scholarly journals The problem of the Dutch elm disease in Saint Petersburg

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.Н. Щербакова ◽  
С.В. Шевченко ◽  
Н.Б. Мощеникова
Keyword(s):  
Recent Decade ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Anthropogenic Factor ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Improve Efficiency

В последние десятилетия в насаждениях СанктПетербурга наблюдается катастрофическое усыхание вязов в связи с развитием голландской болезни. Генетические исследования показали, что в СанктПетербурге обнаружены два вида возбудителя голландской болезни вязов Оphiostoma ulmi и О. novoulmi. Приводится динамика количества очагов голландской болезни на территории СанктПетербурга с 2009 по 2017 г. с разбивкой на возникающие, действующие и затухающие очаги. В настоящее время вырубка пораженных вязов не соответствует рекомендациям специалистов и не приводит к ограничению распространения графиоза. В работе уточнены рекомендации по повышению эффективности метода санитарных рубок в борьбе с эпифитотией голландской болезни вязов. In the recent decade, Dutch elm disease epiphytotic has been inducing catastrophic elms dieback in Saint Petersburg. Genetic studies showed that there are two fungi species causing the Dutch elm disease in Saint Petersburg, namely Оphiostoma ulmi and О. novoulmi. Anthropogenic factor affects tree defense and favors the spread of the disease. The dynamics of the disease centers in SaintPetersburg during 2009 2017 is presented. The disease centers are categorized as commencing, in effect, and ceasing. Currently, random cutting of the diseased or dead elms without recommendations of phytopathologists does not prevent the spread of the Dutch elm disease in Saint Petersburg. We provide revised recommendations how to improve efficiency of sanitation cuttings.

Fungi on leaves, branches and stems of trees and shrubs of Saint Petersburg suburban parks

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
М.В. Сидельникова ◽  
А.В. Тобиас ◽  
Д.Ю. Власов
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
City Center ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Xylotrophic Fungi ◽  
Fungi Infection ◽  
Mycological Examination ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Trees And Shrubs

Проведены микологические обследования древесной и кустарниковой растительности на территории парковой зоны Санкт-Петербурга и пригородов. Сбор материала проводился в парках южных пригородов Санкт-Петербурга (Павловский парк, Екатерининский парк, Нижний сад и Верхний парк Ораниенбаума, Верхний сад и Нижний парк ГМЗ «Петергоф»). В сравнительных целях был обследован парк при Обуховской больнице в центре Санкт-Петербурга. На древесно-кустарниковых породах парковой зоны нами выявлено 230 видов грибов (микро- и макромицетов). На листьях выявлено 28 видов микромицетов, в числе которых возбудители мучнистой росы, ржавчины и пятнистостей. На ветвях и стволах древесных пород выявлено 150 видов микромицетов, среди которых есть как часто встречающиеся, так и редкие виды грибов. Большинство из них обнаруживается в анаморфной стадии. Наибольшее разнообразие и развитие микромицетов отмечено на сухих ветвях. Высокой вредоносностью характеризуются тиростромоз липы и голландская болезнь вязов. Выявлены устойчивые патогенные комплексы грибов, развитие которых приводит к заметному ухудшению состояния растений. На стволах живых и усыхающих деревьев, а также растительных остатках отмечено 52 вида макромицетов. Среди них выявлены доминирующие и редкие виды. Среди источников заражения древесных растений ксилотрофными грибами выделяются отмершие вязы, усохшие стволы которых можно наблюдать как в пригородных парках, так и в центральной части Санкт-Петербурга. Полученные данные существенно расширяют имеющиеся сведения по микобиоте парков Санкт-Петербурга. Mycological examination of tree and shrub vegetation on the territory of Saint Petersburg park zone and its suburbs was conducted. Material was collected in the parks of southern suburbs of Saint Petersburg (Pavlovsk Park, Catherine Park, Lower Garden and Upper Park in Oranienbaum, Upper Garden and Lower Park in Peterhof). For comparative purposes Park of Obukhov Hospital in Saint Petersburg city center was also examined. At the moment, 230 fungi species (micro- and macrofungi) were identified on trees and shrubs of the park zone. Among them, 28 species of microfungi, including powdery mildew, rust and blights pathogens were found on leaves. Also, 150 species of microfungi, including both common and rare fungi species, were found on branches and trunks. Most of them were found in the anamorphic stage. The greatest diversity and microfungi development were noted on dry branches. Thyrostromose of linden and Dutch elm disease are the most harmful. Stable complexes of pathogenic fungi, which development leads to clear decline of plants' condition, were identified. In addition, 52 species of macrofungi, including dominant and rare species, were observed on trunks of living and drying trees and vegetation residues. Among the sources of xylotrophic fungi infection of woody plants, dead elms are the most distinguished. Their dead trunks can be found in both suburban parks and the central part of Saint Petersburg. The presented data significantly expand available information on mycobiota Saint Petersburg parks.

