The institution of suspicion and the initial stage of the criminal process: interrelated prospects of development

The article considers the question of the interdependence of the improvement of the institution of suspicion and the transformation of the initial stage of the Russian criminal process. The article highlights the problem of the legislative limitation of the period of the procedural status of a person as a suspect in the event of a criminal case being initiated not against him, but upon the commission of a crime and insufficient evidence of the involvement/non-involvement of such a person in a criminal offence committed at the initial stage of the investigation, which often does not allow avoiding unreasonable restrictions on the constitutional rights and freedoms of this participant in criminal proceedings. The relevant experience of some post-Soviet states that followed the path of a radical change in the criminal procedure model after the collapse of the USSR is analysed. The article compares the provisions of the criminal procedure legislation of the Russian Federation and the Kyrgyz Republic directly related to the institution of suspicion, including the moment of triggering criminal prosecution and the duration of a suspect’s keeping the specified procedural status. The arguments given in the article substantiate the need to reform the initial moment of the emergence of the procedural status of a suspect in Russian criminal proceedings and the associated expediency of abolishing the stage of initiation of a criminal case in order to increase the guarantee of the rights and legitimate interests of the person introduced into the procedural status we are analysing.

An electron wave packet in the relativistic strophotron FEL

The theory of free electron lasers (FELs) is well developed both in quantum mechanical and classical approaches. In strophotron FEL, in classical approach, resonance frequency and the gain are strongly dependent on initial parameters of electron beam. In the quantum mechanical approach considered by Zaretsky and Nersesov (1983 JETP 57 518), there is no such dependence. The correspondence between the quantum mechanical and classical approaches in a relativistic strophotron FEL is discussed. We study the initial distribution of electrons over vibrational levels determined by the expansion coefficients in relativistic strophotron FEL. It is shown, (presenting electron wave function in the form of Gaussian wave packet), that the number of the vibrational level most efficiently populated at the initial moment of time can be expressed in terms of the initial parameters of the electron beam.

Synthetic considerations on the origin and emergence of human language

Human (vocal-articulated) language may be regarded both as a structure and organ, and as an instrument and biosocial behaviour. Its foundation is material and motor, and its development procedural-historical. Examining the relationship between the initial moment (gesture) and the actual result (vocal-articulated language)—at the motor and neural levels—reveals that mental activities occur and develop as a result of the biological organism’s interactions with its natural and social environment. Therefore, language appears not as a consequence of a revolution or of an evolutionary jump, but as a result of organic and gradual developments occurring in a biosocial environment and having the same kind of premises. The many structures contributing to its appearance (osseous, muscular, nervous, genetic) were directed by social events generating behaviours whose exercise led to certain developments. Having achieved structural and behavioral diversification, and in so far as it could benefit evolution, such a development was exploited by the biological and social organism, such that—irrespective of space, time, or the aspects of a particular context—above a certain level of evolution, the various human communities spread throughout the globe exhibited the intrinsic tendency of developing this ability.

DETERMINATION OF PARAMETERS OF INFORMATION PROTECTION AT THE ENTERPRISE IN CONDITIONS OF DESTABILIZING INFORMATION INFLUENCE

The subject of the article is the models of protection of official, commercial, confidential and other information, which is used by the officials of enterprises when making managerial decisions in terms of destabilizing informative influences. The aim of the study is to obtain an integral index, which characterizes the protection of necessary information, which is used by the officials of the enterprise when making managerial decisions in the presence of destabilizing information influences from the social networks, open sources and insiders. The task of this work are determinations of basic parameters, that characterize the system of defense of information of enterprise at the acceptance of administrative decisions a public servant in the conditions of destabilizing informative influences. The methods of researches are a probability theory and quality theory of differential equalizations. Results: on the basis of the observation and research of the activity of officials in the enterprises of different forms of ownership it was established that making managerial decisions by an official of the enterprise under conditions of destabilizing information influence is a relaxation fluctuation in the non-autonomous model of psychological arousal. An analysis of the dynamics of the sequence of influencing impulses on an official from existing information sources was conducted. An integral index, that determines a thresholding at that the system of informative defense of enterprise answers politicians of informative defense of enterprise at the acceptance of administrative decisions, is got. Conclusions: it was found that the threat of successful destabilizing information influence on management decision making by an official of the enterprise is determined by three parameters: the parameter, which determines the leakage of confidential information, the parameter, which determines the violation of the integrity of information and the parameter, which determines the blocking of access to information. It is noticed that the beginning of the emergence of a sequence of influencing destabilizing information influences on the enterprise determined by the content of the information at the initial moment of time (the effect of suggestion) and occurs over a period of time (lag effect).

Modeling and forecasting the probability of the states of technical support systems for the use of weapons and military equipment

The article discusses a probabilistic model of processes in complex systems of technical support for military vehicles. One of the methods for studying such complex systems is their representation in the form of a set of typical states in which the system can be. Transitions occur between states, the intensities and probabilities of which are assumed to be known. The system is graphically represented using a graph of states and transitions, and the subject of research is the probability of finding the technical support system in these states. The graph of states and transitions is associated with a system of first order linear differential equations with respect to the probabilities of finding the support system in its basic states. To obtain a solution, this system must be supplemented with certain conditions. These are, firstly, the initial conditions that specify the probabilities of all states at the initial moment of time. Second, this is the normalization condition, which states that at any moment in time the sum of the probabilities of all states is equal to unity. An approximate solution to the problem is described in the literature. Such approximate solution is getting more accurate when the sought probabilities depend on time weaker. We propose a method of the exact solution of the above mentioned system of differential equations based on the use of operational calculus. In this case, the system of linear differential equations is transformed into a system of linear algebraic equations for the Laplace images of unknown probabilities. The use of matrix calculus made it possible to write down the obtained results in a compact form and to use effective numerical algorithms of linear algebra for further calculations. The model is illustrated by the example of solving the problem of technical support for the march of a battalion tactical group column, including wheeled and tracked vehicles. The boundaries of the validity of the results of a simpler approximate solution are established.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VERTEBRAL SPINE FRACTURES IN A HOSPITAL IN SÃO PAULO IN THE TWO-YEAR PERIOD 2017-2018

