Nanoscale Flow Choking at the Zero Slip Length: Universal Benchmark Data for In Silico Experiments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V R Sanal Kumar ◽  
Vigneshwaran Sankar ◽  
Nichith Chandrasekaran ◽  
Sulthan Ariff Rahman Mohamed Rafic ◽  
Ajith Sukumaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Slip Length ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Physical Situation ◽  
Nanoscale Systems ◽  
Flow Choking ◽  
Benchmark Data ◽  
Displacement Thickness

Abstract The Sanal flow choking (PMCID: PMC7267099) and the streamtube flow choking are new theoretical concepts applicable to both the continuum and non-continuum fluid flows. Once the streamlines compacted, the considerable pressure difference attains within the streamtube and the flow within the streamtube gets accelerated to the constricted section for satisfying the continuity condition set up the conservation law of nature, which leads to the Sanal flow choking and supersonic flow development at a critical-total-to-static pressure ratio (CPR) due to the convergent-divergent (CD) shape of the streamtube. As the pressure of the nanofluid/non-continuum-flows rises, average-mean-free-path diminishes and thus, the Knudsen number lowers heading to a zero-slip wall-boundary condition with compressible viscous (CV) flow regime. Sanal flow choking is a CV flow phenomenon creating a physical situation of the sonic-fluid-throat in a duct at a CPR. Herein, we presented a closed-form-analytical-model, which is capable to predict exactly the three-dimensional boundary-layer-displacement-thickness of nanoscale diabatic fluid flow (flow involves transfer of heat) systems at the zero-slip-length. The innovation of Sanal flow choking model is established herein through the entropy relation, as it satisfies all the conservation laws of nature. The exact value of the 3D boundary-layer-displacement-thickness in the sonic-fluid-throat region presented herein for each gas is a universal benchmark data for performing high-fidelity in vitro and in silico experiments for the lucrative design optimization of nanoscale systems. The physical insight of the Sanal flow choking and streamtube flow choking presented in this letter sheds light on finding solutions for numerous unresolved scientific problems.

scholarly journals Sanal Flow Choking in Nanoscale Fluid Flow Systems at the Zero Slip Length: Universal Benchmark Data for 3D in Silico, in Vitro and in Vivo Experiments 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V R Sanal Kumar ◽  
Vigneshwaran Sankar ◽  
Nichith Chandrasekaran ◽  
Sulthan Ariff Rahman Mohamed Rafic ◽  
Ajith Sukumaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Slip Length ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Flow Choking ◽  
Benchmark Data ◽  
Nanoscale Fluid Flow

Abstract Although the interdisciplinary science of nanotechnology has been advanced significantly over the last few decades there were no closed-form analytical models to predict the three-dimensional (3D) boundary-layer-blockage (BLB) factor, of diabatic flows (flows involves the transfer of heat) passing through a nanoscale tube. As the pressure of the diabatic nanofluid and/or non-continuum-flows rises, average-mean-free-path diminishes and thus, the Knudsen number lowers heading to a zero-slip wall-boundary condition with the compressible viscous flow regime in the nano scale tubes leading to Sanal flow choking [PMCID: PMC7267099; Physics of Fluids, DOI: 10.1063/5.0040440] creating a physical situation of the sonic-fluid-throat effect in the tube at a critical-total-to-static pressure ratio (CPR). Herein, we presented a closed-form-analytical-model, which is capable to predict exactly the 3D-BLB factor at the Sanal flow choking-condition of nanoscale diabatic fluid flow systems at the zero-slip-length. The innovation of Sanal flow choking model in the nanoscale fluid flow system is established herein through the entropy relation, as it satisfies all the conservation laws of nature. The exact value of the 3D-BLB factor in the sonic-fluid-throat region presented herein for each gas is a universal benchmark data for performing high-fidelity in silico, in vitro and in vivo experiments for the lucrative design optimization of nanoscale fluid flow systems in gravity and microgravity environments and also for drug discovery for prohibiting asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases in Earth and human spaceflight <doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-0357>. Note that the relatively high and low-blood-viscosity (creating high turbulence) leads to the Sanal flow choking causing asymptomatic cardiovascular diseases. Such diseases in the cardiovascular system can be negated by maintaining the systolic-to-diastolic blood pressure ratio lower than the CPR <10.1002/gch2.202000076>. The CPR is regulated by the heat capacity ratio (HCR) of the fluid. Note that HCR is the key parameter, which could control simultaneously blood viscosity and turbulence. The physical insight of the boundary-layer-blockage persuaded nanoscale Sanal flow choking in diabatic flows presented in this article sheds light on finding solutions to numerous unresolved scientific problems in physical, chemical and biological systems carried forward over the centuries because the closed-form analytical model describing the phenomenon of Sanal flow choking is a unique scientific language of the real-world-fluid flows. More specifically, mathematical models presented herein are capable to forecast the limiting conditions of deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) in nanoscale systems and beyond with confidence. Additionally, the Sanal flow choking condition will forecast the asymptomatic-hemorrhage and acute-heart-failure https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.P804. Briefly, the undesirable Sanal flow choking causing detonation and hemorrhagic stroke can be negated by increasing the HCR of the fluid.