The contribution of genetics and genomics to understanding the ecology of the mountain pine beetle system

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 721-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine I. Cullingham ◽  
Jasmine K. Janes ◽  
Richard C. Hamelin ◽  
Patrick M.A. James ◽  
Brent W. Murray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mountain Pine Beetle ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Long Term Study ◽  
Mountain Pine ◽  
Pine Beetle

Environmental change is altering forest insect dynamics worldwide. As these systems change, they pose significant ecological, social, and economic risk through, for example, the loss of valuable habitat, green space, and timber. Our understanding of such systems is often limited by the complexity of multiple interacting taxa. As a consequence, studies assessing the ecology, physiology, and genomics of each key organism in such systems are increasingly important for developing appropriate management strategies. Here we summarize the genetic and genomic contributions made by the TRIA project — a long-term study of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) system encompassing beetle, fungi, and pine. Contributions include genetic and genomic resources for species identification, sex determination, detection of selection, functional genetic analysis, mating system confirmation, hybrid stability tests, and integrated genetic studies of multiple taxa. These resources and subsequent findings have accelerated our understanding of the mountain pine beetle system, facilitating improved management strategies (e.g., enhancements to stand susceptibility indices and predictive models) and highlighting mechanisms for promoting resilient forests. Further, work from the TRIA project serves as a model for the increasing number and severity of invasive and native forest insect outbreaks globally (e.g., Dutch elm disease and thousand cankers disease).

scholarly journals Familial Hypercholesterolemia in Russia: Three Decades of Genetic Studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim Vasilyev ◽  
Faina Zakharova ◽  
Tatiana Bogoslovskay ◽  
Mikhail Mandelshtam
Keyword(s):  
Familial Hypercholesterolemia ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Genetic Research ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
North West ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The North

The first studies of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) in Russia go back to late 1980-ies. For more than 10 years the research in this field was carried out in Saint-Petersburg, the megapolis in the North-West Russia. Studies were focused on the search for causative mutations in low-density lipoprotein receptor gene (LDLR). Gradually the research was spread to Petrozavodsk in Karelia and in the XXI century two more centers contributed in investigations of genetics of FH, i.e., in Moscow and Novosibirsk. The best studied is the spectrum of mutations in LDLR, though genetic abnormalities in APOB and PCSK9 genes were also considered. Despite that some 40% mutations in LDLR found in Saint-Petersburg and Moscow are referred to as specific for Russian population, and this proportion is even higher in Karelia (ca. 70%), rapid introduction of NGS and intensifying genetic research all over the world result in continuous decrease of these numbers as “Slavic” mutations become documented in other countries. The samplings of genetically characterized patients in Russia were relatively small, which makes difficult to specify major mutations reflecting the national specificity of FH. Moreover, the majority of studies accomplished so far did not explore possible associations of certain mutations with ethnic origin of patients. By now the only exception is the study of Karelian population showing the absence of typical Finnish mutations in the region that borders on Finland. It can be concluded that the important primary research partly characterizing the mutation spectrum in FH patients both in the European and Siberian parts of Russia has been done. However, it seems likely that the most interesting and comprehensive genetic studies of FH in Russia, concerning various mutations in different genes and the variety of ethnic groups in this multi-national country, are still to be undertaken.

scholarly journals DYNAMICS OF THE DUTCH ELM DISEASE IN SAINT PETERSBURG

2018 ◽  
pp. 226-232
Author(s):  
L. N. Scherbakova ◽  
N. B. Moschenikova ◽  
S. V. Shevchenko
Keyword(s):  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Saint Petersburg

scholarly journals Congenital hypopituitarism in children. Molecular-genetic characteristics

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
O. S. Berseneva ◽  
A. S. Glotov ◽  
O. S. Glotov ◽  
E. A. Serebryakova ◽  
T. E. Ivashenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Molecular Genetic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Stimulation Tests ◽  
New Generation Sequencing ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Congenital Hypopituitarism ◽  
Growth Hormone Insufficiency

