scholarly journals 504 PB 242 EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION METHOD AND CONTROLLED-RELEASE FERTILIZER RATE ON LEACHATE AND GROWTH PARAMETERS OF CHRYSANTHEMUM

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 503f-503
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Bruning ◽  
Michael H. Chaplin ◽  
Henry G. Taber
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ground Water Contamination ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Greenhouse Growers ◽  
Liquid Fertilization

Ground water contamination resulting from continuous liquid fertilization technologies is a serious problem facing greenhouse growers in the United States. Rooted Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev. cultivar 'Iridon' cuttings were transplanted into 11 cm pots filled with a 50% peatmoss and 50% perlite (v/v) media containing 0.10, 0.21, 0.42, or 0.84 g N from a controlled release 12-10-17 plus minors fertilizer deposited directly below the transplanted cutting. Pots were assigned to a top-water or subirrigation treatment. Subirrigation reduced the nitrate leachate concentration by as much as 250 ppm as compared with top-watering. Fertilizer N rate linearly decreased plant height in both of the irrigation treatments. Final dry weight of the shoot peaked at the 0.21 g N rate in both the irrigation treatments.

scholarly journals Increased Fertilizer Levels Do Not Prevent Abscisic Acid–Induced Chlorosis in Pansy

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 647-650
Author(s):  
Jong-Goo Kang ◽  
Rhuanito Soranz Ferrarezi ◽  
Sue K. Dove ◽  
Geoffrey M. Weaver ◽  
Marc W. van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone involved in regulating stomatal responses to environmental stress. By inducing stomatal closure, applications of exogenous ABA can reduce plant water use and delay the onset of drought stress when plants are not watered. However, ABA can also cause unwanted side effects, including chlorosis. Pansy (Viola ×wittrockiana) has been shown to be particularly susceptible to ABA-induced chlorosis. The objective of this study was to determine if fertilization rate affects the severity of ABA-induced chlorosis in this species. ‘Delta Premium Pure Yellow’ pansy seedlings were fertilized with controlled-release fertilizer incorporated at rates from 0 to 8 g·L−1 of substrate. When plants had reached a salable size, half the plants were sprayed with a solution containing 1 g·L−1 ABA, whereas the other plants were sprayed with water. Leaf chlorophyll content was monitored for 2 weeks following ABA application. Leaf chlorophyll content increased greatly as fertilizer rate increased from 0 to 2 g·L−1, with little increase in leaf chlorophyll at even higher fertilizer rates. ABA induced chlorosis, irrespective of the fertilizer rate. Plant dry weight was lowest when no controlled-release fertilizer was incorporated, but similar in all fertilized treatments. ABA treatment reduced shoot dry weight by ≈24%, regardless of fertilization rate. This may be due to ABA-induced stomatal closure, which limits carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusion into the leaves. We conclude that ABA sprays induce chlorosis, regardless of which fertilizer rate is used. However, because leaf chlorophyll concentration increases with increasing fertilizer rates, higher fertilizer rates can mask ABA-induced chlorosis.

scholarly journals New Guinea Impatiens Growth Response and Nutrient Release from Controlled-release Fertilizer in a Recirculating Subirrigation and Top-watering System

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daphne L. Richards ◽  
David Wm. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Lower Bound ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizer ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Quadratic Response ◽  
New Guinea Impatiens

