scholarly journals CROP LOAD AND LIMB GIRDLING AFFECT APPLE FRUIT SIZE, COLOR, AND QUALITY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 625d-625
Author(s):  
John A. Barden
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Old Trees

In 1990, 15-yr-old `Smoothee Golden Delicious' trees on M.9, M.9/MM.111, and MM.111 were used. On each of 4 trees per rootstock, 3 branches (1.0-1.7 cm dia) were selected. On 7 June (45 DAFB), crop loads were adjusted to 3, 5, or 7 fruit per cm2 branch cross sectional area (BXSA), and each branch was girdled. On 6 Sept all fruit were harvested; fruit weight, ground color, percent blush, soluble solids, starch, and firmness were regressed against crop load. Each was negatively related to crop load, most strongly for soluble solids, ground color and blush. Rootstock influenced several factors and some interaction with crop load occurred. In 1991, heavily cropping 10-yr-old trees of Empire/M.7A were used. One each of 7 trees, branches (1.2-2.0 cm dia) were thinned to 4, 8, or 12 fruit/cm2 BXSA on 5 June (40 DAFB). One branch per crop load per tree was girdled on 5 June. On 29 Sept fruit were harvested for evaluation. ANOVA indicated significant interactions between crop load and girdling for fruit weight, firmness, soluble solids and starch. Each showed a significant negative linear regression with crop load on girdled branches; on ungirdled branches none of the regressions were significant.

scholarly journals Apple Fruit Growth and Maturity are Affected by Early Season Temperatures

1999 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 468-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.J. Warrington ◽  
T.A. Fulton ◽  
E.A. Halligan ◽  
H.N. de Silva
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Temperature Treatment ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Cool Temperature ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Solids Concentration ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
General Response

Container-grown `Delicious', `Golden Delicious', `Braeburn', `Fuji' and `Royal Gala' apple [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] trees, on Malling 9 (M.9) rootstock, were subjected to a range of different maximum/minimum air temperature regimes for up to 80 days after full bloom (DAFB) in controlled environments to investigate the effects of temperature on fruit expansion, final fruit weight, and fruit maturation. Fruit expansion rates were highly responsive to temperature with those at a mean of 20 °C being ≈10 times greater than those at a mean of 6 °C. All cultivars exhibited the same general response although `Braeburn' consistently showed higher expansion rates at all temperatures compared with lowest rates for `Golden Delicious' and intermediate rates for both `Delicious' and `Fuji'. The duration of cell division, assessed indirectly by measuring expansion rate, appeared to be inversely related to mean temperature (i.e., prolonged under cooler conditions). Subsequently, fruit on trees from the coolest controlled temperature treatment showed greater expansion rates when transferred to the field and smaller differences in fruit size at harvest than would have been expected from the measured expansion rates under the cool treatment. Nonetheless, mean fruit weight from warm postbloom treatments was up to four times greater at harvest maturity than that from cool temperature treatments. Postbloom temperature also markedly affected fruit maturation. Fruit from warm postbloom temperature conditions had a higher soluble solids concentration, more yellow background color, lower flesh firmness, and greater starch hydrolysis than fruit from cooler temperatures.

MUTANTS OF GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLE INDUCED BY IONIZING RADIATION

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. O. LAPINS
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Flesh Color ◽  
Stainable Pollen ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Number Of Seeds

The study of 300 selections of Golden Delicious apple from plant material irradiated with gamma rays from a 60Co source resulted in the final selection of two clones that represent an improvement of the original cultivar in reduced russetting in fruit stem cavity; greatly reduced tendency to biennial bearing; and slightly lowered fertility, an advantage in Golden Delicious which tends to overset. In a single-tree first trial, about 50% of the examined clones showed reduced pollen stainability; the majority of the semi-fertile mutants had 51 to 55% stainable pollen. The number of seeds per fruit was very closely related to pollen fertility. A close relationship was found among indicators of fruit maturity, that is, skin color, flesh color, soluble solids, and titratable acidity of fruit at harvest. More detailed measurements of 14 promising selections in a replicated second test revealed highly significant differences among clones in number of seeds per fruit, the incidence of russetting in the stem cavity, shape of fruit, skin color of fruit, flesh color of fruit, biennial bearing index, weight of fruit, and trunk cross-sectional area of the tree. Clonal differences were nonsignificant in yield ratings for a four-year period, and the yield for 1969 in kg per cm2 of trunk cross-sectional area.