scholarly journals Abstract P804: Lopsided Blood-Thinning Drug Increases the Risk of Internal Flow Choking and Shock Wave Generation Causing Asymptomatic Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanal Kumar V R ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Internal Flow ◽  
Wave Generation ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Flow Choking ◽  
Shock Wave Generation

Introduction: Consequence of lopsided blood-thinning-drug, lowering blood-viscosity (BV), is bleeding and very frequently asymptomatic-hemorrhage (AH) and the acute-heart-failure (AHF) happen. V.R.S.Kumar et al. (2020) reported that such asymptomatic episodes are due to the internal flow choking in the cardiovascular system (CVS) at a critical blood pressure ratio (BPR), which is regulated by biofluid/blood heat capacity ratio (BHCR). Methods: The closed-form-analytical-methodology is used for correlating BV, BPR, BHCR, vessel geometry and ejection fraction (EF). In vitro method is used for the BHCR estimation of healthy subjects. In silico method is used for demonstrating the Sanal flow choking. Results: The analytical models reveal that the relatively high and low BV are risk factors of internal flow choking. In vitro study shows that N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 & Ar gases are predominant in fresh-blood samples of the healthy subjects at a temperature range of 37-40 0 C (98.6-104 0 F), which increases the risk of flow-choking. In silico results demonstrated the Sanal flow choking followed by the shock wave generation and pressure-overshoot in a simulated artery with the divergent/bifurcation region. Conclusions: An overdose of blood-thinning drug reduces BV and increases Reynolds number causing high-turbulence leading to the Sanal flow choking. Asymptomatic stroke could be diminished by concurrently lessening the BV and flow turbulence by rising thermal tolerance level in terms of BHCR or by decreasing the BPR. In conclusion, BPR must always be lower than 1.8257 as dictated by the lowest BHCR of the evolved gas (CO 2 ) for prohibiting asymptomatic stroke.

scholarly journals Lopsided Blood-thinning Drug Increases the Risk of Internal Flow Choking and Shock Wave Generation Causing Asymptomatic Stroke

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANALKUMAR V R
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Internal Flow ◽  
Wave Generation ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Flow Choking ◽  
Shock Wave Generation

