scholarly journals Visual Representation of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes in Multiple Regions on Integrated Maps

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minghan Zhu ◽  
Jeffrey Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Probability Measures ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Systematic Expansion ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Virus Genomes ◽  
Visual Results ◽  
Initial Exploration

Abstract This paper represents visual results for the B2 module of the MAS. Using four meta genetic variables, multiple probability measures are extracted. Variations between pairs of virus genomes could be measured. From a macroscopic viewpoint, measures can be organized in a set of 16 × 16 with (m+ 1)2 density matrix in combinations with supersymmetric properties. In view of the different types of coronary virus samples, various pairs of genomes make different projections under multiple levels of hierarchical forms of quantization matrix. Under proper selection, huge numbers of variations could be performed. Applying this transformation, a list of sample results are generated to illustrate intrinsic symmetric maps associated with selected parameters. Since this is an initial exploration, further explorations on theoretical foundation and specific applications are essential to support applicable theory and the systematic expansion on medical applications for COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Visual Representation of SARS-CoV-2 Genomes in Multiple Regions on Integrated Maps

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Zheng ◽  
Minghan Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Probability Measures ◽  
Proper Selection ◽  
Systematic Expansion ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Multiple Regions ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Virus Genomes ◽  
Visual Results ◽  
Initial Exploration

Abstract This paper represents visual results for the B2 module of the MAS. Using four meta genetic variables, multiple probability measures are extracted. Variations between pairs of virus genomes could be measured. From a macroscopic viewpoint, measures can be organized in a set of 1616 with (m+1)2 density matrix in combinations with supersymmetric properties. In view of the different types of coronary virus samples, various pairs of genomes make different projections under multiple levels of hierarchical forms of quantization matrix. Under proper selection, huge numbers of variations could be performed. Applying this transformation, a list of sample results are generated to illustrate intrinsic symmetric maps associated with selected parameters. Since this is an initial exploration, further explorations on theoretical foundation and specific applications are essential to support applicable theory and the systematic expansion on medical applications for COVID-19 patients.

On conditional stochastic ordering of distributions

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludger Rüschendorf
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Ordering ◽  
Basic Relation ◽  
Probability Measures ◽  
Conditional Expectations ◽  
Different Types

Conditional stochastic ordering is concerned with the stochastic ordering of a pair of probability measures conditional on certain subsets or sub-σ -algebras. Some basic results of conditional stochastic ordering were proved by Whitt. We extend some of Whitt's results and prove a basic relation between stochastic ordering conditional on subsets and stochastic ordering conditional on σ -algebras. In the second part of the paper we consider the ordering of conditional expectations. There are several different formulations of this problem motivated by different types of applications.

scholarly journals Visualizations of Multiple Probability Measures for SARS-CoV-2 Genomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tan Yao ◽  
Jeffrey Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Metagenomic Analysis ◽  
Probability Measures ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Visual Results

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 genomes are collected from various open source genomic banks. A set of SARS-CoV-2 genomes are selected for visualization under both the A3 and C1 modules of the metagenomic analysis system MAS. Multiple probability measures are mapped as relevant 1D histograms, and it is convenient to observe distinct differences among various distributions to organize similar patterns into relevant groups. Sample genomes were processed, and their visual results were illustrated.

scholarly journals Visualizations of Combinatorial Entropy Index on Whole SARS-CoV-2 Genomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Zheng ◽  
Yang Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Information Entropy ◽  
Clustering Analysis ◽  
Probability Measures ◽  
Distribution Characteristics ◽  
Entropy Index ◽  
Theory Of Information ◽  
Visualization Technology ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Index Maps ◽  
Visual Results

Abstract In this paper, a set of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from four countries are selected for visualizations under the C1 modules of the metagenomic analysis system MAS. Based on the variant construction and the theory of information entropy, the module makes statistics on the number of bases in SARS-CoV-2 sequences to calculate the base probability measures in segments to generate the combinatorial entropy index data from the base probability measures. Under visualization technology, the combinatorial entropy index is projected on 2D clustering genomic index maps and 1D histogram maps to provide projection results. The visual results provide intuitive and easy properties to analyze complicated clustering among genomes to support clustering analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in batches, showing the distribution characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 genomes in different countries or regions conveniently.

It takes all types: social psychology, trust, and the international relations paradigm in our minds

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Rathbun
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Structural Realism ◽  
International Relations Theory ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Levels Of Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Neoliberal Institutionalism

The insights of social psychology are not thoroughly integrated into international relations theory, yet social psychology has much to offer. Social psychology provides a conceptualization of a number of varieties of trust – moralistic, strategic, and generalized – and their opposites that implicitly drive the logic of major works of international relations. It also reveals the empirical presence of a number of different types of trusters who make different assumptions about the trustworthiness of others and consequently show markedly different propensities towards cooperation. The rough correspondence between these different ‘social orientations’ and the logics of the three approaches of structural realism, neoliberal institutionalism, and constructivism suggest that individuals carry a crude paradigm in their minds. Metatheoretically, the implication for international relations theory is that scholars capture a part but not the totality of world politics, the behavior of those who trust (or do not trust) in a particular way that matches the logic of their paradigms. Theoretically it suggests a research agenda at multiple levels of analysis, utilizing all of the types of trust and trusters. I review the work of others that offers some preliminary evidence for its plausibility, suggest some hypotheses of my own, and address potential theoretical objections.

