scholarly journals Optimisation of Second-Generation Biodiesel Production from Australian Native Stone Fruit Oil Using Response Surface Method

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Anwar ◽  
Mohammad Rasul ◽  
Nanjappa Ashwath ◽  
Md Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Stone Fruit ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Contour Plots

In this study, the production process of second-generation biodiesel from Australian native stone fruit have been optimised using response surface methodology via an alkali catalysed transesterification process. This process optimisation was performed varying three factors, each at three different levels. Methanol: oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration (wt %) and reaction temperature were the input factors in the optimisation process, while biodiesel yield was the key model output. Both 3D surface plots and 2D contour plots were developed using MINITAB 18 to predict optimum biodiesel yield. Gas chromatography (GC) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis of the resulting biodiesel was also done for biodiesel characterisation. To predict biodiesel yield a quadratic model was created and it showed an R2 of 0.98 indicating the satisfactory performance of the model. Maximum biodiesel yield of 95.8% was obtained at a methanol: oil molar ratio of 6:1, KOH catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt % and a reaction temperature of 55 °C. At these reaction conditions, the predicted biodiesel yield was 95.9%. These results demonstrate reliable prediction of the transesterification process by Response surface methodology (RSM). The results also show that the properties of the synthesised Australian native stone fruit biodiesel satisfactorily meet the ASTM D6751 and EN14214 standards. In addition, the fuel properties of Australian native stone fruit biodiesel were found to be similar to those of conventional diesel fuel. Thus, it can be said that Australian native stone fruit seed oil could be used as a potential second-generation biodiesel source as well as an alternative fuel in diesel engines.

scholarly journals Response Surface Methodology for Biodiesel Production Using Calcium Methoxide Catalyst Assisted with Tetrahydrofuran as Cosolvent

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nichaonn Chumuang ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Standard Requirement

The present study was performed to optimize a heterogeneous calcium methoxide (Ca(OCH3)2) catalyzed transesterification process assisted with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a cosolvent for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Response surface methodology (RSM) with a 5-level-4-factor central composite design was applied to investigate the effect of experimental factors on the percentage of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion. A quadratic model with an analysis of variance obtained from the RSM is suggested for the prediction of FAME conversion and reveals that 99.43% of the observed variation is explained by the model. The optimum conditions obtained from the RSM were 2.83 wt% of catalyst concentration, 11.6 : 1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio, 100.14 min of reaction time, and 8.65% v/v of THF in methanol concentration. Under these conditions, the properties of the produced biodiesel satisfied the standard requirement. THF as cosolvent successfully decreased the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, and reaction time when compared with biodiesel production without cosolvent. The results are encouraging for the application of Ca(OCH3)2 assisted with THF as a cosolvent for environmentally friendly and sustainable biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Free Fatty Acid Removal in Nyamplung Seed Oil (Callophyllum inophylum L.) using Response Surface Methodology Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna Dewi Kusumaningtyas ◽  
Haniif Prasetiawan ◽  
Radenrara Dewi Artanti Putri ◽  
Bayu Triwibowo ◽  
Siti Choirunisa Furi Kurnita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Esterification Reaction

Nyamplung seed (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) oil is a prospective non-edible vegetable oil as biodiesel feedstock. However, it cannot be directly used in the alkaline catalysed transesterification reaction since it contains high free fatty acid (FFA) of 19.17%. The FFA content above 2% will cause saponification reaction, reducing the biodiesel yield. In this work, FFA removal was performed using sulfuric acid catalysed esterification to meet the maximum FFA amount of 2%. Experimental work and response surface methodology (RSM) analysis were conducted. The reaction was conducted at the fixed molar ratio of nyamplung seed oil and methanol of 1:30 and the reaction times of 120 minutes. The catalyst concentration and the reaction temperature were varied. The highest reaction conversion was 78.18%, and the FFA concentration was decreased to 4.01% at the temperature of 60℃ and reaction time of 120 minutes. The polynomial model analysis on RSM demonstrated that the quadratic model was the most suitable FFA conversion optimisation. The RSM analysis exhibited the optimum FFA conversion of 78.27% and the FFA content of 4%, attained at the reaction temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time of 59.09℃, 1.98% g/g nyamplung seed oil, and 119.95 minutes, respectively. Extrapolation using RSM predicted that the targeted FFA content of 2% could be obtained at the temperature, catalyst concentration, and reaction time of 58.97℃, 3%, and 194.9 minutes, respectively, with a fixed molar ratio of oil to methanol of 1:30. The results disclosed that RSM is an appropriate statistical method for optimising the process variable in the esterification reaction to obtain the targeted value of FFA.

