scholarly journals Montmorillonite-Nasal-Gel, A Prophylactic Measure Against Covid-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiankai Bai ◽  
Jing Tian ◽  
Xuan Zhai ◽  
Xingyi Gao ◽  
Kangmin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nasal Spray ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Negative Charge ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Prophylactic Measure ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
National Medical ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Since December 2019, a novel pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has spread through the whole world. There are various ways to control the outbreak, such as vaccines, neutralizing antibodies, but prophylactic measures is still one of the important measures to control the outbreak like face masks. Montmorillonite-Nasal-Gel (MNG), a nasal spray gel consisting of a combination of 10% montmorillonite, 2% xylitol and water, has shown the effect to reduce viral infection. We tested the effect of MNG on SARS-CoV-2 infection by using a SARS-CoV-2 S protein pseudovirus system. To evaluate the efficacy of MNG against SARS-CoV-2 infection, SARS-CoV-2 were treated with 50% MNG in BSL-3 laboratory. These experiments appeared that MNG treatment greatly reduced the infection of SARS-CoV-2. As a nasal spray, it should not stimulate the airways. So we did a respiratory stimulating test and found that it has no stimulating effect on the respiratory tract. Montmorillonite is generally considered to have a amount of negative charge on the surface, it can absorb some viruses and bacteria. We assume that montmorillonite can physically adsorb SARS-CoV-2 too. As a personal protective equipment, MNG was approved by National Medical Products Administration (NMPA). MNG can further be used in the protection of all groups.

scholarly journals Visitor Restriction Policy on Pediatric Wards During Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreak: A Survey Study Across North America

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taito Kitano ◽  
Pierre-Philippe Piché-Renaud ◽  
Helen E Groves ◽  
Laurie Streitenberger ◽  
Renee Freeman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Restriction Policy ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Abstract Visitor restriction policies in pediatric wards during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak are variable. Among 36 hospitals that responded to our survey, 97% allowed at least 1 visitor, with 67% restricting to 1 caregiver. Sixty-nine percent required the visitor to wear personal protective equipment and only 19% allowed non-household visitors.

scholarly journals Comparison of Four SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Assays

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Lydia Riepler ◽  
Annika Rössler ◽  
Albert Falch ◽  
André Volland ◽  
Wegene Borena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
The Other ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Effective Protection ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Vesicular Stomatitis ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Neutralizing antibodies are a major correlate of protection for many viruses including the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Thus, vaccine candidates should potently induce neutralizing antibodies to render effective protection from infection. A variety of in vitro assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies has been described. However, validation of the different assays against each other is important to allow comparison of different studies. Here, we compared four different SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays using the same set of patient samples. Two assays used replication competent SARS-CoV-2, a focus forming assay and a TCID50-based assay, while the other two assays used replication defective lentiviral or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based particles pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 spike. All assays were robust and produced highly reproducible neutralization titers. Titers of neutralizing antibodies correlated well between the different assays and with the titers of SARS-CoV-2 S-protein binding antibodies detected in an ELISA. Our study showed that commonly used SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays are robust and that results obtained with different assays are comparable.

Availability of COVID-19 related products on Tor darknet markets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roderic Broadhurst ◽  
Matthew Ball
Keyword(s):  
Personal Protective Equipment ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
Diagnostic Instruments ◽  
Multiple Markets

Twenty Tor darknet markets were surveyed on 3 April 2020 to conduct a census of COVID-19 related medical products and supplies. There were 645 listings, including 222 unique listings, of COVID-19 related products across 12 markets. Three markets accounted for 85 percent of all unique listings identified. Of the 110 vendors identified, eight were active in multiple markets. A small proportion of vendors accounted for most listings. The estimated value of all unique listings was A$369,000. Personal protective equipment accounted for nearly half of all unique listings, and one third of products were antiviral or repurposed medicines. Supposed vaccines, tests and diagnostic instruments each accounted for nearly 10 percent of listings.

scholarly journals Structure, function and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra C. Walls ◽  
Young-Jun Park ◽  
M. Alexandra Tortorici ◽  
Abigail Wall ◽  
Andrew T. McGuire ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Viral Entry ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Furin Cleavage ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Binding Domains ◽  
Furin Cleavage Site ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