New Guinea impatiens (Impatiens hawkeri Bull.) `Illusion' were grown in a recirculating subirrigation system under various rates and placements of 14N-6.1P-11.6K (Osmocote; Scotts-Sierra, Marysville, Ohio) resin-coated, controlled-release fertilizer (CRF). Four CRF placements (incorporated, top-dressed, bottom, and dibble) were tested. Incorporated placement yielded slightly greater dry weights than the other placements. A rate experiment tested incorporating from 0.5 to 2 times the fertilizer manufacturer's recommended rate of 7.11 kg·m-3. All shoot growth parameters (height, leaf number, shoot, and root fresh and dry weight) exhibited a significant quadratic response, as exemplified by shoot dry weight, where shoot dry weight increased up to the 1.5× rate, after which shoot dry weight decreased. A quadratic response surface model revealed that the optimum rate response ranged from 1.16× rate for height to 1.47× rate for shoot dry weight. The lower bound of the 95% confidence interval (CI) would be the lowest rate at which one could expect maximum growth response. The lower bound of the 95% CI varied from 0.56× rate for height to 1.30× rate for shoot dry weight. Thus, the lowest rate that would be within the 95% CI for all growth parameters, and thus yield maximum growth response, would be the 1.30× rate. Electrical conductivity (EC) of the growing media increased significantly with increasing CRF rate. At all rates, EC was significantly greater in the top layer than in the middle and bottom layers. Only in the 1.75× and 2× rates did EC exceed the recommended EC levels in the middle and bottom layer. All rates >0.75× exceeded recommended EC in the top layer. Release characteristics and total nutrient balance of the CRF was compared in subirrigated and top-watered systems. There was no significant difference between top-watered and subirrigated treatments for the amount of K recovered in plant tops and released from prills. By day 84, in subirrigation, 46% of the K was still in the prills, 41% was recovered in the plant tops, and 22% was recovered in the medium. Similar results were obtained in the top-watering treatment, except that a lesser amount was recovered in the medium (9%) and a small amount (4%) was recovered in the leachate. The uptake of K by plants and release of K by the CRF were inversely proportional and linear with respect to time. Of the K released from the prills, 77% and 83% were recovered in the plant tops for subirrigation and top-watering, respectively, indicating very high fertilizer use efficiency.

scholarly journals Balancing Act: Effects of Fertilizer and Uniconazole on Growth of Herbaceous Perennials

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 824D-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly L. Scoggins* ◽  
Joyce G. Latimer
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Foliar Spray ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Spray Application ◽  
Artemisia Vulgaris ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Height Control ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Fertilizer Rates

Increasing fertilizer levels may reduce production time but can lead to excessive growth of herbaceous perennials, requiring the application of plant growth regulators (PGRs). This study investigated the effects of ascending fertilizer rates in conjunction with two rates of uniconazole and a control. Rooted liners of Artemisia arborescens L. `Powis Castle', Artemisia vulgaris L. `Oriental Limelight, Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. `Pumila', Filipendula rubra (Hill) Robinson `Venusta' and Perovskia atriplicifolia Benth. were potted with controlled-release fertilizer (15N-3.9P-10K) incorporated at 2.4, 4.72, and 7.11 kg·m-3. A single foliar spray application of uniconazole was applied two weeks after transplanting at a volume of 210 mL·m-3 and two rates from 15 to 60 mg·L-1 plus a control (species-dependent). Plant height and width were measured at 2,4,6, and 8 weeks after treatment (WAT). No interactions between fertilizer rate and uniconazole were observed. Main effects varied by species. The application of uniconazole controlled height and width of Artemisia `Oriental Limelight' and Astilbe for the duration of the experiment. Height, width, and dry weight of Artemisia `Oriental Limelight' increased with ascending fertilizer rates while Astilbe was not affected. Growth of Filipendula and Artemisia `Powis Castle' was unresponsive to uniconazole, though dry weight was reduced for both at the lowest fertilizer rate. Uniconazole provided height control of Perovskia, but the effect did not persist beyond 6 WAT. Ascending fertilizer rates increased Perovskia dry weight but not height.

scholarly journals Inter- and Intra-specific Variation in Growth Parameters of Ocimum Species

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1120E-1121
Author(s):  
Rao Mentreddy ◽  
Cedric Sims ◽  
Usha Devagiri ◽  
Ernst Cebert
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Unknown Species ◽  
Ocimum Species ◽  
Rate Of Emergence ◽  
Total Dry Weight

