scholarly journals Is the urinary iodine/Creatinine ratio applicable to assess individual iodine status in Chinese adults? Comparison of iodine estimates from 24-hour urine and timed-spot urine samples in different periods of the day

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuan Liu ◽  
Yixuan Lin ◽  
Jiani Wu ◽  
Diqun Chen ◽  
Xiaoyan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Prediction Equations ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background: Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) is routinely used to evaluate the population iodine status while the uniform method for the individual level assessment is uncertain. Objectives : To explore the 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (UIE) in five different periods of the day and the corresponding prediction equations respect by the use of creatinine-corrected UIC. Methods: We collected 24-hour, spot and fasting urine in five periods of the day to estimate 24-hour UIE by the six different prediction equations. We compared the estimated creatinine-corrected UIC to the collected 24-hour UIE and identified the most suitable equations in each period of the day. Results: Among the six different prediction equations, the equation of Kawasaki T was the best to estimate the 24-hour UIE by fasting urine among Chinese adults. Among the five periods of time, the equation of Knudsen N was the best to estimate the 24-hour UIE except the morning period. Conclusion: Urinary iodine status at the individual level could be estimated by different creatinine-based equations at different periods of the day.

scholarly journals Using seaweed as a supplement or a food ingredient to increase iodine status in women with low habitual intake

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Nicol ◽  
Cara Swailes ◽  
Layla Alahmari ◽  
Emilie Combet
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Food Ingredient ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Excess Iodine

AbstractIntroduction: Most consumers remain unaware of iodine sources in the diet. With no prophylaxis, iodine insufficiency remains a largely unappreciated issue in the UK. Including seaweed to the food supply represents a solution and opportunity but this supply needs to be carefully curated and calibrated, as excess iodine may be harmful for thyroid health. This project aimed to test the efficacy of a proof-of-concept reformulated food using seaweed as an ingredient source of iodine, to supplement women who have a habitual low iodine intake.Materials and Methods: Self-reported healthy women, pre-menopausal who avoid iodine-rich foods were randomised to: P1) reformulated food (pizza)with seaweed ingredient, or P2) a control food, similar to P1 but without supplemental iodine, or S1) control, empty capsules, or S2) PureSea Natural ascophyllum nodosum seaweed capsules, the ingredient used in P1. Capsules or food were to be consumed three times per week (providing 400μg iodine per intake). At least 10 spot urine samples were collected per person over at least 3 days preceding each study point. Urinary iodine was measured with a modified Sandell-Koltoff assay.Results: Participants (n = 96, median age 29, IQR 23–42) had a habitual iodine intake of 64μg/d (IQR 39–119, no detectable difference between groups). Dropout rates at 3-month were 41% (P1 &P2 each), 21% for S1, 11% for S2.Baseline urinary iodine concentration (UIC) was low/marginal, at 66μg/L (IQR 34-71), 64μg/L (IQR 40-96), 54μg/L (IQR 31-86) and 39μg/L (IQR 21-64) for P1, P2, S1 and S2 respectively (no difference between groups, p > 0.05).Change in UIC differed between groups at week-2 (p < 0.001), increasing in P1 & S2: by 45μg/L (IQR 2-69), and 35μg/L (IQR 13-48), respectively, decreasing in S1: -14μg/L (IQR –24-(–1)), with no change in group P2. This remained true for groups S1 & S2 when urinary iodine excretion was corrected for creatinine.After 3 months, differences in changes from baselines remained between groups (p < 0.01), with an increase in groups P1 and S2: 28μg/L (IQR 1-112), 43μg/L (IQR 23-93) but not groups P2 or S1. This remained true when UIC was corrected for creatinine.Changes in weight between and within groups were not detected at either time points, with group median changes within 2 kg of baseline weight.Discussion: Iodine-rich seaweed is effective in increasing the iodine status of women with a low habitual iodine intake, as a supplement, or as an ingredient in a cooked reformulated product. In term of feasibility, large attrition in the food groups P1 and P2 demands further attention, for interpretation of data and future translation of the findings.