SUMMARYThe recent emergence of a novel coronavirus associated with an ongoing outbreak of pneumonia (Covid-2019) resulted in infections of more than 72,000 people and claimed over 1,800 lives. Coronavirus spike (S) glycoprotein trimers promote entry into cells and are the main target of the humoral immune response. We show here that SARS-CoV-2 S mediates entry in VeroE6 cells and in BHK cells transiently transfected with human ACE2, establishing ACE2 as a functional receptor for this novel coronavirus. We further demonstrate that the receptor-binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 S and SARS-CoV S bind with similar affinities to human ACE2, which correlates with the efficient spread of SARS-CoV-2 among humans. We found that the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein harbors a furin cleavage site at the boundary between the S1/S2 subunits, which is processed during biogenesis and sets this virus apart from SARS-CoV and other SARS-related CoVs. We determined a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the SARS-CoV-2 S ectodomain trimer, demonstrating spontaneous opening of the receptor-binding domain, and providing a blueprint for the design of vaccines and inhibitors of viral entry. Finally, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV S murine polyclonal sera potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated entry into target cells, thereby indicating that cross-neutralizing antibodies targeting conserved S epitopes can be elicited upon vaccination.

scholarly journals A clinical, laboratory, radiological, and microbiologicalstudy of pneumonia associated with covid-19 indicating person-to-person transmission

2021 ◽  
pp. 43832-43834
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Nextgeneration Sequencing ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background: Novel coronavirus outbreak that originated in Wuhan, province of China has now been declared as one of the deadliest pandemics inflicting humankind in last hundred years. Method: In the present study, we have inferred the clinical, laboratory, radiological, and microbiological findings of five patients in a family cluster who presented with unexplained pneumonia after coming back from overseas and touchdown right here in India on 1st March 2020 earlier than lockdown and another member of the family who didn’tvisit thiscountry. Results: From March 10, 2020, we enrolled a family of six patients who travelled to SingaporeonJanuary 10th 2020and returned on March 1st 2020. Of six family members who travelled to Singapore, five were recognised as affected with the radical coronavirus (COVID 19). Additionally, one family member, who did not travel to overseas also became infected with the virus post14 days of staying with four of the family members. Five family members (aged 30–55 years) presented with symptoms like fever, upper or lower respiratory tract symptoms, or diarrhoea, or a combination of these 3–6 days after exposure. Phylogenetic evaluation of these five subjects’ RT-PCR amplicons and two full genomes by nextgeneration sequencing presented that this is a novel coronavirus, which is closest to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses. Conclusion: Our findings are steady with person-to-person transmission of this novel coronavirus in hospital (nosocomial) and family settings, and the reports of infected travellers in other geographical regions.

A Qualitative Comparison of the Covex Respirator with Face Shield Versus the N95 Respirator

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reid Mimmack ◽  
Elijah Germo ◽  
Garrett Augustine ◽  
Kumar Belani
Keyword(s):  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
Pass Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Qualitative Comparison ◽  
Medical Standard ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a worldwide pandemic. The pandemic led to concerns of shortages regarding healthcare-related resources, including personal protective equipment (PPE), ventilators, and more. The uniquely designed COVEX respirator with face shield was engineered and manufactured by Augustine Surgical, Inc. to combat the PPE shortage. The novel COVEX mask is an “all-in-one” face shield and filter with a Viral Filtration Efficiency (VFE) greater than 99%. A standard respirator qualitative fit test was completed on the COVEX respirator as well as the current medical standard 3M N95 respirator. Fit test studies comparing the two masks yielded similar outcomes. The COVEX respirator had a qualitative fit test pass rate of 96.6% and the 3M N95 respirator had a pass rate of 93.3% (n=30). Participants also reported other variables comparing the comfort and fit of each mask, which is described further in the discussion. The COVEX respirator with face shield passed a standardized qualitative fit test at a rate similar to the current medical standard N95 respirator. Our results suggest that the COVEX mask may be a viable PPE option in the future.

scholarly journals Emergency department preparation for COVID-19: accelerated care units

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 402-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Noble ◽  
Nida Felicija Degesys ◽  
Elizabeth Kwan ◽  
Edward Grom ◽  
Cortlyn Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Potential Model ◽  
Adaptive Leadership ◽  
Protective Equipment ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Leadership Challenges ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Rapid Deployment

By 11 February 2020 when the WHO named the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) and the disease it causes (COVID-19), it was evident that the virus was spreading rapidly outside of China. Although San Francisco did not confirm its first locally transmitted cases until the first week of March, our ED and health system began preparing for a potential COVID-19 surge in late February 2020.In this manuscript, we detail how the above responses were instrumental in the rapid deployment of two military-grade negative-pressure medical tents, named accelerated care units (ACU). We describe engagement of our workforce, logistics of creating new care areas, ensuring safety through personal protective equipment access and conservation, and the adaptive leadership challenges that this process posed.We know of no other comprehensive examples of how EDs have prepared for COVID-19 in the peer-reviewed literature. Many other EDs both in and outside of California have requested access to the details of how we operationalised our ACUs to facilitate their own planning. This demonstrates the urgent need to disseminate this information to our colleagues. Below we describe the process of developing and launching our ACUs as a potential model for other EDs around the country.

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