Early Detection of Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer as Lineage Plasticity in Recurrent Prostate Cancer After Radiation and Androgen Deprivation Therapy: A Case Report
Abstract Background: Neuroendocrine prostate cancer is one of the most aggressive prostate cancers, with severely poor prognosis. However, its detection is difficult because no useful marker has been found so far. In addition, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), and PSMA positron emission tomography/computed tomography don’t help in neuroendocrine prostate cancer. However, its early detection is necessary because its prognosis is poor.Case presentation: We described three cases of early neuroendocrine prostate cancer detection after initial external beam radiotherapy followed by salvage androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). We used Magnetic Resonance Imaging for three ADT-resistant patients, and it detected neuroendocrine prostate cancer in all three, although the PSA level was <2 ng/mL.Conclusions: Magnetic resonance imaging might be a better modality for neuroendocrine prostate cancer detection despite low serum prostate-specific-antigen levels.. Our findings in these three cases will help establish better criteria or better follow-up for patients administered salvage androgen deprivation therapy for biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after external beam radiotherapy.