scholarly journals Influence of Root Pruning and Rootstock on Growth and Performance of `Golden Delicious' Apple

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 645-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Ferree ◽  
M. Knee
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Size Effect ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
And Performance

`Smoothee Golden Delicious' apple trees on nine rootstocks or interstems were mechanically root pruned annually for 9 years beginning the year after planting. Root pruning reduced trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) by 14% over the first 5 years and 22% in the last 4 years of the trial. Yield and fruit size were reduced by root pruning in most years with the fruit size effect obvious in June at the end of cell division. Interstem trees of MAC.9/MM.106 were larger than trees on M.9 and the following interstems: M.9/MM.106, M.9/MM.111, M.27/MM.111. Trees on seedling (SDL) rootstock were the largest and had the lowest yield per unit TCA and lower cumulative yield/tree than trees on M.7, MM.106, and MM.1ll. There was no interaction for any measure of growth or yield between root pruning and rootstock or interstem.

scholarly journals Influence of Five Clonal Rootstocks on the Growth, Productivity and Fruit Quality of ‘Sylvia’ and ‘Karina’ Sweet Cherry Trees

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosław Sitarek ◽  
Barbara Bartosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Tree Vigour ◽  
Gisela 5 ◽  
Cherry Trees

Abstract In the field experiment, 8-year-old ‘Sylvia’ and ‘Karina’ sweet cherry trees grafted on ‘GiSelA 3’, ‘GiSelA 5’, ‘Piku 4’and ‘Weiroot 72’ clonal rootstocks were compared with trees of the same cultivars on the standard rootstock F 12/1. The data collected included tree vigour (expressed as trunk cross-sectional area − TCSA), yield, and fruit weight as well as content of soluble solids in fruit.Based on TCSA, the largest ‘Sylvia’ and ‘Karina’ trees were on ‘F12/1’, and the smallest were on ‘GiSelA 3’. The results revealed that all of the tested rootstocks being compared to ‘F 12/1’, significantly reduced the growth of sweet cherry trees.‘Sylvia’ trees on ‘GiSelA 5’ and ‘Piku 4’ yielded more than those on ‘F12/1’. The highest cumulative yields of ‘Karina’ were harvested from trees on ‘GiSelA 5’. ‘Karina’ trees on ‘GiSelA 3’, ‘Piku 4’ and ‘Weiroot 72’ performed comparably in cumulative yields to those on ‘F12/1’. Rootstock effects on yield efficiency were consistent between the two cultivars, with the most yield efficient trees on ‘GiSelA 3’, ‘GiSelA 5’ and ‘Weiroot 72’, and the least efficient trees on ‘F12/1’.Trees of both cultivars grafted on ‘GiSelA 3’ produced significantly smaller fruits than those grafted on ‘F 12/1’. The rest of the rootstocks, tested in terms of an effect on fruit weight (with the exception of ‘Karina’ on ‘Weiroot 72’), had a similar value to ‘F 12/1’. Effects of rootstock on content of soluble solids in fruit were modest and statistically insignificant.

scholarly journals A Method for Quantifying Whole-tree Pruning Severity in Mature Tall Spindle Apple Plantings

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (9) ◽  
pp. 1233-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Schupp ◽  
H. Edwin Winzeler ◽  
Thomas M. Kon ◽  
Richard P. Marini ◽  
Tara A. Baugher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Whole Tree

Pruning is the cutting away of vegetation from plants for horticultural purposes. Pruning is known to reduce apple tree size, increase fruit size and quality, and decrease yield. Methods for studying the effects of varying degrees of severity of pruning on a whole-tree basis have used qualitative descriptions of treatments rather than repeatable whole-tree quantitative metrics. In this study, we introduce a pruning severity index calculated from the sum of the cross-sectional area of all branches on a tree at 2.5 cm from their union to the central leader divided by the cross-sectional area of its central leader at 30 cm from the graft union. This limb to trunk ratio (LTR) was then modified by successively removing the largest branches of ‘Buckeye Gala’ to achieve six severity levels ranging from LTR 0.5 to LTR 1.75, with lower values representing more extreme pruning with less whole-tree limb area relative to trunk area. Pruning treatments were applied for three consecutive years and tree growth and cropping responses were observed for the first 2 years. With increasing pruning severity the following characteristics increased after seasonal growth: number of renewal limbs, number of shoots, shoot length, number of shoot leaves, shoot leaf area, final fruit set, fruit size, yield of large fruit, crop value from large fruit, soluble solids, and titratable acidity. The following characteristics decreased: limb age, number of secondary limbs, number of spurs, number of spur leaves, spur leaf area, the ratio of spur leaf area to shoot leaf area, fruit count per tree, yield, yield efficiency, crop value from small fruit, overall crop value, and sugar:acid ratio. The LTR provides a measurable way to define and create different levels of pruning severity and achieve consistent outcomes. This allows a greater degree of accuracy and precision to dormant pruning of tall spindle apple trees. The use of the LTR to establish the level of pruning severity allows the orchard manager to set crop load potential through regulation of the canopy bearing surface. This metric is also a necessary step in the development of autonomous pruning systems.