Saliva Iodine Concentration in Children and Its Association with Iodine Status and Thyroid Function

2020 ◽  
Vol 105 (9) ◽  
pp. e3451-e3459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenxing Guo ◽  
Ziyun Pan ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Ya Jin ◽  
Shuyao Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status

Abstract Context The effectiveness of saliva iodine concentration (SIC) in evaluating iodine status in children is not clear. Objective We aimed to explore associations between SIC and assessed indicators of iodine status and thyroid function. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Primary schools in Shandong, China. Participants Local children aged 8 to 13 years with no known thyroid disease were recruited to this study. Main outcome measures Blood, saliva, and urine samples were collected to evaluate thyroid function and iodine status. Results SIC positively correlated with spot urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.29, P &lt; 0.0001), 24-hour urinary iodine concentration (r = 0.35, P &lt; 0.0001), and 24-hour urinary iodine excretion (r = 0.40, P &lt; 0.0001). The prevalence of thyroid nodules (TN) and goiter showed an upward trend with SIC quantiles (P for trend &lt; 0.05). Children with SIC &lt;105 μg/L had a higher risk of insufficient iodine status (OR = 4.18; 95% CI, 2.67-6.56) compared with those with higher SIC. Those having SIC &gt;273 μg/L were associated with greater risks of TN (OR = 2.70; 95% CI, 1.38-5.26) and excessive iodine status (OR = 18.56; 95% CI, 5.66-60.91) than those with lower SIC values. Conclusions There is a good correlation between SIC and urinary iodine concentrations. It is of significant reference value for the diagnosis of iodine deficiency with SIC of less than 105 μg/L and for the diagnosis of iodine excess and TN with SIC of more than 273 μg/L. Given the sanitary nature and convenience of saliva iodine collection, SIC is highly recommended as a good biomarker of recent iodine status in school-aged children.

Current iodine status in Japan: A cross-sectional nationwide survey of schoolchildren, 2014–2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yozen Fuse ◽  
Yoshiya Ito ◽  
Yoshimasa Shishiba ◽  
Minoru Irie
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion ◽  
Cr Concentration

Abstract Context Japan has been regarded as a long-standing iodine sufficient country without iodine fortification; however, data on nationwide iodine status is lacking. Objective This study aimed to characterize the iodine status in Japan. Methods From 2014 through 2019 a nationwide school-based survey was conducted across all districts in Japan. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), creatinine (Cr) concentration and anthropometry were assessed in healthy school-aged children (SAC) aged 6 to 12 years. Their iodine status is regarded as generally representative of the nation's iodine status. Results A total of 32,025 children participated. The overall median UIC was 269 μg/L which was within the WHO’s adequacy range. There was a regional difference in UIC values within 14 regions, and the lowest and highest median UIC were found in Tanegashima Island (209 μg/L) and Nakashibetsu, Hokkaido (1,071 μg/L), respectively. The median UIC ≥ 300 μg/L was observed in 12 out of 46 regions. By using estimated 24-h urinary iodine excretion (UIE), the prevalence of SAC exceeding the upper tolerable limit of iodine for Japanese children was from 5.2 to 13.7%. The UIC values did not change with age, BSA and BMI percentile, while the Cr concentration simultaneously increased suggesting the effect of urinary creatinine on UI/Cr and estimated 24-h UIE values. Conclusions The iodine intake of Japanese people is adequate, but in some areas it is excessive. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid disorders associated with iodine intake should be obtained especially in the areas where high amounts of iodine are consumed.

scholarly journals Current trends of 24-h urinary iodine excretion in German schoolchildren and the importance of iodised salt in processed foods

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1749-1756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone A. Johner ◽  
Anke L. B. Günther ◽  
Thomas Remer
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodised Salt ◽  
Iodine Excretion

Worldwide, the iodisation of salt has clearly improved iodine status. In industrialised countries, iodised salt added to processed food contributes most to iodine supply. Yet it is unclear as to what extent changes in the latter may affect the iodine status of populations. Between 2004 and 2009, 24-h urinary iodine excretions (UIE) were repeatedly measured in 278 German children (6 to 12 years old) of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study (n707). Na excretion measurements and simultaneously collected 3-d weighed dietary records provided data on intakes of the most important dietary sources of iodine in the children's diet. Actual trends of UIE (2004–9) and contributions of relevant food groups were analysed by mixed linear regression models. Longitudinal regression analysis showed a plateau of UIE in 2004–6; afterwards, UIE significantly decreased till 2009 (P = 0·01; median 24-h UIE in 2004–6: 85·6 μg/d; 2009: 80·4 μg/d). Median urinary iodine concentration fell below the WHO criteria for iodine sufficiency of 100 μg/l in 2007–9. Salt, milk, fish and egg intake (g/d) were significant predictors of UIE (P < 0·005); and the main sources of iodine were salt and milk (48 and 38 %, respectively). The present data hint at a beginning deterioration in the iodine status of German schoolchildren. A decreased use of iodised salt in industrially produced foods may be one possible reason for this development. Because of the generally known risks for cognitive impairment due to even mild iodine deficits in children, a more widespread use of iodised salt, especially in industrially processed foods, has to be promoted.

