UJI EFEKTIVITAS AIR PERASAN JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle)DALAM MENGHAMBAT PERTUMBUHAN JAMUR Candida albicans

Masalah yang sering terjadi di masyarakat adalah penyakit kandidiasis yang disebabkan oleh beberapa jamur salah satunya Candida albicans. Jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) merupakan tanaman obat yang tumbuh subur di negara Indonesia. Salah satu kandungan utama dari jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) adalah flavonoid yang memberikan berbagai macam aktivitas farmakologi sebagai antifungi, antibakteri dan antikanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas air perasan jeruk nipis, (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan cara dilusi padat yaitu dengan cara menanam biakan suspensi jamur Candida albican sebanyak 1 ml yang telah di sesuaikan kekeruhannya dengan larutan standar Mc Farland 0.5 pada media SDA (Sabouraud Agar Dexrose) dengan penambahan air perasan jeruk nipis sebanyak 2 ml dengan konsentrasi 125%, 150%, 175% dan 200%. Di inkubasi selama 2-3 hari pada 370C, dan diamati pertumbuhannya. Hasil dari pengamatan selama tiga hari menunjukan bahwa air perasan jeruk nipis tidak efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans, meskipun pada konsentrasi 175% dan 200% pertumbuhan jamur pada hari pertama sangat sedikit, tetapi pada hari kedua dan ketiga masih ada perluasan pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans.

Bacterial Isolates and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Ear Infections in Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital, Baghdad, Iraq

Background: Ear infections can manifest in many forms depending on site of infection whether external, middle or internal ear and the culprit pathogen whether viral, bacterial or fungal. Acute middle ear infections are usually accompanied by aural discharge. Objective: 1. To get an overview on the bacterial pathogens involved in ear infections. 2. To assess the antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens. Methods: A cross sectional study conducted in Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital / Baghdad /Iraq. Swabs taken from 225 patients suffering from aural discharge were tested for culture and sensitivity for the duration of two years 2018-2019. Aural discharge is cultured by inoculating it into blood, MacConkey agar, chocolate agars and Sabouraud agar (for fungi). Then the antibiotic susceptibility and resistance is assessed by (Kirby-Bauer Method). Results: Then, by analyzing the percentage of pathogens involved in ear infections we have found that the highest percentage is for Pseudomonas aeruginosa (51%), followed by Staph, aureus (20%), Proteus vulgaris (11%). Discussion: Cefotaxime, which was known to be an efficient antibiotic against pseudomonas previously, has lost its effectiveness. Similarly, gentamycin is no longer effective against E.coli. Conclusion: Choosing the proper antibiotic in any bacterial infection is of tremendous importance. However, reassessment of antibiotic resistance profiles is vital and should be regarded as a routine task on regular intervals.

Invasive aspergillosis a complication severe respiratory viral infections (influenza and COVID-19)

Invasive aspergillosis is a life-threatening complication in patients with severe influenza and COVID-19 in intensive care units. Risk factors for the invasive aspergillosis development are transitory immunosuppression associated with severe influenza and COVID-19, as well as the use of glucocorticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy. In the presence of risk factors, suspected clinical and radiological signs of invasive aspergillosis, bronchoscopy and examination of material from the lower respiratory tract are necessary: test for galactomannan, microscopy with white calcofluor staining and inoculation on Sabouraud agar medium. Voriconazole or are recommended as first-line treatment for invasive aspergillosis in patients with severe influenza and COVID-19. Amphotericin B Liposomal, Amphotericin B Lipid Complex, and Caspofungin are the alternative options for the invasive aspergillosis treatment. Combination therapy is possible. It is necessary to control the underlying disease with eliminate or reduce the severity of risk factors.

Dentistry and Intensive Care Unit: A Brief Report

Objective The aim of this study is to verify whether removable dentures of patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) are niches of microorganisms that can cause pathologies (Staphylococcus aureus, Candida spp., and enterobacteria). Materials and Methods Fifteen patients who were denture wearers (removable partial denture and complete denture) were included in this study. Patients must wear their dentures daily, and these dentures must have acrylic parts. Microbial biofilm was collected from the acrylic part of one denture of each patient. Then, the biofilm was seeded on different culture media: Sabouraud agar, blood agar, MacConkey agar, and mannitol salt agar. In this study, biochemical evaluations of microorganisms were performed. Statistical analysis The percentage of dentures with the microorganism identified by each culture medium was calculated. Results In total, 100% of the dentures were positive for Staphylococcus spp. (blood agar) and Candida spp. (Sabouraud agar); 33.3% of the dentures were positive for S. aureus (Mannitol salt agar); and 13.3% of the dentures were positive for Shigella spp. (MacConkey agar). Conclusion Removable dentures of patients (removable partial dentures and complete dentures) admitted to an ICU are niches of microorganisms that can cause pathologies.