scholarly journals Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid Reduces Tree Growth and Affects Fruit Quality in Peach

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 850C-850
Author(s):  
Gregory Reighard* ◽  
David Ouellette ◽  
Kathy Brock ◽  
Duy Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Blot Hybridization ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Dot Blot ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Fruit Maturity

`Coronet' peach on Lovell rootstock was planted near Clemson, S.C., in Dec. 1995 in 4 rows (= reps) 6.1 meters apart with trees 2.2 meters apart in-row. Trees were trained to a Kearney-V. In the 2nd leaf (Aug. 1997), `Ta Tao 5' buds were grafted to half (= 6-tree plot) the trees in each row. These trees received 2 `Ta Tao 5' chip buds infected with Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid (PLMVd) per scaffold at ≈0.75 to 1.15 m above ground. Dot blot hybridization confirmed that the chip buds successfully (100%) inoculated the treated trees, whereas the controls tested negative. Data collected in 2003 included bloom date, tree size, dormant and summer pruning times, fruit maturity date, fruit yield, mean fruit weight, skin color, soluble solids, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, and pH. Flowering and fruit maturity were delayed by ≈4 days in PLMVd-inoculated (PI) trees. PI trees produced larger fruit, but yield was 23% less than that of non-inoculated trees. Both fruit size and yield had been larger in PI trees in previous years. There were no differences in yield efficiency in 2003, but PI trees were 26% smaller in trunk cross-sectional area and 9% shorter. PI trees took 34% and 23% less time to dormant and summer prune, respectively and had 34% and 28% less wood removed by dormant and summer pruning, respectively than control trees. PLMVd increased fruit firmness, and PLMVd fruit lost firmness at a much slower rate. PLMVd did not significantly affect skin color, but PLMVD fruit were slightly less red. Soluble solid levels were higher in PLMVd fruit than control fruit during the first harvest, but were lower by the last harvest. Acidity was significantly higher and the soluble solids to acidity ratio significantly lower in PLMVd fruit. Control fruit had a slightly higher pH.

scholarly journals Cropping Efficiency of Young `Fuji' Apple Trees

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 886A-886
Author(s):  
Preston K. Andrews ◽  
Margaret L. Collier
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Fuji Apple

Effects of crop load and time of thinning on productivity of young `Fuji'/M.9 apple trees were tested by hand blossom (B) or fruit (F) thinning to two crop densities (fruit number/trunk cross-sectional area). Heavy (H) crop densities resulted in higher yields in both 2nd and 3rd leaf than light (L) crop densities. Time of thinning had no effect on yields in either year. In the 2nd leaf, fruit size was largest from trees B thinned to L crop densities, and smallest from trees F thinned to either crop density from mid-June through harvest. Both 1° and 2° vegetative growth were greatest in noncropped trees, intermediate in trees with L crops, and least in trees with H crops. Noncropped 2nd-1eaf trees had the highest flowering indices (flower clusters/100 total buds) the following spring and H cropped trees had the lowest. The flowering index was higher when trees were B thinned in the 2nd leaf than when F thinned. In the 3rd leaf, fruit size was largest when borne on weak upright shoots, intermediate on spurs, and smallest on 1-year-old terminal wood. Fruit on spurs had the highest incidence of sunscald (17%) and fruit on weak upright shoots the lowest (8%). Previous-season crop densities affected current-season's vegetative and fruit growth.

scholarly journals Effects of Prohexadione-Calcium on Fruit Size and Return Bloom in Pear

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1305-1308 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sugar ◽  
Don C. Elfving ◽  
Eugene A. Mielke
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