Lopsided Blood-thinning Drug Increases the Risk of Internal Flow Choking and Shock Wave Generation Causing Asymptomatic Stroke Author Block: V R SANAL KUMAR, ISRO; S.K.Choudhary, AIIMS; P.K.Radhakrishnan, GU; Suresh Menon, GT; Vrishank Raghav, AU; K.K.N Namboodiri, Sapna E.Sreedharan, SCTIMST; Bharath R.S, Nichith C, C.Oommen, IISc; V.Sankar, IITK; A.Sukumaran, KCT; Arun K, DHMMC; A.Pal, Tharikaa R.K, AU, Abhirami R, AIMS. IntroductionConsequence of lopsided blood-thinning-drug, lowering blood-viscosity (BV), is bleeding and very frequently asymptomatic-hemorrhage (AH) and the acute-heart-failure (AHF) happen. V.R.S.Kumar et al. (2020) reported that such asymptomatic episodes are due to the internal flow choking in the cardiovascular system (CVS) at a critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR), which is regulated by biofluid/blood heat capacity ratio (BHCR). MethodsThe closed-form-analytical-methodology is used for correlating BV, BPR, BHCR, vessel geometry and ejection fraction (EF). In vitro method is used for the BHCR estimation of healthy subjects. In silico method is used for demonstrating the Sanal flow choking. ResultsThe analytical models reveal that the relatively high and low BV are risk factors of internal flow choking. In vitro study shows that N2, O2, CO2 &amp; Ar gases are predominant in fresh-blood samples of the healthy subjects at a temperature range of 37-400 C (98.6-1040 F), which increases the risk of flow-choking. In silico results demonstrated the Sanal flow choking followed by the shock wave generation and pressure-overshoot in a simulated artery with the divergent/bifurcation region. ConclusionsAn overdose of blood-thinning drug reduces BV and increases Reynolds number causing high-turbulence leading to the Sanal flow choking. Asymptomatic stroke could be diminished by concurrently lessening the BV and flow turbulence by rising thermal tolerance level in terms of BHCR or by decreasing the BPR. In conclusion, BPR must always be lower than 1.8257 as dictated by the lowest BHCR of the evolved gas for prohibiting asymptomatic stroke.

The Physics of Detonation Chemistry: A Radical Theory in Predicting the Deflagration to Detonation Transition and Environmental Explosions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.R. Sanal Kumar ◽  
Nichith Chandrasekaran ◽  
Vigneshwaran Sankar ◽  
Ajith Sukumaran ◽  
Sivabalan Mani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Continuity Condition ◽  
Reacting Flow ◽  
Radical Theory ◽  
Flow Choking ◽  
Deflagration To Detonation Transition ◽  
Theoretical Finding ◽  
Detonation Transition

Abstract The theoretical finding of the Sanal-flow-choking [PMCID: PMC7267099] and streamtube flow choking (V.R.Sanal Kumar et al., Physics of Fluids, Vol.33, No.3, 2021, DOI: 10.1063/5.0040440) are methodological advancements in predicting the deflagration-to-detonation-transition (DDT) in the real-world-fluid flows (continuum/non-continuum) with credibility.[1,2] Herein, we provide a proof of the concept of the Sanal-flow-choking and streamtube-flow-choking causing DDT in wall-bounded and free-external flows. Once the streamlines compacted, the considerable pressure difference attains inside the streamtube and the flow gets accelerated to the constricted region for satisfying the continuity condition set by the conservation law of nature. If the shape of the streamtube in the internal/external flow is similar to the convergent-divergent (CD) duct the phenomenon of the Sanal-flow-choking and supersonic flow development occurs at a critical-total-to-static pressure ratio (CPR) in yocto to yotta scale systems and beyond, which leads to shock wave generation or detonation as the case may me. At the lower critical detonation or hemorrhage index, the CPR of the reacting flow and the critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR) of the subjects (human being/animal) are unique functions of the heat-capacity-ratio (HCR) of the evolved gas in the CD duct (V.R.Sanal Kumar et al., Global Challenges, Wiley Publication, January 2021, DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000076, PMCID: PMC7933821; Sanal Kumar V.R et al. Stroke, Vol. 52, Issue Suppl_11 March 2021, doi.org/10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.P804). In silico results are presented herein to establish the proof of the concept of the Sanal-flow-choking and streamtube-flow-choking causing shock-wave/detonation in diabatic flow systems and asymptomatic-hemorrhagic-stroke in biological systems. The physics of detonation chemistry presented herein sheds light for exploring environmental and supernova explosions.[107] In silico results reported herein provide an authentic answer to many unresolved research questions in Physics in general and aerospace, mechanical, biological, chemical, energy, environmental, nano and material sciences in particular.

scholarly journals Discovery of nanoscale sanal flow choking in cardiovascular system: exact prediction of the 3D boundary-layer-blockage factor in nanotubes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Sanal Kumar ◽  
Vigneshwaran Sankar ◽  
Nichith Chandrasekaran ◽  
Sulthan Ariff Rahman Mohamed Rafic ◽  
Ajith Sukumaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Real World ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Flow Choking ◽  
The Real ◽  
Blockage Factor ◽  
Flow Systems

