Association of Thiol–disulfide Homeostasis with Retinal Layer Thickness in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Background: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between early changes in retinal layer thickness and thiol–disulfide homeostasis in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Materials-Methods: There were 69 patients with T2DM (61 patients without retinopathy, 8 patients with retinopathy) and 21 healthy controls. In patients without retinopathy, 31 of the patients had a disease duration under 10 years, 30 of the patients had a disease duration over 10 years. Retinal layer thickness of the right eye was measured using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography. Results: Patients with T2DM and healthy controls had mean ages of 48.40 ± 8.25 years and 45.94 ± 7.32 years, respectively. The ganglion cell layer and retinal pigment epithelium thicknesses were significantly lesser in patients without diabetic retinopathy than those in the control group. In patients without diabetic retinopathy and with a disease duration of under 10 years, there was a negative correlation between the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (µm) and disulphide/total thiol ratio, between the inner nuclear layer thickness (µm) and disulphide/native thiol ratio as well as disulphide/total thiol ratio (r= −0.376, p= 0.037; r= −0.356, p= 0.050; r= −0.380, p= 0.035, respectively) and positive correlation between the INL thickness (µm) and native thiol/total thiol ratio (r= 0.359, p= 0.047).Conclusion: Early changes in retinal layers in patients with DM were associated with thiol–disulfide homeostasis. Administration of therapeutic supplements may aid in the management of low thiol concentrations; this increases the importance of the study findings.

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Data Analyses with ImageJ Software in Diabetic Retinopathy, By Processing the Optical Coherence Tomography Images

Journal of Clinical Review & Case Reports ◽

10.33140/jcrc.05.01.08 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Control Group ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

Data Analyses ◽

Imagej Software ◽

Thickness Measurements

The study is based on Optical Coherence Tomography images resulting from investigation of 24 patients (with a total of 33 eyes) with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and of 19 patients (with a total of 26 eyes) without diabetes mellitus as control group. Patients’ age was between 43 and 92 years old, with a mean age of 66.4 years for first group, and a mean age of 67.6 years for the second one. From this large group, after the first data evaluation, we selected patients aged 40 to 65. We evaluated daily each patient, at 9 am, 12 pm, 3 pm and 6 pm, through glycemic level and Optical Coherence Tomography investigation using Macular Cube 512x128 images acquisition type. In the same time, we made specifically measurements of photoreceptor and retinal pigment epithelium layers thickness using ImageJ software. We analysed comparatively data given by Optical Coherence Tomography tool and those obtained through direct thickness measurements for three macular zones: one central (foveola) and two circulars (para-foveolar and peri-foveolar), having 1 mm, 3 mm, respectively 6 mm in diameter. We concluded that age and time of the day are significantly factors that influence the diabetic retinopathy. We also suggest this method as further investigation tool mostly for patients at the beginning of illness discovering, in order to diminishing and even stopping its evolution.

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The Effects of Uncomplicated Cataract Surgery on Retinal Layer Thickness

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2018/7218639 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ali Kurt ◽

Raşit Kılıç

Keyword(s):

Cataract Surgery ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Study Results ◽

Long Term Follow Up ◽

Clinical Trials Registry

Purpose. Our aim was to assess changes in the total retinal thickness (TRT), total retinal volume (TRV), and retinal layer thickness after uncomplicated cataract surgery. Methods. A total of 32 eyes of 32 patients who had undergone uncomplicated phacoemulsification surgery and intraocular lens implantation in one eye were enrolled. Effective phacoemulsification time (EPT) and total energy (TE) were recorded. Thickness and TRV were measured using optical coherence tomography. Data were collected preoperatively and at postoperative day 1, 7, 30, 90, and 180. Results. The study results showed a decrease in TRT, TRV, and most retinal layer thicknesses at the first postoperative day visit and then increasing at week 1, and months 1 and 3, and then relatively decreasing at month 6 although not returning to preoperative levels. The least affected layers were the retinal pigment epithelium and outer plexiform layer. There was a positive correlation between EPT and TE and ganglion cell layer in a 1 mm circle and inner nuclear layer in a 1–3 mm circle (p<0.05). Conclusion. The results suggest that long-term follow-up of more than 6 months is necessary after cataract surgery to see whether total retinal and segmental values return to preoperative levels. This study was registered with Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR): ACTRN12618000763246.

