scholarly journals Tomato Locule Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Changes during Maturation and Ripening

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 786B-786
Author(s):  
Guiwen W. Cheng ◽  
Donald J. Huber
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Extraction Solvent ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Mole Percentage ◽  
Neutral Sugars ◽  
Locule Tissue

Softening and liquefaction of `Solar Set' locules was studied by examining cell wall polysaccharides during fruit developmental stages (FDS) of immature green, mature green and breaker. Ethanol insoluble solids (EIS) were sequentially extracted by H2O, CDTA, and Na2CO3 solutions. The chromatograms of gel filtration among the same-solution extracts of EISs from three FDS were similar. Gradient DEAE also yielded similar patterns among FDS in each extraction solvent, even though the patterns of Na2CO3 extracts differed from those of H2O and CDTA extracts. The mole ratio of total polyuronides decreased for Gal, Ara, and Xyl at later FDS in both EIS and in all extracted polymers. Gal had the highest mole percentage of total neutral sugars, followed by Ara, Xyl, and Rha. While the mole percentage of neutral sugars for Gal, Rha, Ara, and Xyl were relatively similar among FDS in H2O extracts, those in CDTA and Na2CO3 extracts either increased or decreased, depending on individual neutral sugar. SDS-PAGE showed increased density in locule-tissue proteins, especially one with a molecular weight of less than 20 kDa, during later FDS. Results indicate that pectin depolymerization was limited and major neutral sugars commonly composing side chains showed a net decrease.

scholarly journals Neutral Sugar Analysis of Tobacco Cell Wall Fractions

1984 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Ryan Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Tobacco Cell ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Neutral Sugars ◽  
Alditol Acetates

AbstractA method for the determination of the neutral sugar content of tobacco cell wall fractions has been developed. The seven neutral sugars - rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose - determined in the analysis represent the usual glycosyl residues found in plant cell wall polysaccharides. In this procedure, the structural polysaccharides are acid hydrolysed into their constituent monosaccharides. The monosaccharides are then reduced with sodium borohydride to the corresponding alditols. The alditols are converted to the acetates with acetic anhydride. The alditol acetates are quantitatively measured by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Both 72 % H

Neutral sugar profile of cell wall polysaccharides of pitaya (Hylocereus sp.) fruits

2011 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 1134-1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Ramírez-Truque ◽  
Patricia Esquivel ◽  
Reinhold Carle
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Sugar Profile

scholarly journals Purification and partial characterization of a peroxidase from plant cell cultures of Cassia didymobotrya and biotransformation studies1

1998 ◽  
Vol 331 (2) ◽  
pp. 513-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto VITALI ◽  
Bruno BOTTA ◽  
Giuliano DELLE MONACHE ◽  
Sabrina ZAPPITELLI ◽  
Paola RICCIARDI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Cell Suspension Cultures ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Coniferyl Alcohol ◽  
Terminal Sequence ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Plant Peroxidases

An acidic peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) produced by cell suspension cultures of Cassia didymobotrya(wild senna) was purified from culture medium collected on the 29th day. The enzyme was shown to be a glycoprotein with a pI of 3.5, a molecular mass of approx. 43 kDa by SDS/PAGE and 50 kDa by gel filtration. The N-terminal sequence was very similar to those of other plant peroxidases. The peroxidase was characterized by a high specificity towards coniferyl alcohol and other natural phenolics such as guaiacol and ferulic and caffeic acids. These findings suggest that the enzyme is involved in lignification processes of the cell wall. Moreover, the enzyme was able to catalyse the oxidation of 4,3´,4´-trihydroxychalcone and 4,3´,4´-trihydroxy-3-methoxychalcone to the corresponding 3,3´-biflavanones, as mixtures of racemic and mesoforms.

scholarly journals Flooding tolerance and cell wall alterations in maize mesocotyl during hypoxia

2001 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1027-1035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Goulart Vitorino ◽  
José Donizeti Alves ◽  
Paulo César Magalhães ◽  
Marcelo Murad Magalhães ◽  
Luíz Carlos Oliveira Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Oxygen Deficiency ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Ammonium Oxalate ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Flooding Tolerance ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Maize Cultivars ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Neutral Sugars

This research aimed to characterize the tolerance to flooding and alterations in pectic and hemicellulose fractions from mesocotyl of maize tolerant to flooding when submitted to hypoxia. In order to characterize tolerance seeds from maize cultivars Saracura BRS-4154 and BR 107 tolerant and sensitive to low oxygen levels, respectively, were set to germinate. Plantlet survival was evaluated during five days after having been submitted to hypoxia. After fractionation with ammonium oxalate 0.5% (w/v) and KOH 2M and 4M, Saracura BRS-4154 cell wall was obtained from mesocotyl segments with different damage intensities caused by oxygen deficiency exposure. The cell wall fractions were analyzed by gel filtration and gas chromatography, and also by Infrared Spectrum with Fourrier Transformation (FTIR). The hypoxia period lasting three days or longer caused cell lysis and in advanced stages plant death. The gelic profile from pectic, hemicellulose 2M and 4M fractions from samples with translucid and constriction zone showed the appearance of low molecular weight compounds, similar to glucose. The main neutral sugars in pectic and hemicellulose fractions were arabinose, xilose and mannose. The FTIR spectrum showed a gradual decrease in pectic substances from mesocotyl with normal to translucid and constriction appearance respectively.