Basils (Ocimum species) of the mint family Lamiaceae are well known for their multiple uses as culinary, aromatic, and medicinal plants worldwide. Basils are integral components of Asian and Mediterranean cuisine and are also widely used for treating diabetes and cancers. Basil has a limited acceptance as a culinary herb in the United States. The potential exists for development of culinary, medicinal, aromatic, and ornamental basil cultivars for production in the southeastern United States. In a preliminary field trial, 84 accessions belonging to six species of the genus Ocimum were evaluated for agronomic parameters in single-row plots. Wide variations exist between and within species for all agronomic traits studied. The mean percent emergence between species ranged from 60.0% for O. americanum var. americanum to 100.0% for an unknown species from Italy and O. campechianum. The aboveground fresh biomass per plant ranged from 424.0 g for O. sellol to 1450.3 g for the unknown Italian accession. The unknown Italian accession produced more branches per plant and also had the highest root, leaf, stem, and inflorescence fresh and dry weights among species. Ocimumsellol plants emerged late, had a slower rate of emergence, and produced a lower total biomass than other species. Ocimumgratissimum partitioned a greater proportion of the total dry weight to leaves (37.9%) and roots (14.4%), whereas O. basilicum. O americanum var. americanum, and O. campechianum partitioned a greater amount of dry matter to inflorescence and the least to roots than other species. In this presentation, the agronomic traits and basil cultivars with potential for ornamental and medicinal purposes will be discussed.

Ground water contamination in the United States

Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 221 (4612) ◽  
pp. 713-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Pye ◽  
R Patrick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ground Water Contamination

scholarly journals EFFECT OF CONTROLLED-RELEASE AND CONSTANT LIQUID FERTILIZATION ON LEACHATE AND PLANT QUALITY

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 582d-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Dole ◽  
Janet C. Cole ◽  
Randall M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Quality ◽  
Euphorbia Pulcherrima ◽  
Soluble Salts ◽  
Dendranthema Grandiflora ◽  
Pelargonium Xhortorum ◽  
Quality Rating ◽  
Liquid Fertilization

Poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima 'Gutbier V-14 Glory'), chrysanthemums (Dendranthema grandiflora 'Tara') and geraniums (Pelargonium xhortorum 'Orbit') were grown using various ratios of controlled release:constant liquid fertilization as a percentage of recommended rates (%CRF:%CLF). While plants grown under the 100:0 CRF:CLF regime produced significantly less nitrates, phosphates and total soluble salts in the leachate than 0:100 or 50:50 CRF:CLF, quality rating, plant diameter, and leaf, bract and flower dry weight of poinsettias and chrysanthemums were reduced. Geraniums grown under 100:0, 50:50 or 0:100 CRF:CLF regimes were similar in quality rating, height, diameter, dry weights and days to anthesis. Poinsettias and chrysanthemums grown under 50:50 CRF:CLF were similar in height, days to anthesis, plant diameter, flower and stem dry weights and quality rating but produced less nitrates, phosphates and total soluble salts in the leachate than plants grown under 0:100 CRF:CLF. However, chrysanthemums grown under 50:50 CRF:CLF had lower leaf and root dry weights and poinsettias had lower leaf and bract dry weights than under 0:100 CRF:CLF regime.

scholarly journals Effect of Several Controlled-Release Fertilizers on the Growth of Four Foliage Plants

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 77-81
Author(s):  
Kenneth C. Sanderson ◽  
Linda G. Waterhouse ◽  
W.C. Martin ◽  
Richard M. Patterson ◽  
John C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Liquid Fertilizer ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Visual Rating ◽  
Soluble Fertilizer ◽  
Controlled Release Fertilizers