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Outer Retinal Layer Thickness Changes in White Matter Hyperintensity and Parkinson's Disease

Frontiers in Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnins.2021.741651 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Yitian Zhao ◽

Jinyu Zhao ◽

Yuanyuan Gu ◽

Bang Chen ◽

Jiaqi Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

White Matter ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

White Matter Hyperintensity ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Retinal Layers

Purpose: To investigate the thickness changes of outer retinal layers in subjects with white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and Parkinson's Disease (PD).Methods: 56 eyes from 31 patients with WMH, 11 eyes from 6 PD patients, and 58 eyes from 32 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. A macular-centered scan was conducted on each participant using a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) device. After speckle noise reduction, a state-of-the-art deep learning method (i.e., a context encoder network) was employed to segment the outer retinal layers from OCT B-scans. Thickness quantification of the outer retinal layers was conducted on the basis of the segmentation results.Results: WMH patients had significantly thinner Henle fiber layers, outer nuclear layers (HFL+ONL) and photoreceptor outer segments (OS) than HC (p = 0.031, and p = 0.005), while PD patients showed a significant increase of mean thickness in the interdigitation zone and the retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch complex (IZ+RPE) (19.619 ± 4.626) compared to HC (17.434 ± 1.664). There were no significant differences in the thickness of the outer plexiform layer (OPL), the myoid and ellipsoid zone (MEZ), and the IZ+RPE layer between WMH and HC subjects. Similarly, there were also no obvious differences in the thickness of the OPL, HFL+ONL, MEZ and the OS layer between PD and HC subjects.Conclusion: Thickness changes in HFL+ONL, OS, and IZ+RPE layers may correlate with brain-related diseases such as WMH and PD. Further longitudinal study is needed to confirm HFL+ONL/OS/IZ+RPE layer thickness as potential biomarkers for detecting certain brain-related diseases.

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Association between Visual Acuity and Retinal Layer Metrics in Diabetics with and without Macular Edema

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2018/1089043 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

LakshmiPriya Rangaraju ◽

Xuejuan Jiang ◽

J. Jason McAnany ◽

Michael R. Tan ◽

Justin Wanek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Macular Edema ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Microvasculature

Purpose. Diabetes is known to cause alterations in retinal microvasculature and tissue that progressively lead to visual impairment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is useful for assessment of total retinal thickening due to diabetic macular edema (DME). In the current study, we determined associations between visual acuity (VA) and retinal layer thickness, reflectance, and interface disruption derived from enface OCT images in subjects with and without DME. Materials and Methods. Best corrected VA was measured and high-density OCT volume scans were acquired in 149 diabetic subjects. A previously established image segmentation method identified retinal layer interfaces and locations of visually indiscernible (disrupted) interfaces. Enface thickness maps and reflectance images of the nerve fiber layer (NFL), combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCLIPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), photoreceptor outer segment layer (OSL), and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were generated in the central macular subfield. The associations among VA and retinal layer metrics were determined by multivariate linear regressions after adjusting for covariates (age, sex, race, HbA1c, diabetes type, and duration) and correcting for multiple comparisons. Results. In DME subjects, increased GCLIPL and OPL thickness and decreased OSL thickness were associated with reduced VA. Furthermore, increased NFL reflectance and decreased OSL reflectance were associated with reduced VA. Additionally, increased areas of INL and ONL interface disruptions were associated with reduced VA. In subjects without DME, increased INL thickness was associated with reduced VA, whereas in subjects without DME but with previous antivascular endothelium growth factor treatment, thickening of OPL was associated with reduced VA. Conclusions. Alterations in retinal layer thickness and reflectance metrics derived from enface OCT images were associated with reduced VA with and without presence of DME, suggestive of their potential for monitoring development, progression, and treatment of DME.

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Reduced vessel density in deep capillary plexus correlates with retinal layer thickness in choroideremia

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316528 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316528

Author(s):

Alessandro Arrigo ◽

Francesco Romano ◽

Maurizio Battaglia Parodi ◽

Peter Charbel Issa ◽

Johannes Birtel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Layer Thickness ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Vessel Density ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Retinal Layers ◽

Clinical Series

BackgroundTo assess retinal layer thickness in choroideremia (CHM) and to reveal its correlation with optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) findings.MethodsThe study was designed as an observational, cross-sectional clinical series of patients with CHM, which included 14 CHM eyes and 14 age-matched controls. Multimodal imaging included OCT and OCTA. The vessel density (VD) of superficial capillary (SCP), deep capillary (DCP) and choriocapillaris (CC) plexuses was analysed by OCTA. The apparently preserved retinal islet and atrophic regions were investigated separately. Main outcome measures were as follows: best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), total retinal layers, ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), ellipsoid zone–retinal pigment epithelium (EZ-RPE) layer, choroidal thickness and VDs of SCP, DCP and of CC.ResultsMean BCVA was 0.0±0.0 LogMAR in both groups. GCL, ONL, EZ-RPE and choroid were significantly thinned in CHM, particularly in the atrophic region. OPL was unaffected in the apparently preserved islet, whereas INL and IPL were similarly thinned in the atrophic and apparently preserved retina. DCP appeared severely affected in both regions, while CC was only altered in the atrophic retina. Significant correlations were found between OCT and OCTA parameters.ConclusionsOur study showed severe alterations in both outer and inner retinal layers of patients with CHM. The extended retinal involvement might be the consequence of neuronal and vascular trophic factor reduction produced by the primarily altered RPE and/or secondary Müller glial cell reaction.

