Structural Network Alterations Induced by ART-naive and ART-treated Subjects Infected with HIV

Abstract BackgroundTo investigate how the structural connectivity altered in cART-treated HIV patients and cART-naïve HIV patients by conducting Network analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) data.MethodsWe enrolled 22 cART-naïve, 23 cART-treated and 28 normal controls in our current study. Firstly, the DTI imaging data pre-processing was conducted and the asymmetric 90 × 90 matrix for each participant from their DTI data was obtained with the use of PANDA. Then, we applied a graph-theoretical network analysis toolkit, GRETNA v2.0, to calculate metrics such as small-“worldness,” characteristic path length, clustering coefficient, global efficiency, local efficiency, and nodal “betweenness”. Finally, we took comparisons among the three groups to investigate topological alterations, and we also conducted relevant analysis with current CD4 T cell counts and neuropsychological evaluation.ResultsResults (1) the regional characteristics (nodal efficiency) were altered in CART- and CART+ patients predominantly in the frontal cortical regions; (2) changes in various network properties in CART- and CART+ patients were associated with the performance of behavior functions; (3) Reduced network segregation was associated with lower current CD4 count in cART- participants, suggesting that brain network segregation may be adversely affected by a history of greater immune suppression. (4) Hubs redistributed in HIV subjects especially in cART+ patients. Conclusion1) The regional characteristics (nodal efficiency) were altered in cART-naïve and cART-treated patients predominantly in the frontal cortical regions; (2) changes in various network properties in cART-naïve and cART-treated patients were associated with the performance of behavior functions; (3) reduced network segregation was associated with lower current CD4 count in cART-naïve participants, suggesting that brain network segregation may have been adversely affected by a history of greater immune suppression. (4) Hubs redistributed in HIV subjects especially in cART-treated patients.

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Assessment of Bronchiectasis in HIV Patients among an Urban Population

Case Reports in Pulmonology ◽

10.1155/2020/8903809 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Veena Dronamraju ◽

Navneet Singh ◽

Justin Poon ◽

Sachi Shah ◽

Joseph Gorga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Series ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Wall Thickening ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

Pneumocystis Jiroveci ◽

Computed Tomographic ◽

Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia ◽

History Of ◽

Urban Institutions

Bronchiectasis is characterized by permanent destruction of the airways that presents with productive cough, as well as bronchial wall thickening and luminal dilatation on computed tomographic (CT) scan of the chest; it is associated with high mortality. Accumulating data suggests higher rates of bronchiectasis among the HIV-positive population. This case series involves 14 patients with bronchiectasis and HIV followed at two major urban institutions from 1999 to 2018. Demographics, clinical presentation, microbiology, radiographic imaging, and outcomes were collected and compiled. Mean age was 42 years (range 12-77 years). 36% had a CD4 count greater than 500 cells/mm3, 28% had a CD4 count between 200 and 500 cells/mm3, and 36% had AIDS. 43% were treated for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP) and 50% for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection. 21% had COPD, 7% had asthma, and 7% had a history of pulmonary aspergillosis. Two patients were followed up by pulmonary services after diagnosis of bronchiectasis on CT. The timeline of the follow-up in these cases was within months and after three years respectively. It is posited that the prevalence of bronchiectasis in HIV patients may be underestimated. Improving recognition and management of bronchiectasis could help diminish rehospitalization rates.

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Evolving Network Analysis of S&P500 Components: COVID-19 Influence of Cross-Correlation Network Structure

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e24010021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 21

Author(s):

Janusz Miśkiewicz ◽

Dorota Bonarska-Kujawa

Keyword(s):

Network Analysis ◽

Network Structure ◽

Cross Correlation ◽

Time Window ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

Clustering Coefficient ◽

Correlation Network ◽

Optimal Time ◽

Complex Interactions ◽

Network Properties

The economy is a system of complex interactions. The COVID-19 pandemic strongly influenced economies, particularly through introduced restrictions, which formed a completely new economic environment. The present work focuses on the changes induced by the COVID-19 epidemic on the correlation network structure. The analysis is performed on a representative set of USA companies—the S&P500 components. Four different network structures are constructed (strong, weak, typically, and significantly connected networks), and the rank entropy, cycle entropy, averaged clustering coefficient, and transitivity evolution are established and discussed. Based on the mentioned structural parameters, four different stages have been distinguished during the COVID-19-induced crisis. The proposed network properties and their applicability to a crisis-distinguishing problem are discussed. Moreover, the optimal time window problem is analysed.