Conceptualisations of ugly and beautiful

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahmineh Tayebi
Keyword(s):  
Moral Order ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Evaluative Terms ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The aim of this paper is to study conceptualisations of two Persian evaluative terms, namely zesht (ugly) and zibâ (beautiful), by focusing on their use at the metapragmatic level in evaluations of im/polite act. To achieve this aim, by drawing on natural and authentic examples from Persian speakers, the relationship between the use of the metapragmatic markers zesht and zibâ and the im/polite (non)linguistic act is addressed and the types of im/polite behaviours that licence the use of these metapragmatic markers is further explored. It will also be argued that conceptualisations of im/politeness seem to be expressed predominantly in terms of aesthetic terms which are situationally constructed and are morally informed. The examples reveal that the use of the aesthetic markers as metapragmatic markers originates from a set of cultural conceptualisations, which are part of the moral order, and in fact, shape and are, over time, shaped by the norms of im/politeness that exist at multiple levels of society. These socially and culturally shared conceptualisations greatly influence the practices by which judgments and evaluations of impoliteness arises in different types of interaction.

Suicidal Head Injuries

1943 ◽  
Vol 89 (374) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Guttmann
Keyword(s):  
Frontal Lobe ◽  
Nursing Care ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
Physiological Effect ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Frontal Lesions

Damage to the frontal lobe is liable to produce personality changes; it is highly probable that lesions have to be bilateral to have this effect. But beyond that, there is little agreement about type, extent and localization within the frontal lobe of the lesions which are followed by personality change. Little is known about the different types of clinical picture caused by bilateral frontal lesions. In a certain proportion of the cases euphoria is the most impressive symptom, and it is for this reason that operations on the frontal lobes have been proposed in the treatment of depressions. (Lit., see Hutton.) The value of the procedure is still under discussion, and its theoretical foundation is far from being understood. This is not surprising, for if one tries to analyse such an operation, one has to take into account at least four variables: the patient's previous personality, his mental illness, the psycho-physiological effect of the lesion, and the psychological effect of operation, nursing care and environmental changes. The cerebral factor is obviously the most interesting one; to judge its importance one tends to interpret the operative results in the light of experience after other frontal operations or injuries.

Reconsidering Vertical Integration: An Examination of National Political Parties and Their Counterparts in Ontario

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Pruysers
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Organizational Design ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Canadian Politics ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Party Members ◽  
Multiple Levels

AbstractThis paper reconsiders whether federal and provincial parties are as independent and separate as the literature would suggest. Examining five different types of party personnel (party members, activists, riding presidents, candidates and legislators) this paper explores how federal parties and their counterparts in Ontario have responded to multi-level governance. Rather than embracing “two political worlds,” party personnel have responded to the federal nature of Canadian politics by engaging with parties at multiple levels. Additionally, the paper examines two competing explanations of party integration and seeks to uncover whether differences organizational design or ideological consistency best explain divergent levels of party integration. The experience of the Conservatives demonstrates that vertical integration is not a result of a party's organizational design alone and that a coherent ideology can help to offset a truncated organizational structure.

Clinical backgrounds of the patients having different types of hepatitis C virus genomes

1992 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Takada ◽  
Shujiro Takase ◽  
Nobuyuki Enomoto ◽  
Akira Takada ◽  
Takayasu Date
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Virus Genomes

Influence of Internal Cavitating Flow of the Nozzle on Spray Characteristics in a Diesel Engine

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 1874-1877
Author(s):  
Ju Yan Liu ◽  
Zhi Xia He ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Zhao Chen Jiang ◽  
Li Li Tian
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Optimization Design ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Cavitating Flow ◽  
Fuel Spray ◽  
Sauter Mean Diameter ◽  
Spray Characteristics ◽  
Fuel Atomization ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Nozzle Hole

Fuel atomization and penetration are known to significantly affect the combustion and emission processes in diesel engines. In the fuel supply system of diesel engines, the internal cavitaing flow of the nozzle is one of the most important effects on fuel spray characteristics. So it is necessary to simulate fuel spray coupling with internal cavitaing flow of the nozzle. In order to analyze the influence of cavitaing flow in the nozzle hole on spray, a coupling spray simulation was carried out with the output data of cavitaing flow in nozzles using FIRE v2010. The results of this work show that the characteristics of cavitating flow in orifice have an effect on both macroscopic properties, such as spray tip penetration and spray symmetry, and microscopic properties, like Sauter Mean Diameter-SMD. Moreover, the spray characteristics from three different types of nozzle were simulated to study the effect of nozzle structure on internal cavitating flow and subsequent spray, which supplies the theoretical foundation for the optimization design of the injector.

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