Lopsided Blood-thinning Drug Increases the Risk of Internal Flow Choking and Shock Wave Generation Causing Asymptomatic Stroke

Lopsided Blood-thinning Drug Increases the Risk of Internal Flow Choking and Shock Wave Generation Causing Asymptomatic Stroke Author Block: V R SANAL KUMAR, ISRO; S.K.Choudhary, AIIMS; P.K.Radhakrishnan, GU; Suresh Menon, GT; Vrishank Raghav, AU; K.K.N Namboodiri, Sapna E.Sreedharan, SCTIMST; Bharath R.S, Nichith C, C.Oommen, IISc; V.Sankar, IITK; A.Sukumaran, KCT; Arun K, DHMMC; A.Pal, Tharikaa R.K, AU, Abhirami R, AIMS. IntroductionConsequence of lopsided blood-thinning-drug, lowering blood-viscosity (BV), is bleeding and very frequently asymptomatic-hemorrhage (AH) and the acute-heart-failure (AHF) happen. V.R.S.Kumar et al. (2020) reported that such asymptomatic episodes are due to the internal flow choking in the cardiovascular system (CVS) at a critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR), which is regulated by biofluid/blood heat capacity ratio (BHCR). MethodsThe closed-form-analytical-methodology is used for correlating BV, BPR, BHCR, vessel geometry and ejection fraction (EF). In vitro method is used for the BHCR estimation of healthy subjects. In silico method is used for demonstrating the Sanal flow choking. ResultsThe analytical models reveal that the relatively high and low BV are risk factors of internal flow choking. In vitro study shows that N2, O2, CO2 & Ar gases are predominant in fresh-blood samples of the healthy subjects at a temperature range of 37-400 C (98.6-1040 F), which increases the risk of flow-choking. In silico results demonstrated the Sanal flow choking followed by the shock wave generation and pressure-overshoot in a simulated artery with the divergent/bifurcation region. ConclusionsAn overdose of blood-thinning drug reduces BV and increases Reynolds number causing high-turbulence leading to the Sanal flow choking. Asymptomatic stroke could be diminished by concurrently lessening the BV and flow turbulence by rising thermal tolerance level in terms of BHCR or by decreasing the BPR. In conclusion, BPR must always be lower than 1.8257 as dictated by the lowest BHCR of the evolved gas for prohibiting asymptomatic stroke.

Sanal Flow Choking Leads to Hemorrhagic Stroke and Other Neurological Disorders in Earth and Human Spaceflight

Evidences are escalating on the diverse neurological disorders associated with COVID-19 pandemic due to the nanoscale Sanal flow choking (PMC7267099). The Sanal flow choking occurs at relatively high and low blood viscosity. Sanal flow choking leads to aneurysm, hemorrhagic-stroke and other neurological-disorders if the vessel geometry is having divergence, bifurcation, stenosis and/or occlusion regions (PMC7933821). Nanoscale Sanal flow choking is more susceptible at microgravity condition due to altered variations of blood viscosity, turbulence and the blood pressure ratio (BPR). Astronauts/Cosmonauts experienced neurological disorders during human spaceflight and thereafter. V.R.S.Kumar et al. (2021) reported that the asymptomatic episodes in the cardiovascular system are due to the internal flow choking (Biofluid/ Sanal flow choking) at a critical blood pressure ratio (BPR), which is regulated by the biofluid/blood heat capacity ratio (BHCR). As the pressure of the nanoscale biofluid / non-continuum-flows rises, fluid viscosity increases and average-mean-free-path diminishes and thus, the Knudsen number lowers heading to a zero-slip wall-boundary condition with the compressible flow regime, which increases the risk of Sanal flow choking and the shock wave generation causing asymptomatic cardiovascular disease. Microgravity environment decreases plasma volume and increases the hematocrit compared with the situation on the Earth surface, which increases the relative viscosity of blood causing an early Sanal flow choking. Herein, we established that the disproportionate blood-thinning treatment increases the risk of the nanoscale Sanal flow choking due to the enhanced boundary-layer-blockage factor. The risk could be diminished by concurrently reducing the viscosity of biofluid/ blood and flow-turbulence by increasing the thermal-tolerance-level in terms of BHCR and/or by decreasing the BPR through new drug discovery or using companion medicine with the traditional blood thinners or other health care management. We recommend all astronauts/cosmonauts should wear ambulatory blood pressure and thermal level monitoring devices similar to a wristwatch throughout the space travel for the diagnosis, prognosis and prevention of internal flow choking leading to asymptomatic cardiovascular disease including neurological disorders.