Study of the effectiveness of the use of closed-type UV-recirculators for air disinfection in enclosed space

Introduction. The research is devoted to assessing the results of our studies of indoor air concerning microbial contamination during the operation of a UV recirculator with different modes (different UV doses). Also, a theoretical calculation of the influence of the ratio of the capacity of the UV recirculator to the air volume of the treated room on the efficiency of air disinfection has been made. Materials and methods. The study of indoor air in terms of total bacterial count (TBC), including coccal microflora and yeast and mould fungi, were carried out. Air sampling and evaluation were carried out under the requirements of Methodical guidelines MUK 4.2.2942-11 “Methods of sanitary and bacteriological studies of environmental objects, air and sterility control in medical institutions”. The evaluation of the results was carried out following R 3.5.1904-04, "The use of ultraviolet bactericidal radiation for disinfection of indoor air". During the study, agar culture media were used: Sabouraud agar, yolk-salt agar (YSA), meat-peptone agar (MPA), nutrient agar with the addition of 5% sheep blood (blood agar), bismuth sulfite agar, XLD-agar, cetrimide-agar, “Shine” agar, Endo agar. Results. As a result of the studies carried out, it was shown that a dose of UV irradiation of the order of 12-15 mJ/cm2 leads to an insignificant change in the concentration of bacteria (TBC) and fungi in the air (the efficiency was 58% and 69%, respectively). UV doses of the order of 25-30 mJ/cm2 significantly reduce the concentration of bacteria (TBC) and fungi in the air (efficiency was 99.99% and 99.4%, respectively). A theoretical calculation showed that it is practical to use a UV recirculator of such a capacity that provides an air exchange rate in the room of at least 4 (with ventilation operating at a rate of at least 2). Conclusion. To effectively use UV recirculators in enclosed spaces against bacteria and fungi, it is necessary to use models that provide a UV dose of at least 25-30 mJ/cm2. In contrast, their air capacity should provide an air exchange rate of at least 4.

The synthesis, antimicrobial activity and docking studies of 6-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-5-methylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin- 4(3H)-ones with acetamide and 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-ylmethyl substituents

Aim. To synthesize, study the antimicrobial activity and suggest antimicrobial activity mechanism for the novel derivatives of 6-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-5-methylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one. Results and discussion. As the result of the targeted modification of 6-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-5-methylthieno[2,3-d]-pyrimidin-4(3H)-one in position 3 with acetamide and 1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-ylmethyl substituents, the compounds, which demonstrated better antimicrobial activity in the agar well diffusion assay than the reference drug Streptomycin, were obtained. To elucidate the mechanism of action of the novel compounds, the docking studies were con-ducted to the active site of the 16S subunit of ribosomal RNA, the proven target for aminoglycoside antibiotics, as well as tRNA (Guanine37-N1)-methyltransferase (TrmD), which inhibitors were considered as a new potential class of antibiotics. Experimental part. By the interaction of 6-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-5-methylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one with a series of N-arylchloroacetamides and 3-aryl-5-(chloromethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles in DMF in the presence of K2CO3 the target compounds were obtained. The antimicrobial activity was assessed by the agar well diffusion method. The concentration of microbial cells was determined by the McFarland standard; the value was 107 cells in 1 mL of the media. The 18 – 24 hour culture of microorganisms was used for tests. For the bacteria cultivation, Müller-Hinton agar was used, Sabouraud agar was applied for C. albicans cultivation. The compounds were tested as the DMSO solution with the concentration of 100 µg/mL; the volume of the solution was 0.3 mL, the same volume was used for Streptomycin (the concentration 30 µg/mL). The docking studies were performed using Autodock Vina. Crystallographic data for the complexes of Streptomycin with the 16S subunit of ribosomal RNA (1NTB) and its active site, as well as for tRNA (Guanine37-N1)-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.228; TrmD) (5ZHN) and its active site were obtained from the Protein Data Bank.Conclusions. It has been determined that 2-[6-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-5-methyl-4-oxothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-3(4H)-yl]-N-[4-(ethoxy)phenyl]acetamide, which is the most active as an antimicrobial agent among the compounds tested, also shows the best binding activity towards the active site of tRNA (guanine37-N1)-methyltransferase.

