A multigene approach secures hydroxy fatty acid production in Arabidopsis

A central goal of green chemistry is to produce industrially useful fatty acids in oilseed crops. Although genes encoding suitable fatty acid-modifying enzymes are available from more than a dozen wild species, progress has been limited because expression of these enzymes in transgenic plants produces only low yields of the desired products. For example, fatty acid hydroxylase 12 (FAH12) from castor (Ricinus communis) produces only 17% hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) when expressed in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), compared to 90% HFA in castor seeds. The transgenic plants also have reduced oil content and seed vigor. Here, we review experiments that have provided for steady increases HFA accumulation and oil content. This research has led to exciting new discoveries of enzymes and regulatory processes in the pathways of both seed oil synthesis and lipid metabolism in other parts of the plant. Recent investigations have revealed that HFA-accumulating seeds are unable to rapidly mobilize HFA- containing triacylglycerol (TAG) storage lipid after germination to provide carbon and energy for seedling development, resulting in reduced seedling establishment. These findings present a new opportunity to investigate a different, key area of lipid metabolism - the pathways of TAG lipolysis and β-oxidation in germinating seedlings.

Study of Contamination of Some Plants With Some Heavy Metals and Study The Presence of Cyanide in Plants in The City of Mosul

The research included a study on the presence of some heavy metals, including copper, iron and zinc in some medicinal plants circulating in the city of Mosul, as well as the study of the presence of cyanide in some other plants, when measuring the concentration of iron in saffron was less concentrated among plants of 0.797 mg/kg, followed by anise 7.3417 mg/kg, followed by mint 10.87 mg/kg. Kg and high concentrations appeared in the coriander plant, where the iron concentration was 486.6 mg/kg, ginger bread 396.49 mg/kg and corn 200.1 mg/kg and Marjoram 154.2 mg/kg, either Measuring the concentration of potters in medicinal plants in saffron plant was the lowest concentration of all plants used in the study and was 0.304 mg/kg followed by anise 7.8 mg/kg, followed by oranges 17.58 mg/kg, and high concentrations of coriander 179.2 mg/kg, ginger 111.3 mg/kg, while measuring of the concentration of copper in the medicinal plants used in the study the ratio of copper in saffron was low and amounted to 0.377 mg/kg (Dry weight), the highest concentration of copper was in the coriander plant, which was 120.922 mg/kg, ginger copper concentration was 50.78 mg/kg, and for the rest of the plants the concentration of copper ranged from (2.93 to 36.1) 22 mg/kg), while when measuring the iron ratio in the medicinal plants used in the study, and in a study The concentration of cyanide in plants (diphtheloide, apple seeds, perfalathseeds, henna seeds, castor seeds) by Spectrophotometer has been obtained different cyanide concentrations in these plants in the diphtherty the highest ratio of cyanide is 71.4 micrograms/30g (dry weight) followed by castor seeds 64.05 micrograms/30g, followed by henna seeds 31.36 mcg/30g, while in apple seeds the concentration of cyanide was 29.6 μg/30g and orange seeds 10.95 mcg/30g.

Research on Structural–Mechanical Properties during the Castor Episperm Breaking Process

Products from castor seeds have been widely used in various fields. In order to study the breaking behavior and rupture mechanism of castor seed episperm during coat shelling process, the force-structure property of coating castor seed was investigated by a self-developed texture analyzer with in situ optical microscopic observation. Influences of compression distance, velocity and working temperature were studied. The results showed that castor seed episperm rupture commonly happened from the tail end to the first end. Compression distance effect can change the episperm cracking degree. Under pressing distance 2–3 mm, the episperm easily cracked into two flaps, and the breaking force stabilized at 77 N. Pressing velocity has no significant effect on episperm breaking. Temperature changes the physical property. With an increase in temperature, breaking force presents a “slope” decline; under a temperature of 120 ℃, temperature effect on the breaking force decreased significantly and the breaking force fell to about 52 N. The research results can provide theoretical basis for the castor episperm peeling.