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Automated Extraction of Human Functional Brain Network Properties Associated with Working Memory Load through a Machine Learning-Based Feature Selection Algorithm

Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience ◽

10.1155/2018/4835676 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Satoru Hiwa ◽

Shogo Obuchi ◽

Tomoyuki Hiroyasu

Keyword(s):

Working Memory ◽

Functional Connectivity ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Brain Network ◽

Clustering Coefficient ◽

Support Vector ◽

Neural Basis ◽

Functional Brain ◽

Functional Brain Network ◽

Network Properties

Working memory (WM) load-dependent changes of functional connectivity networks have previously been investigated by graph theoretical analysis. However, the extraordinary number of nodes represented within the complex network of the human brain has hindered the identification of functional regions and their network properties. In this paper, we propose a novel method for automatically extracting characteristic brain regions and their graph theoretical properties that reflect load-dependent changes in functional connectivity using a support vector machine classification and genetic algorithm optimization. The proposed method classified brain states during 2- and 3-back test conditions based upon each of the three regional graph theoretical metrics (degree, clustering coefficient, and betweenness centrality) and automatically identified those brain regions that were used for classification. The experimental results demonstrated that our method achieved a >90% of classification accuracy using each of the three graph metrics, whereas the accuracy of the conventional manual approach of assigning brain regions was only 80.4%. It has been revealed that the proposed framework can extract meaningful features of a functional brain network that is associated with WM load from a large number of nodal graph theoretical metrics without prior knowledge of the neural basis of WM.

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Alterations of Cerebral Hemodynamics and Network Properties Induced by Newsvendor Problem in the Human Prefrontal Cortex

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnhum.2020.598502 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 ◽

Author(s):

Hashini Wanniarachchi ◽

Yan Lang ◽

Xinlong Wang ◽

Tyrell Pruitt ◽

Sridhar Nerur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Prefrontal Cortex ◽

Inventory Management ◽

Brain Network ◽

Cerebral Hemodynamics ◽

Newsvendor Problem ◽

Clustering Coefficient ◽

Profit Margins ◽

Network Properties ◽

Local Brain

While many publications have reported brain hemodynamic responses to decision-making under various conditions of risk, no inventory management scenarios, such as the newsvendor problem (NP), have been investigated in conjunction with neuroimaging. In this study, we hypothesized (I) that NP stimulates the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) joined with frontal polar area (FPA) significantly in the human brain, and (II) that local brain network properties are increased when a person transits from rest to the NP decision-making phase. A 77-channel functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system with wide field-of-view (FOV) was employed to measure frontal cerebral hemodynamics in response to NP in 27 healthy human subjects. NP-induced changes in oxy-hemoglobin concentration, Δ[HbO], were investigated using a general linear model (GLM) and graph theory analysis (GTA). Significant activation induced by NP was shown in both DLPFC and OFC+FPA across all subjects. Specifically, higher risk NP with low-profit margins (LM) activated left-DLPFC but deactivated right-DLPFC in 14 subjects, while lower risk NP with high-profit margins (HM) stimulated both DLPFC and OFC+FPA in 13 subjects. The local efficiency, clustering coefficient, and path length of the network metrics were significantly enhanced under NP decision making. In summary, multi-channel fNIRS enabled us to identify DLPFC and OFC+FPA as key cortical regions of brain activations when subjects were making inventory-management risk decisions. We demonstrated that challenging NP resulted in the deactivation within right-DLPFC due to higher levels of stress. Also, local brain network properties were increased when a person transitioned from the rest phase to the NP decision-making phase.