AbstractEvidences are escalating on the diverse neurological-disorders and asymptomatic cardiovascular-diseases associated with COVID-19 pandemic due to the Sanal-flow-choking. Herein, we established the proof of the concept of nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking in real-world fluid-flow systems using a closed-form-analytical-model. This mathematical-model is capable of predicting exactly the 3D-boundary-layer-blockage factor of nanoscale diabatic-fluid-flow systems (flow involves the transfer of heat) at the Sanal-flow-choking condition. As the pressure of the diabatic nanofluid and/or non-continuum-flows rises, average-mean-free-path diminishes and thus, the Knudsen-number lowers heading to a zero-slip wall-boundary condition with the compressible-viscous-flow regime in the nanoscale-tubes leading to Sanal-flow-choking due to the sonic-fluid-throat effect. At the Sanal-flow-choking condition the total-to-static pressure ratio (ie., systolic-to-diastolic pressure ratio) is a unique function of the heat-capacity-ratio of the real-world flows. The innovation of the nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking model is established herein through the entropy relation, as it satisfies all the conservation-laws of nature. The physical insight of the boundary-layer-blockage persuaded nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking in diabatic flows presented in this article sheds light on finding solutions to numerous unresolved scientific problems in physical, chemical and biological sciences carried forward over the centuries because the mathematical-model describing the phenomenon of Sanal-flow-choking is a unique scientific-language of the real-world-fluid flows. The 3D-boundary-layer-blockage factors presented herein for various gases are universal-benchmark-data for performing high-fidelity in silico, in vitro and in vivo experiments in nanotubes.

Abstract P422: Sanal Flow Choking Leads To Hemorrhagic Stroke And Other Neurological Disorders In Earth And Human Spaceflight

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanal Kumar V R ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Relative Viscosity ◽  
Human Spaceflight ◽  
Flow Choking ◽  
In Silico Studies

Background: Evidences are escalating on the diverse neurological disorders associated with COVID-19pandemic due to the nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking (PMC7267099) . The Sanal-flow-chokingoccurs at relatively high and low blood viscosity. Sanal-flow-choking leads to aneurysm andhemorrhagic-stroke and other neurological-disorders if the vessel geometry is having divergence,bifurcation, stenosis and/or occlusion regions (PMC7933821) . Nanoscale Sanal flow choking ismore susceptible at microgravity condition due to altered variations of blood viscosity, turbulenceand the blood pressure ratio (BPR). Astronauts/Cosmonauts experienced neurological disordersduring human spaceflight and thereafter. Methods: Closed-form analytical, in vitro and in silico studies have been carried out for establishing thephenomenon of Sanal-flow-choking. Biofluid/blood heat capacity ratio (BHCR) of various healthysubjects are estimated. Results: The closed-form analytical models reveal that the relatively high and low blood viscosity arerisk factors of Sanal-flow-choking. In vitro study shows that N2, O2, and CO2 gases arepredominant in fresh-blood samples of the healthy human-being and Guinea-pig at a temperaturerange of 37-40 0 C (98.6-104 0 F), which increases the risk of Sanal-flow-choking. In silico resultsshows the Sanal-flow-choking followed by shock-waves and pressure-overshoot in a simulatedartery with the divergence region. Conclusions: As the pressure of the nanoscale biofluid/non-continuum-flows rises, fluid viscosityincreases and average-mean-free-path diminishes and thus, the Knudsen number lowers headingto a zero-slip wall-boundary condition with the compressible flow regime, which increases the riskof Sanal-flow-choking and the shock wave generation causing asymptomatic cardiovasculardisease. Microgravity environment decreases plasma volume and increases the hematocritcompared with the situation on the earth surface, which increases the relative viscosity of bloodcausing an early Sanal-flow-choking. Herein we established that the disproportionate blood-thinning treatment increases the risk of the nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking due to the enhancedboundary-layer-blockage factor. The risk could be diminished by concurrently reducing theviscosity of biofluid/blood and flow-turbulence by increasing thermal-tolerance-level in terms ofBHCR and/or by decreasing the BPR through new drug discovery or using companion medicinewith the traditional blood thinners or other health care management. We recommend allastronauts/cosmonauts should wear ambulatory blood pressure and thermal level monitoringdevices similar to a wristwatch throughout the space travel for the diagnosis, prognosis andprevention of internal flow choking leading to asymptomatic cardiovascular disease includingneurological disorders.