scholarly journals Insufficient iodine status as a consequence of dietary changes

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (OCE2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Solveig Adalsteinsdottir ◽  
Ellen Alma Tryggvadottir ◽  
Laufey Hrolfsdottir ◽  
Thorhallur Ingi Halldorsson ◽  
Bryndis Eva Birgisdottir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
World Health ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Public Health Action ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Dairy Consumption

AbstractHistorically, Iceland has been an iodine sufficient nation due to notably high fish and dairy consumption. Due to this fact the country does not have a strategy related to iodine status, such as fortification of salt. Iodine status of pregnant women has only been assessed once before in Iceland (in 2009). The median UIC was found to be 180 μg/L, which was in line with the recommended range of 150–249 μg/L defined by the World Health Organization (WHO). Intake of fish and dairy has decreased considerably in the past 10 years. The aim of the present study was to re-evaluate the iodine status of pregnant women in Iceland using data from the PREWICE study (PREgnant Women in ICEland). Subjects were women (n = 983; 73% of the eligible sample) attending their first ultrasound appointment in gestational weeks 11–14 in the period October 2017-March 2018. Spot urine samples were collected for assessment of urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and creatinine. The ratio of iodine to creatinine (I/Cr) was calculated. Diet was assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which provided information on main dietary sources of iodine in the population studied (dairy and fish). The median UIC (95% CI) and I/Cr of the study population was 89 μg/L (42, 141) and 100 (94, 108) μg/g, respectively. UIC increased with higher frequency of dairy intake, ranging from median UIC of 55 (35, 79) μg/L for women consuming dairy products < 1 time per week to 124 (98, 151) μg/L in the group consuming dairy > 2 times per day (p for trend < 0.001). A small group of women reporting complete avoidance of fish (n = 18) had UIC of 50 (21, 123) μg/L and significantly lower I/Cr compared with those who did not report avoidance of fish (58 (34,134) μg/g vs. 100 (94, 108) μg/g, p = 0.041). Women taking supplements containing iodine (n = 34, 3.5%) had higher UIC compared with those who did not take supplements (141 (77, 263) vs. 87 (82, 94) μg/L, p = 0.037. For the first time, insufficient iodine status is being observed in an Icelandic population. There is an urgent need for a public health action aiming at improving iodine status of women of childbearing age in Iceland.

scholarly journals Breast Milk Iodine and Iodine Status of Breast-Fed Infants

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Golam Morshed Molla ◽  
M Iqbal Arslan ◽  
Mafruha Tazkin Milky
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Breast Fed

Background: Breast milk is the only source of iodine for exclusively breast-fed infants. Iodine status of breast-fed infants depends on iodine in breast milk and also number of feeding in 24 hours. Iodine deficiency and iodine excess both have bad impact on infant’s health.Objective: To measure the iodine in breast milk and to evaluate iodine status of their breast-fed infants.Materials and method: This observational analytical study was carried out in the department of Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka with active cooperation of Kumudini Women’s Medical College Hospital, Mirzapur, Tangail involving fifty lactating mothers and their exclusively breast-fed infants. Early morning urine and breast milk samples were collected in dry and clean plastic container free from any chemical contamination. Urinary iodine was used as indicator for assessing iodine status. All statistical analyses were done by using SPSS (statistical programme for social science) 12 version software package for Windows.Results: The median (range) urinary iodine concentration of lactating mothers and their breast-fed infants were 225.25 ?g/L (61.50-530.00) and 225.75 ?g/L (100.50-526.00) respectively. The median (range) breast-milk iodine concentration was 157 ?g/L (54.50-431.50) which was more than three times of recommended minimum concentration (50 ?g/L). Only 2 (4%) lactating mothers had mild biochemical iodine deficiency (UIE, 50-99 ?g/L). There was no biochemical iodine deficiency of breast-fed infants. Iodine in breast milk of lactating mothers was positively correlated with their urinary iodine excretion (p<0.01). Infant’s urinary iodine was positively correlated with iodine concentration in breast milk (p<0.01) and with urinary iodine of lactating mothers (p<0.01).Conclusion: Lactating mothers and their breast-fed infants in this study were iodine sufficient. If iodine content of breast-milk is within normal range, 10-12 numbers of feeding in 24 hours for infants is enough to get sufficient iodine from their mother’s milk.Delta Med Col J. Jul 2015; 3(2): 74-77