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Network analysis in small-sided and conditioned soccer games

Kinesiology ◽

10.26582/k.49.2.8 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 185-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Gibson Moreira Praça ◽

Pablo Juan Greco

Keyword(s):

Network Analysis ◽

Training Session ◽

Clustering Coefficient ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Degree Centrality ◽

Task Condition ◽

Page Rank ◽

Numerical Equality ◽

Network Properties ◽

Task Conditions

The purpose of this article was to investigate the influence of additional players and playing position on the network properties during 2x4 minutes small-sided and conditioned games (SSCG) in soccer. Eighteen young soccer players (age 16.4±0.7 years), six defenders, six midfielders, and six forwards, voluntarily participated in SSCGs with different task conditions (4vs.3, with an additional player inside the pitch, 3vs.3+2, with two support players at the side of the pitch, and 3vs.3, numerical equality). General (density, total links and clustering coefficient) and individual (degree centrality, degree prestige, and page rank) network properties were analyzed using the SocNetV® software. Results showed higher values of density (F=59.354, p=.001), total links (F=40.951, p=.001), and clustering coefficient (F=21.851, p=.001) during the 4vs.3 SSCG. Besides, midfielders showed higher values of degree centrality than defenders and forwards (F=10.669, p=.001). Midfielders and forwards also showed higher values of degree prestige than defenders (F=5.527, p=.005). These results indicate that both task condition and playing position influence the general and individual network properties during SSCGs. For this reason, it is suggested that both task condition and team composition need to be adjusted to the coaches’ purpose for each training session in order to maximize the possibilities of cooperation among the teammates.

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Correlation between CD4 count and H. pylori in HIV+ patients

Gastroenterology ◽

10.1016/s0016-5085(01)83523-x ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 120 (5) ◽

pp. A707-A708

Author(s):

A WERNECKSILVA ◽

R LEITE ◽

M NUNEZ ◽

A SIPAHI ◽

A DAMIAO ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cd4 Count ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

H Pylori

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ANALISIS PERINGKAT TOP BRAND OJEK ONLINE MENGGUNAKAN JEJARING SOSIAL PERCAKAPAN TWITTER

Jurnal Ilmiah Informatika Komputer ◽

10.35760/ik.2019.v24i2.2365 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 88-104

Author(s):

Ilham Aminudin ◽

Dyah Anggraini

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Social Network ◽

Social Network Analysis ◽

Network Analysis ◽

Path Length ◽

Average Path Length ◽

Average Degree ◽

Clustering Coefficient ◽

R Programming

Banyak bisnis mulai muncul dengan melibatkan pengembangan teknologi internet. Salah satunya adalah bisnis di aplikasi berbasis penyedia layanan di bidang moda transportasi berbasis online yang ternyata dapat memberikan solusi dan menjawab berbagai kekhawatiran publik tentang layanan transportasi umum. Kemacetan lalu lintas di kota-kota besar dan ketegangan publik dengan keamanan transportasi umum diselesaikan dengan adanya aplikasi transportasi online seperti Grab dan Gojek yang memberikan kemudahan dan kenyamanan bagi penggunanya Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisa keaktifan percakapan brand jasa transportasi online di jejaring sosial Twitter berdasarkan properti jaringan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan dengan mengambil data dari percakapan pengguna di social media Twitter dengan cara crawling menggunakan Bahasa pemrograman R programming dan software R Studio dan pembuatan model jaringan dengan software Gephy. Setelah itu data dianalisis menggunakan metode social network analysis yang terdiri berdasarkan properti jaringan yaitu size, density, modularity, diameter, average degree, average path length, dan clustering coefficient dan nantinya hasil analisis akan dibandingkan dari setiap properti jaringan kedua brand jasa transportasi Online dan ditentukan strategi dalam meningkatkan dan mempertahankan keaktifan serta tingkat kehadiran brand jasa transportasi online, Grab dan Gojek.

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Hematological Profile of HIV-Infected Patients on First-Line Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy and Its Correlation With CD4 Count

International Journal of Recent Surgical and Medical Sciences ◽

10.1055/s-0041-1730257 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

John Jospeh Diamond Princy ◽

Kshetrimayum Birendra Singh ◽

Ningthoujam Biplab ◽

Ningthoukhongjam Reema ◽

Rajesh Boini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Platelet Count ◽

Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Total Leukocyte Count ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Highly Active ◽