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Alterations of Retinal Pigment Epithelium–Photoreceptor Complex in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without Diabetic Retinopathy: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Diabetes Research ◽

10.1155/2020/9232157 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zheren Xia ◽

Hao Chen ◽

Suilian Zheng

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Type 2 Dm ◽

Sd Oct

Aim. A cross-sectional study was performed to examine the alterations of the retinal pigment epithelium– (RPE–) photoreceptor complex layer in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) without diabetic retinopathy (DR), using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods. Patients with type 2 DM without DR and healthy controls without DM were recruited. All participants underwent examinations including SD-OCT. The thickness measurements of the retinal neural layers were calculated after automatic segmentation. An independent-sample t-test was used to compare the means of the thickness of retinal neural layers in patients with DM and healthy controls. Results. Sixty-seven eyes from 67 patients with DM and 30 eyes from 30 healthy controls were included in this study. No significant differences were found in age (P = 0.601), gender (P = 0.560), axial length (P = 0.414), best-corrected visual acuity (P = 0.963), or intraocular pressure (P = 0.112) between the two groups. There were significant increases in the hemoglobin A1c value (P < 0.001) and mean thicknesses of the RPE–photoreceptor complex layer in the foveal area (P = 0.027) and paracentral area (P = 0.001) in the DM group compared to the control group, whereas the thickness of the retinal nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers in the foveal and paracentral areas between the two groups showed no significant differences. Conclusion. Lesions in the RPE–photoreceptor complex are present without vascular abnormalities, which may precede the alterations of ganglion cells in patients with type 2 DM.

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Structural choroidaid changes in diabetic retinopathy

International Professional Journal Medicine ◽

10.31082/1728-452x-2020-213-214-3-4-74-81 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3-4 (213-214) ◽

pp. 74-81

Author(s):

Aizhan Magazova ◽

◽

Aigul Balmukhanova ◽

Elmira Kanafyanova ◽

Irina Shargorodskaya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Pigment Epithelium ◽

Retinal Pigment ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Microvascular Disease ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Fluorescence Angiography ◽

Initial Moment ◽

Diagnostic Features

Blindness and low vision, as a social medical problem, occupy one of the leading places in both healthcare and the state economy. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vision-threatening microvascular disease, the most common diabetes complication that affects the retina, causing blindness among working-age adults in developed countries. Difficulties in determining the starting, key pathogenetic links and early diagnosis of this disease do not allow to accurately determine the initial moment of occurrence, and known treatment methods are aimed, as a rule, at slowing down the pathological process. Purpose. Analysis of literature data on the clinical and diagnostic features of diabetic retinopathy. Material and methods. To analyze the literature, information was searched on this problem up to 10 years deep in PubMed / MEDLINE, PMC, Web of Since. For the search, the following terms were used individually or in combination: "diabetes mellitus", "diabetic retinopathy", "diabetic vasculopathy", "optical coherence tomography", "fluorescence angiography", "complications". The search criteria were key studies related to diabetic retinopathy, vasculopathy: meta-analyzes, original studies, retrospective and cohort studies. Results and discussions. Oxygen from the capillary layer of the choroid through the Bruch membrane and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) gets to the outer retinal layers. Due to complications in the bloodstream, nutrition is impaired which leads to diabetic retinal changes. It is advisable and necessary to study changes in the structures of the choroid in large samples using angio-OCT, since changes in the choroid can be the primary prognostic markers of the development of diabetes in the absence of clinical manifestations of diabetic retinopathy. Conclusion. Changes in the structure of the choroid can become a marker for predicting the development of DR in patients with type 2 diabetes, more accurately and quickly establish a diagnosis in the early stages of the disease, and prescribe appropriate therapy in a timely manner. As a result, patients receive timely care and treatment costs will decrease. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy, choroid, diabetic choriopathy, OCT angiography, choroid structures.