Five types of controlled-release fertilizers were evaluated in individual experiments on Dieffenbachia amoena Bull., Philodendron scandens subsp. oxycardium Shott. Bunt. and Ficus benjamina L. Precise 12.0N-2.6P-5.0K (12-6-6) an encapsulated liquid fertilizer, applied at 656 kg (569 lb/A) N per ha per year, produced similar Dieffenbachia and Philodendron plant dry weights as 5 impregnated vermiculite and one ureaformaldehyde applied at higher rates of N. In a comparison with a water soluble 20.0N-8.7P-6.6K (20-20-20) fertilizer on Brassaia actinophylla Endl., dry weights and foliage color ratings of Brassaia plants fertilized with the water soluble fertilizer were greater than those of plants receiving the controlled release fertilizers. Ficus height, visual rating, dry weight and differences in green color values of leaves of plants fertilized with Precise 12.0N-2.6P-5.0K (12-6-6) were greater than those receiving other controlled-release fertilizer treatments. In a second experiment, Ficus plants fertilized with high rates of several controlled-release fertilizers and Scott Pro-Grow 25.0N-2.2P-8.2K (25-10-10) rates were equal or better in growth than plants receiving Precise and Osmocote 14.0N-6.1P-ll.6K (14-14-14). Mag Amp 7.ON-I7.4P-4.1K (7-40-6) plants treated with 900 kg/ha (784 Ib/A) and 1200 kg/ha (1045 lb/A) performed poorly in all growth parameters measured. Plant growth from high rates of controlled-release fertilizers surface applied at the beginning of the experiment was equal to that produced with 20.0N-8.7P-16.6K (20-20-20) soluble fertilizer applied weekly at the rate of 1582 kg N/ha (1477 lb/A) per year.

scholarly journals Irrigation Method and Fertilizer Concentration Differentially Alter Growth of Vegetable Transplants

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinrong Liu ◽  
W. Roland Leatherwood ◽  
Neil S. Mattson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Greenhouse Production ◽  
Irrigation Method ◽  
Nutritional Limitation ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Overhead Irrigation ◽  
Complete Fertilizer

In the United States, overhead irrigation is common to apply water and dissolved nutrients to vegetable transplants during greenhouse production. Overhead irrigation allows for the control of salt accumulation in the growing medium because excess water can leach salts out of the container. Alternatively, subirrigation saves labor and improves water use efficiency, but soluble salts can accumulate in the upper profile of the containers. Consequently different sets of fertilizer and electrical conductivity (EC) guidelines are required for overhead and subirrigation systems. The objective of this project was to determine the influence of fertilizer concentration and irrigation method (subirrigation vs. overhead irrigation) on the growth of several vegetable transplant crops intended for retail sale. Seedlings of collards (Brassica oleracea var. acephala ‘Vates’), kale (B. oleracea var. acephala ‘Nagoya Mix’), lettuce (Lactuca sativa ‘Buttercrunch’), pepper (Capsicum annuum ‘Sweet Banana’), and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum ‘Sweet 100’) were transplanted into 4-inch-diameter containers and grown in a greenhouse for 4 weeks. Irrigation was provided via ebb and flow benches (subirrigation) or hand-watering (overhead irrigation). Plants received a complete fertilizer solution provided at a concentration of 50, 100, 200, 350, and 500 mg·L−1 nitrogen (N). The treatments resulting in maximum shoot dry weight (DW) for overhead irrigated plants were 100 mg·L−1 N for pepper, 200 mg· L−1 N for tomato, and 350 mg·L−1 N for collards, kale, and lettuce. Irrigation method and fertilizer treatment significantly affected fresh weight (FW) and DW for kale, lettuce, and pepper. For kale and lettuce, regression analysis indicated that maximum DW was reached at a lower fertilizer concentration with overhead irrigation than subirrigation. The treatments resulting in maximum DW for subirrigated plants were 200 mg·L−1 N for kale, lettuce, pepper, and tomato and 350 mg·L−1 N for collards. Reducing fertilizer concentration was an effective method for controlling plant height for all crops we examined except for ‘Sweet Banana’ pepper. However, in many cases height control via nutritional limitation comes at substantial expense to other growth parameters. Our results suggest that, in some cases, fertilizer concentration guidelines for overhead irrigation can be reduced when growing vegetable transplants with subirrigation due to reduced leaching of nutrients and greater potential for accumulation of fertilizer salts.

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