scholarly journals Maternal iodine status reflects the iodine status of their breast-fed infants

Mediscope ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
GM Molla ◽  
FH Mollah ◽  
MT Milky ◽  
DK Sunyal ◽  
MI Arslan
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Lactating Mothers ◽  
Breast Fed

The objective of the observational analytical study was to assess the iodine status of lactating  mothers and their breast-fed infants and to evaluate whether maternal iodine status reflects the  iodine  status  of  their  breast-fed  infants.  The  study  was  carried  out  in  the  department  of  Biochemistry, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka with active cooperation of  Kumudini Women’s Medical College Hospital, Mirzapur, Tangail involving fifty lactating mothers  and  their  exclusively  breast-fed  infants.  Early  morning  urine  and  breast  milk  samples  were  collected in dry and clean plastic container free from any chemical contamination. Urinary iodine  excretion (UIE) was used as indicator for assessing iodine status. The median (range) urinary  iodine  concentration  of  lactating  mothers  and  their  breast-fed  infants  were  225.3  ?g/L  (61.5-530.0)  and  225.8?g/L  (100.5-526.0),  respectively.  Of  the  mothers,  96%  (48)  had  no  biochemical  iodine  deficiency  (UIE  ?100?g/L),  only  4%  (2)  had  mild  biochemical  iodine  deficiency  (UIE, 50-99?g/L). There was no biochemical iodine  deficiency  of breast-fed infants.  The median breast-milk iodine concentration was 157?g/L which was more than three times of  recommended minimum concentration (50?g/L). Iodine in breast milk of lactating mothers was  positively  correlated  with  their  UIE  (p  <  0.01).  Infant’s  urinary  iodine was positively  correlated  with  iodine  concentration  in  breast  milk  (p  <  0.01)  and  also  positively  correlated  with  urinary  iodine of lactating mothers (p < 0.01). Lactating mothers and their breast-fed infants in this study  were iodine sufficient. Iodine status of exclusively breast-fed infants can be determined by the  iodine status of their mothers.Mediscope Vol. 2, No. 1: 2015, Pages 13-17

scholarly journals Oral Contraceptive Intake and Iodine Status in Young Women

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Carola Deischinger ◽  
Doris Deischinger ◽  
Irina Gessl ◽  
Michael Krebs ◽  
Rodrig Marculescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Spot Urine ◽  
Urine Creatinine

<b><i>Objective:</i></b> Similar to pregnant women, women taking an oral contraceptive (OC) might have elevated iodine requirements due to the altered hormonal state. This is the first study aimed at investigating the prevalence of iodine deficiency and possible influences of OC intake on urine creatinine and iodine levels in young women. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> One hundred fifty-five women between the age of 18 and 35 years (62 taking an OC and 93 controls) participated in a cross-sectional pilot study at the Medical University of Vienna, which included a 1-spot urine sample and a questionnaire on OC intake as well as a food questionnaire. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) in this study was 68 μg/L (41, 111 μg/L) suggesting an inadequate iodine status in the women according to the WHO guidelines. Median UIC (OC: 89 μg/L, IQR 55–120; control: 59 μg/L, IQR 39–91, <i>p</i> = 0.010) and urine creatinine (OC: median = 99.0 μg/L, IQR 74.9–175.5; control: 77.0 μg/L, IQR 49.6–147.2, <i>p</i> = 0.030) levels were significantly higher in OC women than in the control group. UIC corrected for urine creatinine was comparable between both groups. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> With similar creatinine-corrected UICs in both groups, OC intake might not have a significant impact on iodine status. However, the low median UIC in a vulnerable group of young women potentially conceiving in the following years points at the necessity of optimizing the iodine intake in the Austrian population and reiterates the insufficiency of the current iodine supplementation measures.