Very Low and High Blood Viscosity are Risk Factors for Internal Flow Choking Causing Asymptomatic Cardiovascular Disease

Herein, we established the proof of the concept of internal flow choking in CVS causing cardiovascular risk through the closed-form analytical, in vitro and in silico methods. An over dose of blood-thinning drug will enhance the Reynolds number, which creates high turbulence level causing an augmented boundary layer blockage factor leading to an early undesirable biofluid/Sanal flow choking at a critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR). The fact is that in nanoscale vessels when the pressure of fluid increases, average-mean-free-path decreases and thus, the Knudsen number reduces. It leads to the physical situation of no-slip boundary condition with compressible-viscous flow effect. Sanal-flow-choking is a compressible-viscous flow effect establishing a physical condition of the sonic-fluid-throat, at a critical blood pressure ratio (BPR). We concluded that asymptomatic-hemorrhage (AH) and acute-heart-failure (AHF) are transient-events as a result of internal flow-choking in nanoscale and/or large vessels followed by the shock wave creation and transient pressure-overshoot. We concluded that cardiovascular risk could be reduced by simultaneously lessening the blood-viscosity and flow turbulence by increasing thermal-tolerance-level in terms of BHCR and/or by decreasing the blood pressure (BP) ratio.

Abstract P422: Sanal Flow Choking Leads To Hemorrhagic Stroke And Other Neurological Disorders In Earth And Human Spaceflight

Background: Evidences are escalating on the diverse neurological disorders associated with COVID-19pandemic due to the nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking (PMC7267099) . The Sanal-flow-chokingoccurs at relatively high and low blood viscosity. Sanal-flow-choking leads to aneurysm andhemorrhagic-stroke and other neurological-disorders if the vessel geometry is having divergence,bifurcation, stenosis and/or occlusion regions (PMC7933821) . Nanoscale Sanal flow choking ismore susceptible at microgravity condition due to altered variations of blood viscosity, turbulenceand the blood pressure ratio (BPR). Astronauts/Cosmonauts experienced neurological disordersduring human spaceflight and thereafter. Methods: Closed-form analytical, in vitro and in silico studies have been carried out for establishing thephenomenon of Sanal-flow-choking. Biofluid/blood heat capacity ratio (BHCR) of various healthysubjects are estimated. Results: The closed-form analytical models reveal that the relatively high and low blood viscosity arerisk factors of Sanal-flow-choking. In vitro study shows that N2, O2, and CO2 gases arepredominant in fresh-blood samples of the healthy human-being and Guinea-pig at a temperaturerange of 37-40 0 C (98.6-104 0 F), which increases the risk of Sanal-flow-choking. In silico resultsshows the Sanal-flow-choking followed by shock-waves and pressure-overshoot in a simulatedartery with the divergence region. Conclusions: As the pressure of the nanoscale biofluid/non-continuum-flows rises, fluid viscosityincreases and average-mean-free-path diminishes and thus, the Knudsen number lowers headingto a zero-slip wall-boundary condition with the compressible flow regime, which increases the riskof Sanal-flow-choking and the shock wave generation causing asymptomatic cardiovasculardisease. Microgravity environment decreases plasma volume and increases the hematocritcompared with the situation on the earth surface, which increases the relative viscosity of bloodcausing an early Sanal-flow-choking. Herein we established that the disproportionate blood-thinning treatment increases the risk of the nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking due to the enhancedboundary-layer-blockage factor. The risk could be diminished by concurrently reducing theviscosity of biofluid/blood and flow-turbulence by increasing thermal-tolerance-level in terms ofBHCR and/or by decreasing the BPR through new drug discovery or using companion medicinewith the traditional blood thinners or other health care management. We recommend allastronauts/cosmonauts should wear ambulatory blood pressure and thermal level monitoringdevices similar to a wristwatch throughout the space travel for the diagnosis, prognosis andprevention of internal flow choking leading to asymptomatic cardiovascular disease includingneurological disorders.

