The physicochemical properties fulfill both standards.

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Hybrid Approach for Optimizing Process Parameters in Biodiesel Production from Palm Oil

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.834.16 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 834 ◽

pp. 16-23

Author(s):

Pongchanun Luangpaiboon ◽

Pasura Aungkulanon

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Palm Oil ◽

Hybrid Approach ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimization Approach ◽

Influential Parameters

Biodiesel was synthesized from direct transesterification of palm oil reacted with methanol in the presence of a suitable catalyst. There is a sequence of three consecutive reversible reactions for the transesterification process. These process parameters were optimized via the hybrid optimization approach of a conventional response surface method and artificial intelligence mechanisms from Sine Cosine and Thermal Exchange Optimization metaheuristics. The influential parameters and their combined interaction effects on the transesterification efficiency were established through a factorial designed experiments. In this study, the influential parameters being optimized to obtain the maximum yield of biodiesel were reaction temperature of 60–150°C, reaction time of 1–6 hours, methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1–12:1 mol/mol and weight of catalyst of 1–10wt. %. On the first phase, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed the reaction time as the most influential parameter on biodiesel production. Based on the experimental results from the hybrid algorithm via the SCO, it was concluded that the optimal biodiesel yield for the transesterification of palm oil were found to be 100°C for reaction temperature, 4 hours for reaction time, 10:1 wt/wt of ratio methanol to oil and 8% of weight of catalyst with 92.15% and 90.97% of biodiesel yield for expected and experimental values, respectively.

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Optimisation of Second-Generation Biodiesel Production from Australian Native Stone Fruit Oil Using Response Surface Method

Energies ◽

10.3390/en11102566 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2566 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

Mohammad Anwar ◽

Mohammad Rasul ◽

Nanjappa Ashwath ◽

Md Rahman

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Response Surface ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Second Generation ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Stone Fruit ◽

Quadratic Model ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Contour Plots

In this study, the production process of second-generation biodiesel from Australian native stone fruit have been optimised using response surface methodology via an alkali catalysed transesterification process. This process optimisation was performed varying three factors, each at three different levels. Methanol: oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration (wt %) and reaction temperature were the input factors in the optimisation process, while biodiesel yield was the key model output. Both 3D surface plots and 2D contour plots were developed using MINITAB 18 to predict optimum biodiesel yield. Gas chromatography (GC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the resulting biodiesel was also done for biodiesel characterisation. To predict biodiesel yield a quadratic model was created and it showed an R2 of 0.98 indicating the satisfactory performance of the model. Maximum biodiesel yield of 95.8% was obtained at a methanol: oil molar ratio of 6:1, KOH catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt % and a reaction temperature of 55 °C. At these reaction conditions, the predicted biodiesel yield was 95.9%. These results demonstrate reliable prediction of the transesterification process by Response surface methodology (RSM). The results also show that the properties of the synthesised Australian native stone fruit biodiesel satisfactorily meet the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. In addition, the fuel properties of Australian native stone fruit biodiesel were found to be similar to those of conventional diesel fuel. Thus, it can be said that Australian native stone fruit seed oil could be used as a potential second-generation biodiesel source as well as an alternative fuel in diesel engines.

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Optimisation of biodiesel production from dairy effluent scum using calcined egg shell as a transesterification catalyst

SN Applied Sciences ◽

10.1007/s42452-021-04223-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

O. Kuipa ◽

T. S. Marwizi ◽

P. K. Kuipa

Keyword(s):

Reaction Temperature ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Dairy Effluent ◽

High Statistical Significance ◽

Egg Shell ◽

Transesterification Catalyst

AbstractThe production of biodiesel from dairy effluent scum using calcined egg shell as the transesterification catalyst has been explored. Eggshell powder was calcined at 900 °C for 3 h and used as catalyst. The influence of methanol-oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction temperature were studied using Response Surface Methodology employing a Central Composite Rotatable Design. An empirical model that relates the yield of biodiesel to the studied factors was obtained. The model has high statistical significance at 95% confidence interval with R2 and adjusted R2 values of 96.31% and 95.75% respectively. Results showed that among the three studied factors, the methanol-oil molar ratio had the greatest contribution to the yield of dairy effluent scum derived biodiesel followed by reaction temperature and finally, the catalyst concentration. Significant interaction effects were also present between methanol-oil ratio and catalyst, catalyst and reaction temperature and methanol-oil ratio and reaction temperature. Accordingly, the optimal variable settings were 14.355:1 methanol-oil molar ratio, 3.09% catalyst loading by weight of pre-treated dairy scum oil and 55.20°C reaction temperature; with a corresponding yield of 92.72%.

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Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae Through Nanocatalytic Transesterification Process.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-771200/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Vaishali Mittal ◽

Uttam Kumar Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Response Surface Methodology ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Response Surface ◽

Process Parameters ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

The Impact

Abstract Production of biodiesel from microalgae is gaining popularity since it does not compromise food security or the global economy. This article reports biodiesel production with Spirulina microalgae through nanocatalytic transesterification process. The nanocatalyst calcium methoxide Ca(OCH3)2 was synthesized using wet impregnation method and utilized to carry out the transesterification process. The nanocatalyst was characterized to evaluate its structural and spectral characteristics using different characterization techniques such as Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunaeur-Emmett-Teller(BET) measurement for surface area. The result demonstrates that calcium methoxide Ca(OCH3)2 possesses a high catalytic activity compared to a heterogeneous catalyst such as calcium oxide (CaO). The impact of several process parameters such as reaction temperature, the molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, and reaction time used in the transesterification process was optimized by employing central composite design(CCD) based response surface methodology(RSM). The polynomial regression equation of second order was obtained for methyl esters. The model projected a 99% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield for optimal process parameters of reaction time 3hrs,3 wt.% of Ca(OCH3)2 catalyst loading, 80°C reaction temperature, and 30:1 methanol to oil molar ratio.