Cross-Contamination Risk of Dental Tray Adhesives: An In Vitro Study

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the risk of cross-contamination in dental tray adhesives with reusable brush systems. Methods: Four dental tray adhesives with different disinfectant components were examined for risk as a potential transmission medium for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus oralis, and Candida albicans. Bacterial and fungal strains were mixed with artificial saliva. The contaminated saliva was intentionally added to tray adhesive liquid samples. At baseline and up to 60 min, 100 microliters of each sample were collected and cultivated aerobically on Columbia and Sabouraud agar for 24 or 48 h, respectively. Results: At baseline, contamination with Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans could be identified in three out of four adhesives. In the subsequent samples, low counts of up to 20 colony-forming units per milliliter could be observed for Staphylococcus aureus. All other strains did not form colonies at baseline or subsequently. Adhesives with isopropanol or ethyl acetate as disinfectant additives were most effective in preventing contamination, while adhesives with hydrogen chloride or acetone as a disinfectant additive were the least effective. Conclusion: Within 15 min, the tested adhesives appeared to be sufficiently bactericidal and fungicidal against all microorganisms tested.

Mycotic zoonoses risk from clipping instruments in Pet Shops in Sinop – MT

Pets have conquered the daily lives of families worldwide and because they have a close relationship with humans, they can transmit mycotic zoonoses such as dermatophytosis, malassezioses and candidosis. Studies show that fungi with pathogenic potential have already been granted in clipping instruments and bath articles in veterinary clinics and in Pet Shops. In the absence of data in the city of Sinop - MT, this study aimed to isolate fungi with pathogenic potential in clipping instruments used in the routine of Pet Shops and to identify etiological agents capable of causing mycotic zoonoses. Samples were carried out in 18 clipping instruments, without cleaning, from 10 Pet Shops (A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J) in the city of Sinop - MT with swabs and sterile carpets square and then seeded in Sabouraud agar with 0.05% chloramphenicol and mycobiotic agar, incubated at room temperature (25°C) for 30 - 45 days. The dermatophytes and non-dermatophyte filamentous fungi were identified using the microculture technique and urease test and as yeasts using a urease test, zymogram, auxanogram, germ tube and corn meal agar with polysorbate 80. Of the samples from 18 clipping instruments, 15 were positive for at least one fungal genus. The yeast that showed a high prevalence of isolation in clipping instruments from the studied Pet Shops (B, C, D, E, H and J) was Malassezia pachydermatis (86.7%), followed by the genus Candida spp. (C and D; 26.7%), filamentous fungi of the genus Aspergillus spp. (A; 13.3%), Microsporum canis (B; 13.3%) and Trichosporon spp. (J, 6.7%). Our results demonstrate that Pet Shops treat a large number of animals daily in a single environment, which may amplify the risk of spreading zoonoses, as an asymptomatic or sick carrier animal can potentially transmit the microorganism to other animals inside the store and thus to a large number of new pet owners. There is a need to reinforce the commercial requirements specialized in bathing and grooming in the city of Sinop - MT on the good practices of cleaning and disinfection of the elements used and the environment, eliminating or eliminating the risk of contracting mycotic zoonoses.

Estudo sobre a influência da escovação dental na microbiota da placa dental de crianças

Samples of dental plaque were collected from twenty-eigth children (7 to 12 years) after three periods of eight days under different conditions of oral hygiene: without toothbrushing, with normal toothbrushing and with instructed toothbrushing. After the weigth of the materlal was determined, decimal dilutions were made and spreads in: blood agar, Mitis-Salivarius agar, Mc-Carthy Snyder agar, Rogosa-lactate agar, Rogosa SL medium, Sabouraud agar and Tripticase Soy agar, for enumeration of, respectively, the most numerous cultivated organisms, Streptococus, Fusobacterium, Veilionella, Lactobacillus, Candida and organisms that store intrecellular polysaccharides of the amylopectin type. The obtained results didn’t present sifnificative diferences after the three periods os the experience.

Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil and Hydro-Alcoholic Solutions to Counteract Wooden Artwork Microbial Colonization

Aromatic plants represent a source of natural products with medicinal properties, and are also utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Recently, the need for eco-compatible and non-toxic products, safe for both the environment and human health, have been proposed for the sustainable conservation of historic–artistic artifacts. In this study, in order to counteract microbial colonization (Aspergillus sp., Streptomyces sp., Micrococcus sp.) on wooden artwork surfaces, Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil (EO) and hydro-alcoholic (HA) solutions were applied in a polyphasic approach. The antimicrobial activities of EO and HA solutions were preliminarily assessed by agar disc diffusion (ADD) and well plate diffusion (WPD) in vitro methods, defining the specific concentration useful for bacterial and fungal genera, identified by optical microscopies, in vitro cultures (nutrient or Sabouraud agar), and DNA base molecular biology investigations. Specifically, the microbial patina was directly removed by a hydro-alcoholic solution (while evaluating the potential colorimetric change of the artwork’s surface) combined with exposure to EO volatile compounds, performed in a dedicated “clean chamber”. This study proposes, for the first time, the combined use of two plant extracts to counteract microbial development on wooden artworks, providing supplementary information on these products as bio-agents.