The Mean

Abstract Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a state of profound immunodeficiency. Disorders of hematopoietic system are a common but often overlooked complication of HIV infection. This can manifest at any stage of the disease but more commonly in the advanced stage with low CD4 count. Anemia is the most common hematological abnormality in HIV patients and prevalence ranges from 1.3 to 95%. As HIV disease progresses, the prevalence and severity of anemia also increase. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess the hematological parameters of HIV-infected patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) at different treatment durations with the hope to improve the HAART outcome in HIV patients and its correlation with CD4 count. Methods This prospective longitudinal study enrolled 134 HIV-infected patients admitted to or attending the OPD in the Department of Medicine or Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) Center (Center of Excellence), Regional Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS), Imphal, Manipur, from 2018 to 2020. Complete hemogram, CD4 count, and other related-blood investigations were studied. Results The mean age of the study population was 39.9 ± 11.04 years. Of the 134 patients, 75 (56%) were males and 59 (44%) were females. Twelve (9%) patients had a history of injecting drug use (IDU). TLE (tenofovir, lamivudine, efavirenz) regimen was started on 112 (83.6%) patients and the majority of them (69/134 [51.5%]) had a CD4 count of 200 to 499 cells/mm3, which increased significantly 6 months after HAART to 99 to 1,149 cells/mm3, with a mean of 445 ± 217 cells/mm3. There were significant improvements in hemoglobin (Hb) levels, total leukocyte count (TLC), absolute neutrophil count (ANC), and absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) after HAART indicating a positive correlation with CD4 count (p < 0.05). Thrombocytopenia was observed higher after HAART when compared to baseline. There was a positive correlation between platelet count and CD4 count. However, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) had a negative correlation with CD4 count. Conclusion The study inferred a strong positive correlation between CD4 and Hb levels, TLC, ANC, ALC, and platelet count after HAART with improvement in these values as CD4 count increases. Specific treatment intervention based on the changes in the immunohematological profile trends can help prevent most of the adverse effects on HIV patients in our community.

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A survey of brain network analysis by electroencephalographic signals

Cognitive Neurodynamics ◽

10.1007/s11571-021-09689-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cuihua Luo ◽

Fali Li ◽

Peiyang Li ◽

Chanlin Yi ◽

Chunbo Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Network Analysis ◽

Brain Network ◽

Electroencephalographic Signals

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The impact of HIV-associated immunosuppression on the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene (PfCRT) of HIV patients in Akure, Nigeria

Bulletin of the National Research Centre ◽

10.1186/s42269-020-00401-0 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Iyabo Adepeju Simon-Oke ◽

Adeola Olanireti Ade-Alao ◽

Foluso Ologundudu

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Malaria Prevalence ◽

Cd4 Count ◽

Chloroquine Resistance ◽

Hiv Care ◽

Transporter Gene ◽

Hiv Patients ◽

Chloroquine Resistance Transporter ◽

Hiv Test ◽

Low Prevalence

Abstract Background The study evaluated the prevalence of malaria and Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene (PfCRT) in HIV patients attending Specialist Hospital, Akure. This study was carried out between April and June 2019. Three hundred and seventeen (317) patients attending the antiretroviral clinic (ART) were involved, out of which 89 (28.08%) were males and 228 (71.92%) were females. HIV test was done using the Unigold® HIV test kit, malaria test was done using thick and thin blood smear, CD4 test was done using the Partec® CD4 counter and PCR was used to detect the presence of plasmodium falciparum mutant gene. The data obtained from this analysis was subjected to Pearson’s Chi-square test. Results The overall result showed low prevalence of malaria (23.03%) in the sampled patients. Highest malaria prevalence (31.0%) was recorded in HIV patients with CD4 count between 200–500 cells/μl of blood, with the males recording 24.7% malaria prevalence. The age group 20–29 years recorded the highest prevalence of 27.3%. A higher prevalence 91.1% of PfCRT gene in HIV-positive and (40.0%) in HIV-negative patients was recorded with 100% prevalence in patients with CD4 count ≤ 200. This shows that the low prevalence of malaria recorded in this study could be credited to good health-seeking attitude of HIV patients and the upscale of HIV care and treatment centres. Conclusion The high prevalence of PfCRT gene shows that treatment of malaria with chloroquine is still being practised despite the availability of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACTs) as the recommended regimen for malaria treatment.

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