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Optimization and Kinetic Study of Biodiesel Production from Diseased Swine Carcasses

Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy ◽

10.1166/jbmb.2019.1883 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 464-474 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Youzhou Jiao ◽

Yahe Mei ◽

Le Wang ◽

Jiaao Liu ◽

Zhiping Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Kinetic Analysis ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

3D Ultrasound ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Control Group ◽

Ultrasound Group

The innocuous utilization of diseased swine carcasses is a key issue in reducing environmental pollution and ensuring safety in animal husbandry. In this study, by using fat from diseased swine carcasses as raw materials, response surface experiments were conducted to investigate the influences of reaction time, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and methanol/oil molar ratio on the biodiesel purity and the optimum conditions for biodiesel production were determined. Furthermore, three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound assistance was adopted and kinetic analysis was performed. The results show that the influencing factors on biodiesel purity, in descending order, were determined to be reaction temperature > catalyst concentration > reaction time > methanol/oil molar ratio. Moreover, the maximum biodiesel purity was 93.7% under the following optimal conditions: catalyst concentration of 5.0 wt%; reaction temperature of 68 °C; methanol/oil molar ratio of 10:1; reaction time of 37 h. When 3D ultrasound assistance was adopted, the maximum biodiesel purity of 98.1% was obtained for the reaction process of 8 h under the ultrasound power and frequency of 500 W and 20 kHz, respectively. And the esterification reaction time was significantly reduced, compared to without ultrasound assistance. The results of kinetic analysis demonstrate that the reaction rate constants of the ultrasound group were 4.45–5.52 times greater than that of the control group. And the activation energy for the ultrasound group was 25.58 kJ/mol, which is 22.81% lower than that of the control group. This study will help to conduct large-batch biodiesel production from diseased swine carcasses in the future.

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Application of Calcium Methoxide as Solid Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.723.594 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 723 ◽

pp. 594-598 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nichaonn Chumuang ◽

Vittaya Punsuvon

Keyword(s):

Reaction Temperature ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Transesterification Reaction ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Solid Base ◽

Base Catalyst ◽

Solid Base Catalyst ◽

Cooking Oil

In this study, the biodiesel production of waste cooking oil using calcium methoxide as solid base catalyst was investigated. The calcium methoxide catalyst was synthesized from calcined quick lime reacted with methanol. The XRD result showed that the catalyst was successfully synthesized with sufficient purity. The strength of catalyst was examined on the transesterification reaction of waste cooking oil and methanol. Parameters affecting on transesterification such as the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil-molar ratio, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated. The results showed that the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester conversion of 99.06%. The optimum conditions were achieved within 3 h using 3wt% catalyst concentration, 12:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio and 65°C reaction temperature. In addition, the kinetic study of transesterification reaction was carried out at the temperature from 30°C to 65°C. The pseudo-first order was good agreement with the experiment results. The reaction rate constant (k) and activated energy (Ea) were determined as 0.023 min-1 and 55.77 kJ/mol, respectively.

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Response Surface Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Oil Enhanced by Microwave and Ionic liquid + NaOH Catalyst

Periodica Polytechnica Chemical Engineering ◽

10.3311/ppch.12965 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Prima Astuti Handayani ◽

Abdullah Abdullah ◽

Hadiyanto Hadiyanto

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Response Surface ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Process Condition ◽

Raw Material ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Optimum Process ◽

Calophyllum Inophyllum

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) plant is a highly potential raw material in the biodiesel production, the oil in the seeds is 50-73 %. The microwave has been intensively applied to reduce the processing time while ionic liquid also was used as an acceleration agent in the biodiesel production. The optimum process condition of the biodiesel production using Ionic liquid + NaOH as a catalyst mixture and assisted with microwave heating system were determined in this study. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize three transesterification reaction variables: the catalyst concentration of (0.5-1.5 %wt), the reaction temperature of 60-80 oC, and methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1–12:1, while the transesterification time was set constant at 6 minutes. The optimization showed that the maximum biodiesel yield can be obtained was 95.8 % at the catalyst concentration of 1.2 %wt, the reaction temperature of 71.3 oC, and methanol to oil molar ratio of 10.8 mole/mole.

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Study on Preparation of Biodiesel with Monomer Acid

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.521.72 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 521 ◽

pp. 72-75

Author(s):

Xiao Feng Liu

Keyword(s):

Reaction Time ◽

Reaction Temperature ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Diesel Oil ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Esterification Reaction ◽

Optimum Conditions ◽

Toluenesulfonic Acid ◽

Acid Reaction ◽

Single Factor Experiment

An esterification reaction of monomer acid with methanol using p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst for the preparation of biodiesel was studied. The process variables that influence the esterification of monomer acid, such as catalyst concentration, molar ratio of methanol to acid, reaction time and reaction temperature, were investigated and optimized. Through the single factor experiment, the optimum conditions obtained for the esterification were molar ratio of methanol to acid 3:1, usage amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid 6% and reaction time 3h, reaction temperature 70°C.The produced biodiesel was found to exhibit fuel properties within the limits prescribed by the latest American Standards for Testing Material (ASTM) and 0#diesel oil.

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