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSESTERIFICATION OF TRA FAT WITH KOH/y Al2O3 CATALYST USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Huong Thi Thanh Le ◽  
Tan Viet Le ◽  
Tan Minh Phan ◽  
Hoa Thi Viet Tran
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Heterogenous Catalyst ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Al2o3 Catalyst

In this study, biodiesel was produced from fat of tra catfish by methanolysis reaction with KOH/y-A12O3 heterogenous catalyst. This research was carried out using response surface methodology (RSM) based on four-variable central composite design (CCD) with a = 1,54671. The transesterification process variables and their investigated ranges were methanol/fat molar ratio (X1: 7/1 - 9/1), catalyst concentration (X2: 5%-7%), reaction time (X3: 60 min - 120 min), and reaction temperature (X4: 55 °C - 65 °C). The result show the biodiesel yield could be reach up to 92,8 % using the following optimized reaction condition: molar ratio of methanol/fat at 8,26/1, catalyst concentration of 5,79 %, reaction time of 96 min, and reaction temperature at 59,6 °C.

Application of Response Surface Methodology for Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Microalgae Through Nanocatalytic Transesterification Process.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaishali Mittal ◽  
Uttam Kumar Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Process Parameters ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Production of biodiesel from microalgae is gaining popularity since it does not compromise food security or the global economy. This article reports biodiesel production with Spirulina microalgae through nanocatalytic transesterification process. The nanocatalyst calcium methoxide Ca(OCH3)2 was synthesized using wet impregnation method and utilized to carry out the transesterification process. The nanocatalyst was characterized to evaluate its structural and spectral characteristics using different characterization techniques such as Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Brunaeur-Emmett-Teller(BET) measurement for surface area. The result demonstrates that calcium methoxide Ca(OCH3)2 possesses a high catalytic activity compared to a heterogeneous catalyst such as calcium oxide (CaO). The impact of several process parameters such as reaction temperature, the molar ratio of methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, and reaction time used in the transesterification process was optimized by employing central composite design(CCD) based response surface methodology(RSM). The polynomial regression equation of second order was obtained for methyl esters. The model projected a 99% fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield for optimal process parameters of reaction time 3hrs,3 wt.% of Ca(OCH3)2 catalyst loading, 80°C reaction temperature, and 30:1 methanol to oil molar ratio.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Crude Cottonseed Oil: An Optimization Process Using Response Surface Methodology

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohu Fan ◽  
Xi Wang ◽  
Feng Chen
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Cottonseed Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Crude Cottonseed Oil ◽  
Hplc Analyses

Biodiesel, known as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), was produced from crude cottonseed oil (triglycerides) by transesterification with methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide. This process was optimized by applying factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM) with SAS and PSIPLOT programs. A second-order mathematical model was obtained to predict the yield as a function of methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and rate of mixing. Based on ridge max analysis and RSM, as well as economic cost consideration, the practical optimal condition for the production of biodiesel was found to be: methanol/oil molar ratio, 7.9; temperature, 53 °C; time, 45 min; catalyst concentration, 1.0%; and rate of mixing, 268 rpm. The optimized condition was validated with the actual biodiesel yield of 97%. Furthermore, the biodiesel was confirmed by HPLC analyses that triglycerides of cottonseed oil were almost completely converted to FAME.

scholarly journals Optimization of Ostrich Eggshell Catalyst in Transesterification Using Waste Cooking Oil via Response Surface Methodology

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yie Hua Yie Tan ◽  
Mohammad Omar Abdullah ◽  
Jibrail Kansedo ◽  
Agus Saptoro ◽  
Cirilo Nolasco Hipolito
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Ostrich Eggshell

In this research work, waste cooking oil biodiesel production was optimized using a design of experiment (DOE) approach: response surface methodology (RSM), based on a five level, three variables central composite design (CCD) to investigate the interaction effects of the different combination of transesterification reaction variables such as catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and time, using ostrich eggshell CaO base catalyst. A quadratic polynomial equation of the response, biodiesel yield was attained via multiple regression analysis to predict the relation between yield and the chosen variables. The results showed that the temperature and time are the most important process parameters on the biodiesel production. The optimal operating conditions for the transesterification reaction have been found to be: reaction temperature of 67 °C, alcohol/oil molar ratio of 10:1 (fixed parameter), catalyst concentration of 1.97 % w/w and reaction time of 1.77 h. The predicted biodiesel yield was about 99.67% under the optimal conditions through the ANOVA numerical method.

scholarly journals Optimisation of Epoxide Ring-Opening Reaction for the Synthesis of Bio-Polyol from Palm Oil Derivative Using Response Surface Methodology

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 648
Author(s):  
Norsuhaili Kamairudin ◽  
Seng Soi Hoong ◽  
Luqman Chuah Abdullah ◽  
Hidayah Ariffin ◽  
Dayang Radiah Awang Biak
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Methyl Oleate ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Quadratic Model ◽  
Epoxide Ring ◽  
Reaction Parameters ◽  
Hydroxyl Value