The effects of prohexadione-calcium (P-Ca) on fruit size and return bloom in three pear cultivars were evaluated in Medford and Hood River, Ore., and in Cashmere, Wash. A variety of treatment dosages and timings was applied to 4- and 5-year-old trees in 2 years of study. Fruit weight of `Bosc' and `Red Anjou' pears was not affected by P-Ca treatments at any location in either year. However, decreased weight of `Bartlett' pear fruit was associated with all P-Ca treatments in 1999 in Medford except for 83 ppm applied at 2.5 to 6.0 cm shoot growth (first treatment) plus 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after first treatment (WAFT) and 125 ppm applied at 2.5 to 6.0 cm growth plus 4 WAFT. `Bartlett' fruit weight was reduced in Medford in 2000 by all treatments except 125 ppm applied at 2.5 to 6.0 cm growth plus 4, 8, and 12 WAFT. In Cashmere in 2000, mean weight of `Bartlett' and `d'Anjou' fruit was reduced by treatments with 83 or 125 ppm applied at 2.5 to 6.0 cm growth plus 2, 4, and 6 WAFT and of `Bosc' pear by all treatments that included more than a single application of P-Ca. Crop load was not significantly different among treatments at any location. Return bloom in the year following P-Ca treatment was reduced in `Bosc' pears by some to most treatments at all locations in both years. In contrast, return bloom was reduced in `Bartlett' and `Anjou' pears only in Hood River in 1999.

scholarly journals Effects of Aculus schlechtendali (Acari: Eriophyidae) population densities on Golden Delicious apple production

Acarologia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (Suppl) ◽  
pp. 134-144
Author(s):  
Sauro Simoni ◽  
Gino Angeli ◽  
Mario Baldessari ◽  
Carlo Duso
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Seasonal Abundance ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Aculus Schlechtendali

Field trials were carried out in order to evaluate the seasonal abundance and the impact on yields of the Apple Rust Mite (ARM) Aculus schlechtendali (Acari: Eriophyidae) in an experimental fruit orchard located in northern Italy (Trentino region). The effect of ARM on yield and market quality parameters were assessed on Golden Delicious apple fruits. Fruit size, fruit weight, round colour hue, presence of russet as well as inside quality, i.e. soluble solids, acidity and Perlim index, were evaluated over two seasons considering three population levels of ARM that were determined applying different pesticide strategies. Effects of rust mites on return bloom and yield efficiency were also evaluated. ARM seasonal abundance showed a peak in mid-summer. Relationships between ARM and predatory mites were weak. Moderate to high ARM densities affected fruits size, fruit weight, and round colour hue of Golden Delicious fruits. In contrast, ARM populations did not affect russet on fruits, return bloom and yield efficiency. Additional studies were conducted in the laboratory, on detached Golden Delicious apple leaves, to evaluate the potential for population increase at temperatures close to those recorded in field conditions. These studies evidenced a high potential for population increase.

scholarly journals 509 Defoliation Affects Return Bloom, Fruit Set, and Fruit Quality of Three Apple Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 482D-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Davis ◽  
John A. Barden ◽  
Ross E. Byers
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Tree Defoliation ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Golden Delicious ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Return Bloom

In 1997 and 1998, we determined the effects of defoliation on return bloom and fruit set following a light cropping year. In one study, `Braeburn' trees were hand-thinned to a crop density (CD) of 3 fruit/cm 2 trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) in late May 1997, and then either completely defoliated or half of the tree defoliated by hand on one of five dates between June and Sept. 1997. Compared to a nondefoliated control, both whole and half-tree defoliation on all dates reduced fruit count and yield efficiency (kilograms per square centimeter of TCSA) and affected fruit weight, starch, firmness, and soluble solids in 1997. In 1998, return bloom and fruit set were reduced by most 1997 defoliation treatments. Compared to other dates, defoliation on 3 July caused the greatest reduction in return bloom in both whole and half-defoliated trees. In another study, `Braeburn' trees were hand-thinned to a CD of 5 in late May 1998; complete defoliation by hand on 1, 15, or 29 July reduced return bloom and fruit set in 1999; the 1 July treatment resulted in zero return bloom. `Golden Delicious' and `York' trees were thinned to a CD of 3 in late May 1998 and were hand-defoliated on 21 July or 12 August by removing every other leaf or removing three of every four leaves over the entire tree. In 1999, return bloom and spur and lateral fruit set were reduced by all defoliation treatments. Fruit set was most reduced by the 12 Aug. treatment. Fruit set for `York' was lower than for `Golden Delicious' in all cases.

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