The Boundary Layer on a Townend Surface

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Cooke ◽  
O. K. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Mach Number ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Typical Case ◽  
Air Stream ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Displacement Thickness ◽  
Limiting Streamlines

SummaryCertain three-dimensional surfaces studied by Townend have the property that at every streamwise section a supersonic air stream is compressed isentropically in the form of a reversed Prandtl-Meyer flow. If all the compressions are centred on points lying on one straight line the flow is conical. Such a surface may be of use as an engine intake. In this paper an approximate boundary-layer calculation for such a surface is made for laminar flow with zero heat transfer in the conical case. It is found that under certain circumstances a useful amount of compression can be obtained before separation occurs (a pressure ratio of 6, for instance, for an initial Mach number of 10). Limiting streamlines are drawn and displacement thickness calculated for a typical case, and the Mach number at separation is determined for a range of initial Mach numbers and angles of sweep. Instability due to sweep is considered.

scholarly journals Biofluid choking a paradigm shift in the diagnostic sciences of stroke - Blood pressure ratio and heat capacity ratio are the risk factors for hemorrhage and heart attack

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANALKUMAR V R
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Heat Capacity ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Heart Attack ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Artery Dissection ◽  
Coronary Artery Dissection ◽  
Flow Choking ◽  
Capacity Ratio

Author reported conclusively through the state-of-the-art closed-form analytical methodology that the stroke and the transient-ischemic-attack could occur due to the boundary-layer induced blockage at the transition region while attaining the biofluid choking condition without any iota of symptom of plaque formation in the arteries particularly with bifurcation regions. At the biofluid choking condition, the systolic-to-diastolic blood pressure ratio (BPR) is a unique function of the blood/biofluid heat capacity ratio (BHCR). The biofluid flow choking occurs when the blood/biofluid velocity in the blockage region (boundary-layer and/or plaque-induced blockage) is equal to the local velocity of sound. Biofluid choking is more susceptible during winter due to an enhanced blood viscosity. Sanal flow choking creates cavitation and shock waves leading to pressure-overshoot causing stroke and/or Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). The SCAD is more severe for the vessels with high-relaxation modulus as a result of the memory effect (stroke history) carried over the years due to choking and unchoking phenomena due to the fluctuating BPR. While using the blood-thinners and/or drugs with anticoagulant properties the dynamic viscosity of blood decreases and as a result Reynolds number increases and the laminar flow could be disrupted and become turbulent and thereby the boundary-layer-blockage factor increases leading to an early biofluid choking, cavitation and shock wave generation. The author concluded that suppressing the turbulence level and simultaneously reducing the blood viscosity are the key tasks to prevent heart attack and stroke, which could be achieved through a single-medicine or a companion-medicine, with traditional-anticoagulants-drugs, capable to increase the BHCR or decrease the BPR. The author also concluded through an analytical model that the stents could reduce the risk of MI but no better than drugs owing to the fact the biofluid choking could occur with and without stent.

scholarly journals Very Low and High Blood Viscosity Are Risk Factors for Internal Flow Choking Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
SANAL KUMAR V R ◽  
Shiv Kumar Choudhary ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Radhakrishnan ◽  
Bharath R.S. ◽  
Nichith Chandrasekaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
In Silico ◽  
Thermal Tolerance ◽  
Flow Choking ◽  
Tolerance Level