In connection with the ambiguity in the interpretation of the results of stimulation tests in congenital hypopituitarism, children need to search for molecular genetic markers of the disease. Molecular genetic analysis in patients with congenital hypopituitarism (genes GH1, GHRH, GHRHR,BTK, GHSR, PROP1, POU1F1, HESX1, LHX3, LHX4, SOX3, SOX2, OTX2, GLI2, ARNT2, ARPC5L, DLK1, DRD2, PAX6, RNPC3, SHH, SPCS2, SPCS3), was carried out by new-generation sequencing (NGS) with “Amplisek” technology. All patients with congenital hypopituitarism, who are in a special registry of Saint Petersburg, were included in this study. A difference in the incidence of mutations in patients with multiple deficiency of adenohypophysis hormones (27.7%) and in patients with isolated growth hormone insufficiency (9.6%) was revealed. The mutation frequency of diagnosis in genes responsible for congenital hypopituitarism in patients of Saint Petersburg were studied. Mutations in genes associated with congenital hypopituitarism were identified in 16.3% of patients with pituitary dwarfism (16 of 98). The most commonly diagnosed mutations are changes in gene PROP1. In carrying out the molecular genetic studies of patients with congenital hypopituitarism is necessary to consider the likelihood of the presence of these rare pathologies such as loss of genes GHSR, ARNT2, BTK. Currently conducting molecular genetic studies in patients with congenital hypopituitarism further predicts development of the disease and, if necessary, adjust the ongoing replacement therapy.

Studies on the Fungal Pathogen of Dutch Elm Disease

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 400-401
Author(s):  
H.M. Mazzone ◽  
G. Wray ◽  
R. Zerillo
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Sabouraud Agar ◽  
Total Inhibition ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Control Plate

The fungal pathogen of the Dutch elm disease (DED), Ceratocystis ulmi (Buisman) C. Moreau, has eluded effective control since its introduction in the United States more than sixty years ago. Our studies on DED include establishing biological control agents against C. ulmi. In this report we describe the inhibitory action of the antibiotic polymyxin B on the causal agent of DED.In screening a number of antibiotics against C. ulmi, we observed that filter paper discs containing 300 units (U) of polymyxin B (Difco Laboratories) per disc, produced zones of inhibition to the fungus grown on potato dextrose agar or Sabouraud agar plates (100mm x 15mm), Fig. 1a. Total inhibition of fungal growth on a plate occurred when agar overlays containing fungus and antibiotic (polymyxin B sulfate, ICN Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) were poured on the underlying agar growth medium. The agar overlays consisted of the following: 4.5 ml of 0.7% agar, 0.5 ml of fungus (control plate); 4.0 ml of 0.7% agar, 0.5 ml of fungus, 0.5 ml of polymyxin B sulfate (77,700 U). Fig. 1, b and c, compares a control plate and polymyxin plate after seven days.

The Microscopy of Compatibility and Incompatibility in Ulmus

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 504-505
Author(s):  
B. L. Redmond ◽  
Christopher F. Bob
Keyword(s):  
Dutch Elm Disease ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Hybrid Progeny ◽  
Ulmus Pumila ◽  
Ulmus Americana ◽  
American Elm ◽  
Asian Species ◽  
Ulmus Parvifolia ◽  
Initial Appearance ◽  
Chinese Elm

The American Elm (Ulmus americana L.) has been plagued by Dutch Elm Disease (DED), a lethal disease caused by the fungus Ceratocystis ulmi (Buisman) c. Moreau. Since its initial appearance in North America around 1930, DED has wrought inexorable devastation on the American elm population, triggering both environmental and economic losses. In response to the havoc caused by the disease, many attempts have been made to hybridize U. americana with a few ornamentally less desirable, though highly DED resistant, Asian species (mainly the Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila L., and the Chinese elm Ulmus parvifolia Jacq.). The goal is to develop, through breeding efforts, hybrid progeny that display the ornamentally desirable characteristics of U. americana with the disease resistance of the Asian species. Unfortunately, however, all attempts to hybridize U. americana have been prevented by incompatibility. Only through a firm understanding of both compatibility and incompatibility will it be possible to circumvent the incompatibility and hence achieve hybridization.

Moving beyond the “LDL hypothesis”

VASA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Werner ◽  
Ulrich Laufs
Keyword(s):  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
Randomised Clinical Trial ◽  
Trial Data ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Statin Drug

Abstract. Summary: The term “LDL hypothesis” is frequently used to describe the association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol, LDL-C) and cardiovascular (CV) events. Recent data from genetic studies prove a causal relation between serum LDL-C and CV events. These data are in agreement with mechanistic molecular studies and epidemiology. New randomised clinical trial data show that LDL-C lowering with statins and a non-statin drug, ezetimibe, reduces CV events. We therefore believe that the “LDL-hypothesis” has been proven; the term appears to be outdated and should be replaced by “LDL causality”.

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