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the epidemiological profile of patients with spinal fractures over a two-year period (2017 and 2018) in a quaternary hospital in the city of São Paulo. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out through the analysis of the electronic medical records of patients treated by the Spine group of the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology at the Orthopedics and Traumatology Emergency Room of Hospital das Clínicas de São Paulo in the years 2017 and 2018. Results: A total of 185 patients were evaluated over two years. Males were the gender most frequently evaluated (69.19%), and the mean patient age was 43.95 years. The most common trauma mechanisms were falls from a height (45.95%) and traffic accidents (29.73%). The cervical spine, affected in 28.65%, was the most affected region, followed by the thoracolumbar region (26.56%). Most patients did not present deficits at the initial moment (71.89%) and 54.05% of patients underwent surgery for treatment. Conclusion: Most traumas involving the spine affect adults of working age (from 20 to 60 years old), with a predominance of males. Most injuries occurred in the cervical region, which is the region most commonly associated with severe trauma and neurological injuries. This study can help in planning prevention and precaution strategies for spinal trauma. Level of evidence III; Cross-sectional study.

Application of nonstationary self-similar variables for solving the three-dimensional problem of the decay of a special discontinuity

Построение в физическом пространстве решения задачи о распаде специального разрыва, т.е. трехмерных изэнтропических течений политропного газа, возникающих после мгновенного разрушения в начальный момент времени непроницаемой стенки, отделяющей неоднородный движущийся газ от вакуума. В задаче учитывается действие силы тяжести и силы Кориолиса. В систему уравнений газовой динамики введена автомодельная особенность в переменную, которая выводит с поверхности раздела. Для полученной системы поставлена задача Коши с данными на звуковой характеристике. Решение задачи строилось в виде степенных рядов. Часть коэффициентов рядов определялась при решении алгебраических уравнений, а часть из решений - обыкновенных дифференциальных уравнений. Методом мажорант доказана сходимость построенных рядов. Построенное решение позволяет задавать начальные условия для разностной схемы при численном моделировании решений данной характеристической задачи Коши The aim of this study is to construct a solution to the problem of the decay of a special discontinuity in physical space. The problem reduces to finding of three-dimensional isentropic flows of a polytropic gas that occur after the instantaneous destruction of an impermeable wall separating an inhomogeneous moving gas from a vacuum at the initial moment of time. The problem takes into account the forces of gravity and Coriolis. Research methods. In the system of gas dynamics equations, a self-similar feature is introduced in a variable that outputs from the initial interface. For the resulting system, the Cauchy problem is formulated using conditions on the sound characteristic. The solution to this problem is constructed in the form of power series. The coefficients of the series are partly determined by solving algebraic equations, another part can be found as solutions of ordinary differential equations. The convergence of the constructed series is proved by the Majorant method The results obtained in the work. In the form of a convergent power series, solutions to the problem of the decay of a special discontinuity in physical space are constructed. Conclusions. The solution constructed in physical space allows setting the initial conditions for the numerical simulation of this characteristic Cauchy problem using a difference scheme.

Estimates of the convergence rate in the limit theorems on transition phenomena for branching random processes

В данной работе рассматриваются ветвящиеся случайные процессы с дискретным временем в двух предположениях: в начальный момент времени имеется одна частица или в начальный момент времени существует большое число частиц. В переходных явлениях для таких ветвящихся случайных процессов получены оценки скорости сходимости условных законов распределений к предельному распределению. We consider branching random processes with discrete time in two assumptions: at the initial moment of time there is one particle and there are large number of particles. In transition phenomena for such branching random processes, estimates of the convergence rate of conditional distributions are obtained.

Gas-air mixture explosion behaviour research at different temperatures

This article discusses gas-air mixture explosion properties depending on its initial parameters. Authors use the heat flow control sensor to obtain the most dangerous concentration range at normal and low temperatures. The dependences of heat flux changes at initial moment of explosion under different conditions are analyzed. The survey setup was a plastic bag filled with a gas mixture. Experiments were carried out with (without) holding the substance and with (without) using the turbulators. The reliability of acquired data was assessed by running a tenfold repetition of each test bench under identical meteorological conditions.

Modeling of the combustion process of methane hydrate taking into account the kinetics of the decomposition process

This paper presents a mathematical model of the combustion process of methane gas hydrate in a closed volume, taking into account the kinetics of its decomposition. The system of basic equations, which includes the equations of conservation of mass (for the entire mixture of gases and each component separately), momentum and energy, is supplemented by the conditions for the balance of mass and heat at the boundary of the phase transition. In this case, the dominant factor determining the intensity of hydrate decomposition is the Arrhenius-type kinetics and conductive heat transfer. Based on the numerical solution of the obtained system of equations based on the method of large particles, the temperature and concentration fields of the system are obtained and analyzed. It is shown that at the initial moment of time, the rate of decomposition of the hydrate according to the model that takes into account the kinetics of the decomposition process is higher than that according to the model that does not take it into account.