Abstract BackgroundThe truly popular consequence of management with the blood-thinning-drug, causation of lower blood-viscosity (BV), is bleeding and very frequently asymptomatic-hemorrhage (AH) and the acute-heart-failure (AHF) happen without any preceding symptoms.ObjectivesOur aim was to develop an infallible closed-form analytical model for demonstrating the proof of the concept of the Sanal flow choking in cardiovascular system (CVS) causing AH and AHF by correlating the blood pressure ratio (BPR), biofluid/blood-heat-capacity-ratio(BHCR), blood viscosity(BV), stenosis (in terms of vessel cross-sectional area (VCA)) and ejection fraction(EF). For establishing the proof of the concept we were planned in vitro and in silico studies. MethodsThe closed-form-analytical-methodology is used herein to establish the proof of the concept of Sanal-flow-choking. In vitro method is invoked for the speciation analyses of blood samples of healthy subjects (human being/Guinea pig) for the BHCR estimation. In silico method is used for demonstrating the asymptomatic pressure-overshoot in an artery due to the Sanal flow choking and shock wave generation. ResultsThe closed-form analytical, in vitro and in silico results are presented herein to establish the proof of the concept of internal flow choking in CVS causing cardiovascular risk without prejudice to the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The analytical models reveal that the relatively high and low BV are risk factors of AH and AHF. In vitro study shows that nitrogen(N2), oxygen(O2), carbon dioxide(CO2) and argon(Ar) gases are predominant in fresh-blood samples of the healthy human-being and Guinea-pig at a temperature range of 37-400 C (98.6-1040 F), which increases the risk of flow-choking leading to AH and AHF. The thermal-tolerance level in terms of BHCR of Guinea-pig is found higher than the human being. In silico results demonstrated the Sanal flow choking and shock wave generation in an artery with the divergent/bifurcation region. ConclusionsAn overdose of blood-thinning drug for reducing the blood-viscosity(BV) augments Reynolds number leading to high-turbulence and enhanced boundary-layer-blockage(BLB), which increases the chances of cavitation and the Sanal-flow-choking leading to the shock wave and pressure-overshoot causing memory effect (stroke history) in viscoelastic vessels. Designing the precise blood-thinning regimen is vital for attaining the desired therapeutic efficacy and negating undesirable flow-choking leading to AH and AHF. Herein we established that the disproportionate blood-thinning treatment increases the risk of the Sanal-flow-choking due to the enhanced BLB factor. The cardiovascular risk could be diminished by concurrently lessening the BV and flow turbulence by rising thermal-tolerance-level in terms of BHCR or by decreasing the BPR. Condensed AbstractHerein, we provide a proof of the concept to establish that such asymptomatic diseases are due to the boundary-layer-blockage (BLB) induced flow choking (Sanal-flow-choking) at a critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR). When the pressure of the nanoscale-fluid increases, average-mean-free-path decreases and thus, the Knudsen number reduces leading to a no-slip boundary condition with compressible-viscous (CV) flow effect. Sanal-flow-choking is a CV flow effect creating a physical situation of the sonic-fluid-throat, at a critical BPR. We concluded that AH and AHF are transient-events due to flow-choking, and not an illness. The cardiovascular risk could be diminished by concurrently lessening the BV and flow turbulence by rising thermal-tolerance-level in terms of BHCR or by decreasing the BPR.

scholarly journals Very Low and High Blood Viscosity are Risk Factors for Internal Flow Choking Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. R. Sanal Kumar ◽  
Shiv Kumar Choudhary ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Radhakrishnan ◽  
R. S. Bharath ◽  
Nichith Chandrasekaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Viscous Flow ◽  
Blood Viscosity ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Internal Flow ◽  
Physical Situation ◽  
Transient Pressure ◽  
Flow Effect ◽  
Flow Choking

Abstract Herein, we established the proof of the concept of internal flow choking in CVS causing cardiovascular risk through the closed-form analytical, in vitro and in silico methods. An over dose of blood-thinning drug will enhance the Reynolds number, which creates high turbulence level causing an augmented boundary layer blockage factor leading to an early undesirable biofluid/Sanal flow choking at a critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR). The fact is that in nanoscale vessels when the pressure of fluid increases, average-mean-free-path decreases and thus, the Knudsen number reduces. It leads to the physical situation of no-slip boundary condition with compressible-viscous flow effect. Sanal-flow-choking is a compressible-viscous flow effect establishing a physical condition of the sonic-fluid-throat, at a critical blood pressure ratio (BPR). We concluded that asymptomatic-hemorrhage (AH) and acute-heart-failure (AHF) are transient-events as a result of internal flow-choking in nanoscale and/or large vessels followed by the shock wave creation and transient pressure-overshoot. We concluded that cardiovascular risk could be reduced by simultaneously lessening the blood-viscosity and flow turbulence by increasing thermal-tolerance-level in terms of BHCR and/or by decreasing the blood pressure (BP) ratio.

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