The development of bio-polyol from vegetable oil and its derivatives is gaining much interest from polyurethane industries and academia. In view of this, the availability of methyl oleate derived from palm oil, which is aimed at biodiesel production, provides an excellent feedstock to produce bio-polyol for polyurethane applications. In this recent study, response surface methodology (RSM) with a combination of central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to optimise the reaction parameters in order to obtain a maximised hydroxyl value (OHV). Three reaction parameters were selected, namely the mole ratio of epoxidised methyl oleate (EMO) to glycerol (1:5–1:10), the amount of catalyst loading (0.15–0.55%) and reaction temperature (90–150 °C) on a response variable as the hydroxyl value (OHV). The analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated that the quadratic model was significant at 98% confidence level with (p-value > 0.0001) with an insignificant lack of fit and the regression coefficient (R2) was 0.9897. The optimum reaction conditions established by the predicted model were: 1:10 mole ratio of EMO to glycerol, 0.18% of catalyst and 120 °C reaction temperature, giving a hydroxyl value (OHV) of 306.190 mg KOH/g for the experimental value and 301.248 mg KOH/g for the predicted value. This result proves that the RSM model is capable of forecasting the relevant response. FTIR analysis was employed to monitor the changes of functional group for each synthesis and the confirmation of this finding was analysed by NMR analysis. The viscosity and average molecular weight (MW) were 513.48 mPa and 491 Da, respectively.

scholarly journals Response Surface Optimization of Biodiesel Production from Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) Oil Enhanced by Microwave and Ionic liquid + NaOH Catalyst

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prima Astuti Handayani ◽  
Abdullah Abdullah ◽  
Hadiyanto Hadiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquid ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Calophyllum Inophyllum

Nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) plant is a highly potential raw material in the biodiesel production, the oil in the seeds is 50-73 %. The microwave has been intensively applied to reduce the processing time while ionic liquid also was used as an acceleration agent in the biodiesel production. The optimum process condition of the biodiesel production using Ionic liquid + NaOH as a catalyst mixture and assisted with microwave heating system were determined in this study. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize three transesterification reaction variables: the catalyst concentration of (0.5-1.5 %wt), the reaction temperature of 60-80 oC, and methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1–12:1, while the transesterification time was set constant at 6 minutes. The optimization showed that the maximum biodiesel yield can be obtained was 95.8 % at the catalyst concentration of 1.2 %wt, the reaction temperature of 71.3 oC, and methanol to oil molar ratio of 10.8 mole/mole.

scholarly journals Optimization of Lipase Catalyzed Biofuel Synthesis From Waste Filter Coffee Using Response Surface Methodology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOGAYHAN KUTLUK
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Enzyme Content

Abstract This study was executed that optimize an environmentally friendly lipase (Resinase® HT with the activity of 135,56 U/ml) catalyzed transesterification process from novel feedstock waste filter coffee oil for biofuel production. Response surface methodology (RSM) with the central composite design was performed to investigate the effect of experimental factors (enzyme content, oil/methanol molar ratio, reaction temperature) on the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) conversion and also investigated to resolve the optimum design points. After the experimental studies the lowest FAME conversion was found as 71% when the enzyme content was 15%(%gr w/w), oil/methanol molar ratio was 0.17 and the reaction temperature value was 45 °C. According to the design response, 70.83% was observed in the same conditions. The highest FAME conversion of 97% was found when the enzyme content was 5%(%gr w/w), oil/methanol molar ratio was 0.25 and the reaction temperature value was 35 °C. The experimental run gave the FAME conversion of 96.80% at the same reaction conditions. The model fitted with the experimental values with R2 = 0.98. Also, classical soxhlet extraction and Dyer method oil yields were compared. 24 % and 20 % oil removed from waste coffee grounds in traditional soxhlet and Dyer method respectively. The extraction process took 30 minutes with the soxhlet method and 45 minutes with the Dyer method. The results are promising for the application of lipase catalyst for environmentally friendly and sustainable biodiesel production from waste coffee oils all over the world.

Biodiesel yield enhancement through optimizing process parameters with assistance of solar energy—Taguchi and response surface methodology application

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440622110549
Author(s):  
Yashvir Singh ◽  
Avani Kumar Upadhyay ◽  
Nishant Kumar Singh ◽  
Abhishek Sharma ◽  
Amneesh Singla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Catalyst Concentration ◽  
Linseed Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Yield Enhancement ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Jojoba Oil ◽  
Contour Plots

In today’s scenario, biodiesel is one of the best alternatives to diesel for application as an eco-friendly product. In this work, jojoba oil is transesterified using solar energy for heating purposes. A solar parabolic trough collector having 6.4 m2 and 89% reflectivity is used to concentrate solar rays on a sealed container containing jojoba oil and catalyst-alcohol mixture, placed at the focus of the dish. The performance parameters like molar ratio (MR), reaction time (RT), and catalyst concentration (CC) are optimized. The result showed the highest yield of 89.67% at the optimum condition of molar ratio 9:1, reaction time 120 min, and catalyst concentration 0.8 wt.%. The highest contribution of 55.13% is measured for the molar ratio, followed by reaction time and catalyst concentration. Later, the interaction between MR, RT, and CC is established by response surface/contour plots; and their effects on biodiesel yield are discussed. Subsequently, the various physicochemical properties of raw jojoba oil and jojoba oil methyl ester are also measured and discussed as per ASTM standards. The unsaturated acid content in the biodiesel is also measured by gas chromatography. Hence, the blends of linseed oil with diesel fuel can be used in the IC engines with little or no modifications in engine parameters. Therefore, the use of solar energy could effectively reduce the use of electricity to cut down the processing cost in biodiesel production. Also, the methods should be established for methanol recovery from glycerine.

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