Pembuatan Biodisel dari Minyak Jarak dengan Metode TransesterifikasI Menggunakan Etanol Teknis dan Metanol PA

Increased fuel use can lead to air pollution and other environmental impacts. Substitution of fuel Oil with environmentally friendly fuel alternatives is one solution. Castor oil (Jatropha curcas L) contained in castor seeds can be processed into biodiesel with transesterification process. The most widely used alcohol in the manufacture of biodiesel is methanol. Methanol is made from a material that is not renewable. While ethanol from renewable materials and pure ethanol are expensive. In this study used campurn ethanol to reduce the use of methanol. The purpose of this study is to find out the optimum comparison of methanol-ethanol. The manufacture of biodicells is carried out by a 2-stage process, namely the esterification process and the transesterification process. The esterification process uses HCL catalysts. The transesterification process uses a comparison of methanol and ethanol with variations of 3:1,2:1,1:1,1:2 and 1:3. The catalyst used in the transesterification process is KOH 0.1%. The results showed that the optimum condition in the use of methanol: Technical Etahol is 2:1 within 30 minutes, yielding a yield of 56.1%. The quality test score of type weight and viscosity shows a value of 0.86-0.89 g/mL and 2.9-3.5 so that the results of the study are declared to pass the product test with density and viscosity test standards

APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR THE OPTIMIZATION OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION VIA TRANSESTERIFICATION OF CASTOR OIL WITH CALCIUM OXIDE

Castor seeds were processed and the oil was extracted from the paste by cold pressing and the yield obtained was 42.80%. Moisture content of 4.38% was found. The crude oil was obtained as clear, viscous, pale-yellow liquid. of crude castor oil with methanol to produce in the presence of calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst was carried out. This study the fuel properties of ; the FTIR spectrum for the revealed the functional groups with characteristics bands, C=O, (CH2) n-, C-O, C=C, OH and C-H in the spectrum. From the result of the FTIR and GC-MS, the methyl ester groups present in the produced was determined and 9-Octadecenoic acid-12-hydroxy- methyl ester was identified as the most abundant compound in the which have all the functional groups as revealed by the FTIR. The experimental design as well as statistical analysis were done and using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) design expert 12.0 version software which was also used for the optimization of the three process parameters. The optimum conditions for production were a reaction temperature of 620C, methanol to oil ratio of 11:1 and a catalyst of 3.5 of oil at 1hour. The content under these optimum conditions was 54%. R2 value of 0.9996 was obtained showing good fitting

An Electrochemical Approach to Follow and Evaluate the Kinetic Catalysis of Ricin on hsDNA

International authorities classify the ricin toxin, present in castor seeds, as a potential agent for use in bioterrorism. Therefore, the detection, identification, and characterization of ricin are considered the first actions for its risk assessment during a suspected exposure, parallel to the development of therapeutic and medical countermeasures. In this study, we report the kinetic analysis of electro-oxidation of adenine released from hsDNA by the catalytic action of ricin by square wave voltammetry. The results suggest that ricin-mediated adenine release exhibited an unusual kinetic profile, with a progress curve controlled by the accumulation of the product and the values of the kinetic constants of 46.6 µM for Km and 2000 min−1 for kcat, leading to a catalytic efficiency of 7.1 × 105 s−1 M−1.

Biodiesel Production from Castor oil in the Presence of Lipase/ Functionalized Mesoporous SBA-15

BackgroundEnzyme immobilization is efficient tool to reduce enzymatic processes cost and improve catalyst stability. The enzymatic catalytic transesterification reaction of castor oil was studied for the production of biodiesel. In this research, castor seeds oil was extracted and used along with methanol as substrates for enzymatic transesterification reaction. Porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL) immobilized on calcium alginate (Ca-Alg) and mesoporous SBA-15 supports identified, and its potential was investigated for used as the reaction catalyst.ResultsThe mesoporous SBA-15 supports with a high specific surface area (519.25 m2/g) and the pore diameter (83.2 Å) was suitable for immobilization of the PPL with 4.6⨯2.6⨯1.1 nm3 dimensions. The effect of temperature, biocatalyst concentration, methanol/oil molar ratio and water content on biodiesel conversion were investigated in presents of PPL immobilized on mesoporous SBA-15-OH-NH2-GA. The biodiesel conversion in the presence of PPL immobilized on SBA-15-OH-NH2-GA and Ca-Alg was calculated 88.6% and 77.65% in optimal conditions respectively. Conclusions The result indicate that castor plant has a very high potential for use in the future of the biodiesel industry as a substrate for transesterification reaction. The biodiesel production efficiency is higher when the PPL is immobilized on the SBA-15-OH-NH2-GA toward than conditions that immobilized on the Ca-Alg.