scholarly journals Use of Salivary Iodine Concentrations to Estimate the Iodine Status of Adults in Clinical Practice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette L Dekker ◽  
Daan J Touw ◽  
Anouk N A van der Horst-Schrivers ◽  
Michel J Vos ◽  
Thera P Links ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Salivary Protein ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Total Iodine ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Iodine Excretion

ABSTRACT Background Measurement of the 24-h urinary iodine concentration or urinary iodine excretion (UIE) is the gold standard to determine iodine status; however, this method is inconvenient. The use of salivary iodine could be a possible alternative since salivary glands express the sodium-iodine symporter. Objectives We aimed to establish the correlation between the salivary iodine secretion and UIE, to evaluate the clinical applicability of the iodine saliva measurement. Methods We collected 24-h urine and saliva samples from 40 participants ≥18 y: 20 healthy volunteers with no specific diet (group 1), 10 patients with differentiated thyroid cancer with a low dietary intake (&lt;50 μg/d, group 2), and 10 patients with a high iodine status as the result of the use of amiodarone (group 3). Urinary and salivary iodine were measured using a validated inductively coupled plasma MS method. To correct for differences in water content, the salivary iodine concentration (SIC) was corrected for salivary protein and urea concentrations (SI/SP and SI/SU, respectively). The intra- and inter-individual CVs were calculated, and the Kruskal-Wallis test and Spearman's correlation were used. Results The intra-individual CVs for SIC, SI/SP, and SI/SU were 63.8%, 37.7%, and 26.9%, respectively. The inter-individual CVs for SIC, SI/SP, and SI/SU were 77.5%, 41.6% and 47.0%, respectively. We found significant differences (P &lt; 0.01) in urinary and salivary iodine concentrations between all groups [the 24-h UIE values were 176 μg/d (IQR, 96.1–213 μg/d), 26.0 μg/d (IQR, 22.0–37.0 μg/d), and 10.0*103 μg/d (IQR, 7.57*103–11.4*103 μg/d) in groups 1–3, respectively; the SIC values were 136 μg/L (IQR, 86.3–308 μg/L), 71.5 μg/L (IQR, 29.5–94.5 μg/L), and 14.3*103 μg/L (IQR, 10.6*103–25.6*103 μg/L) in groups 1–3, respectively]. Correlations between the 24-h UIE and SIC, SI/SP, and SI/SU values were strong (ρ = 0.80, ρ = 0.90, and ρ = 0.86, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Conclusions Strong correlations were found between salivary and urinary iodine in adults with different daily iodine intakes. A salivary iodine measurement can be performed to assess the total iodine body pool, with the recommendation to correct for salivary protein or urea.

scholarly journals Suboptimal Iodine Status and Low Iodine Knowledge in Young Norwegian Women

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 941 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigrun Henjum ◽  
Anne Brantsæter ◽  
Astrid Kurniasari ◽  
Lisbeth Dahl ◽  
Eli Aadland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Spot Urine

Previous studies have documented mild to moderate iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women in Norway. This study focused on non-pregnant young women because their future children may be susceptible to the adverse effects of iodine deficiency. We assessed urinary iodine concentration (UIC), iodine intake from food and supplements, and iodine knowledge in 403 non-pregnant women, mainly students, aged 18–30 years. Iodine concentration was measured in spot urine samples analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and iodine intake was calculated from a self-reported food frequency questionnaire. Knowledge about iodine was collected through the self-administered, paper-based questionnaire. Median (p25–p75) UIC was 75 (42–130) µg/L and 31% had UIC < 50 µg/L. Habitual iodine intake was 100 (69–136) µg/day. In multiple regression models, supplemental iodine, use of thyroid medication, and iodine intake from food were positively associated with UIC, while vegetarian practice was negatively associated, explaining 16% of the variance. Approximately 40% of the young women had low iodine knowledge score and no differences were found between women in different study programs. Young women in Norway are mild to moderately iodine-deficient, and public health strategies are needed to improve and secure adequate iodine status.

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