Discovery of nanoscale sanal flow choking in cardiovascular system: exact prediction of the 3D boundary-layer-blockage factor in nanotubes

Evidences are escalating on the diverse neurological-disorders and asymptomatic cardiovascular-diseases associated with COVID-19 pandemic due to the Sanal-flow-choking. Herein, we established the proof of the concept of nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking in real-world fluid-flow systems using a closed-form-analytical-model. This mathematical-model is capable of predicting exactly the 3D-boundary-layer-blockage factor of nanoscale diabatic-fluid-flow systems (flow involves the transfer of heat) at the Sanal-flow-choking condition. As the pressure of the diabatic nanofluid and/or non-continuum-flows rises, average-mean-free-path diminishes and thus, the Knudsen-number lowers heading to a zero-slip wall-boundary condition with the compressible-viscous-flow regime in the nanoscale-tubes leading to Sanal-flow-choking due to the sonic-fluid-throat effect. At the Sanal-flow-choking condition the total-to-static pressure ratio (ie., systolic-to-diastolic pressure ratio) is a unique function of the heat-capacity-ratio of the real-world flows. The innovation of the nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking model is established herein through the entropy relation, as it satisfies all the conservation-laws of nature. The physical insight of the boundary-layer-blockage persuaded nanoscale Sanal-flow-choking in diabatic flows presented in this article sheds light on finding solutions to numerous unresolved scientific problems in physical, chemical and biological sciences carried forward over the centuries because the mathematical-model describing the phenomenon of Sanal-flow-choking is a unique scientific-language of the real-world-fluid flows. The 3D-boundary-layer-blockage factors presented herein for various gases are universal-benchmark-data for performing high-fidelity in silico, in vitro and in vivo experiments in nanotubes.

The Physics of Detonation Chemistry: A Radical Theory in Predicting the Deflagration to Detonation Transition and Environmental Explosions

The theoretical finding of the Sanal-flow-choking [PMCID: PMC7267099] and streamtube flow choking (V.R.Sanal Kumar et al., Physics of Fluids, Vol.33, No.3, 2021, DOI: 10.1063/5.0040440) are methodological advancements in predicting the deflagration-to-detonation-transition (DDT) in the real-world-fluid flows (continuum/non-continuum) with credibility.[1,2] Herein, we provide a proof of the concept of the Sanal-flow-choking and streamtube-flow-choking causing DDT in wall-bounded and free-external flows. Once the streamlines compacted, the considerable pressure difference attains inside the streamtube and the flow gets accelerated to the constricted region for satisfying the continuity condition set by the conservation law of nature. If the shape of the streamtube in the internal/external flow is similar to the convergent-divergent (CD) duct the phenomenon of the Sanal-flow-choking and supersonic flow development occurs at a critical-total-to-static pressure ratio (CPR) in yocto to yotta scale systems and beyond, which leads to shock wave generation or detonation as the case may me. At the lower critical detonation or hemorrhage index, the CPR of the reacting flow and the critical blood-pressure-ratio (BPR) of the subjects (human being/animal) are unique functions of the heat-capacity-ratio (HCR) of the evolved gas in the CD duct (V.R.Sanal Kumar et al., Global Challenges, Wiley Publication, January 2021, DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000076, PMCID: PMC7933821; Sanal Kumar V.R et al. Stroke, Vol. 52, Issue Suppl_11 March 2021, doi.org/10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.P804). In silico results are presented herein to establish the proof of the concept of the Sanal-flow-choking and streamtube-flow-choking causing shock-wave/detonation in diabatic flow systems and asymptomatic-hemorrhagic-stroke in biological systems. The physics of detonation chemistry presented herein sheds light for exploring environmental and supernova explosions.[107] In silico results reported herein provide an authentic answer to many unresolved research questions in Physics in general and aerospace, mechanical, biological, chemical, energy, environmental, nano and material sciences in particular.