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The potential role of subclinical ischaemia in the visual dysfunction of patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without diabetic retinopathy

10.21203/rs.2.9799/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Maria Satue ◽

Marta Cipres ◽

Isabel Melchor ◽

Laura Gil-Arribas ◽

Elisa Vilades ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Disease Duration ◽

Vascular Complications ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Early Type ◽

Visual Dysfunction

Abstract Background To evaluate visual function in patients with early type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM2) without diabetic retinopathy and good metabolic control, and to analyze the role of chronic systemic ischaemia in neurretina of these patients. Methods Sixty eyes of 60 patients with DM2 and without any signs of diabetic retinopathy, and 60 eyes of 60 healthy controls underwent visual acuity (VA), contrast sensitivity vision (CSV; using the Pelli Robson chart and CSV 1000E test), color vision (using the Farnsworth and L´Anthony desaturated D15 color tests) and visual field (Easyfield perimeter) evaluation to measure visual dysfunction. A comparison between patients with different disease duration time and presence/absence of systemic vascular complications was performed. Results The group of patients showed worse VA at 2.50% (p=0.002) and 1.25% contrast (p=0.007), worse CSV at high spatial frequencies (12 cpd, P=0.007; 18 cpd, p=0.011), and worse color vision (Farnsworth test, p=0.006; Lanthony test, p<0.001), compared to healthy controls. Visual field parameters were similar in both groups. Patients with longer disease duration had lower results in the ETDRS test, and those patients with chronic systemic vascular complications presented worse CSV at 18 cpd (p=0.024) and color indexes in Lanthony color test (p=0.014). Conclusions Patients with non-severe, early, type 2 DM without diabetic retinopathy and good metabolic control present visual dysfunction compatible with retinal neurodegeneration. Subclinical ischaemia might be a contributory factor to further neuronal damage in this pathology.

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Comparison of Retinal Layer Thickness and Capillary Vessel Density in the Patients with Spontaneously Resolved Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10010045 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 45

Author(s):

Kyu Jin Han ◽

Hyeong Ju Kim ◽

Je Moon Woo ◽

Jung Kee Min

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Layer Thickness ◽

Central Serous Chorioretinopathy ◽

Subretinal Fluid ◽

Vessel Density ◽

Foveal Avascular Zone ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Retrospective Case ◽

Capillary Vessel

We investigate retinal layer thickness and capillary vessel density (VD) in the patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) who recovered spontaneously and evaluate the correlation between the changes in these values and visual outcomes using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA). This retrospective case–control study included 34 eyes of 34 patients with spontaneously resolved acute CSC. The changes in retinal layer thickness and capillary VD were examined using SS-OCT and OCTA after complete resolution of subretinal fluid (SRF). The fellow eyes and 34 healthy eyes were used as controls. In the eyes with CSC, the outer retinal layer was significantly thinner than in the eyes of fellow and healthy controls. The foveal avascular zone area and VDs in the superficial and deep capillary plexus in the eyes with CSC were not significantly different from those in the eyes of fellow and healthy controls. The VD of the choriocapillaris in the eyes with CSC was significantly lower than that in the eyes of fellow and healthy controls. Correlation analyses revealed that the outer retinal layer thickness and initial visual acuity were positively correlated with the final visual acuity. Furthermore, the initial SRF area and height were negatively correlated with the outer retinal layer thickness after SRF resolution. Attenuation of outer retinal layer thickness and decreased VD of the choriocapillaris were observed in the eyes with spontaneously resolved acute CSC. The outer retinal layer thickness could be an important visual predictor of CSC.

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Inner and outer retinal layer thickness alterations in pediatric and juvenile craniopharyngioma

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82107-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ga-In Lee ◽

Kyung-Ah Park ◽

Sei Yeul Oh ◽

Doo-Sik Kong ◽

Sang Duk Hong

Keyword(s):

Layer Thickness ◽

Outer Nuclear Layer ◽

Plexiform Layer ◽

Visual Field Defects ◽

Retinal Layer ◽

Inner Plexiform Layer ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Fiber Layer ◽

Photoreceptor Layer ◽

Chiasmal Compression

AbstractWe evaluated postoperative retinal thickness in pediatric and juvenile craniopharyngioma (CP) patients with chiasmal compression using optical coherence tomography (OCT) auto-segmentation. We included 18 eyes of 18 pediatric or juvenile patients with CP and 20 healthy controls. Each thickness of the macular retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, outer nuclear layer, and photoreceptor layer was compared between the CP patients and healthy controls. There was significant thinning in the macular RNFL (estimates [μm], superior, − 10.68; inferior, − 7.24; nasal, − 14.22), all quadrants of GCL (superior, − 16.53; inferior, − 14.37; nasal, − 24.34; temporal, − 9.91) and IPL (superior, − 11.45; inferior, − 9.76; nasal, − 15.25; temporal, − 4.97) in pediatric and juvenile CP patients postoperatively compared to healthy control eyes after adjusting for age and refractive errors. Thickness reduction in the average and nasal quadrant of RNFL, GCL, and IPL was associated with peripapillary RNFL thickness, and reduced nasal quadrant GCL and IPL thicknesses were associated with postoperative visual field defects. In pediatric and juvenile patients with CP, decreased inner retinal layer thickness following chiasmal compression was observed. The changes in retinal structures were closely related to peripapillary RNFL thinning and functional outcomes.

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