Studies on soil polysaccharides. II. The composition and properties in soils under pasture and under a fallow-wheat rotation

Soil Research ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 225 ◽  
Author(s):  
GD Swincer ◽  
JM Oades ◽  
DJ Greenland
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Sugar Composition ◽  
High Molecular Weight Material ◽  
Neutral Sugars

After the removal of light fraction from soils under old pasture and under continuous fallow-wheat rotation, carbohydrates were extracted using IN HC1 followed by 0.5N NaOH and finally an acidic acetylation procedure, or by a single extraction with 0.2N NaOH only. The sequential extraction procedure removed 70-80 % of the carbohydrate from the soil under both agronomic systems. 0.2N NaOH removed a larger proportion of the carbohydrates from soil under fallow-wheat rotation (43-52%) than from soil under old pasture (35-38%). The composition of the carbohydrates in a given extract from the soil under pasture or fallow-wheat was similar. This similarity extended even to the neutral sugar composition of fractions obtained by gel filtration of the purified extracts. Generally, low molecular weight materials were rich in amino acids and compounds such as glucose, ribose, and glycerol. Polymers of molecular weight 4000-100,000 contained relatively high proportions of uronic acids and amino acids. Least amino acids were present in materials of molecular weight greater than 100,000 which contained appreciable quantities of deoxyhexoses (up to 20% of the total neutral sugars) indicative of their microbial origin. Against this background of similarity, certain differences between the carbohydrates from soils under pasture and fallow-wheat rotation were apparent. 1N HCl extracts contained more high molecular weight material from the old pasture soils than from the cultivated soil. The composition of these extracts indicated that they comprised the easily extractable recently synthesized microbial polysaccharides. The proportion of such polymers was lower in the cropped soil. A higher proportion of materials of small size was present in soils under a wheat crop. Maximum amounts of these compounds were present during periods of maximum plant and microbial activity. Extracts from soils under fallow-wheat rotation contained a higher proportion of uronic and amino acids and less ribose, arabinose, and deoxysugars than the extracts from soils under pasture. Based on relative deoxysugar contents it was calculated that the pasture soil contains about four times as much microbial polysaccharide as the soil under fallow-wheat.

Cell wall disassembly events in boysenberry (Rubus idaeus L. × Rubus ursinus Cham. & Schldl.) fruit development

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Roberto Vicente ◽  
Ann Powell ◽  
L. Carl Greve ◽  
John M. Labavitch
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Acetyl Esterase ◽  
Glucose Ratio ◽  
Cell Wall Disassembly

Boysenberry fruit was harvested at five developmental stages, from green to purple, and changes in pectin and hemicellulose solubilisation and depolymerisation, polymer neutral sugar contents, and the activities of cell wall degrading enzymes were analysed. The high xylose to glucose ratio in the 4% KOH-soluble hemicellulose fraction suggests that xylans are abundant in the boysenberry cell wall. Although the cell wall changes associated with fruit development do not proceed in discrete stages and the cell wall disassembly is a consequence of highly regulated changes occurring in a continuum, the results suggest that the temporal changes in cell wall degradation in boysenberry account for at least three stages: an early stage (green to 75% red colour), associated with metabolism of cellulose and cross-linking glycans; an intermediate period (75 to 100% red colour), characterised by substantial pectin solubilisation without depolymerisation in which α-arabinofuranosidase increases markedly and 50% of the wall arabinose is lost; and a final stage (100% red colour to purple), characterised mainly by a reduction of pectic galactose content and a dramatic increase in pectin depolymerisation associated with higher polygalacturonase, pectin methylesterase, acetyl esterase and β-galactosidase activities. From a biotechnological perspective enzymes involved in pectin matrix disassembly seem to be the better candidates to affect boysenberry fruit late-softening by genetic intervention. A model for cell wall disassembly in boysenberry fruit is proposed.

Methanol, pectin and pectinesterase changes during soybean seed maturation

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
James L. Koch ◽  
Marcin Horbowicz ◽  
Ralph L. Obendorf
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Uronic Acid ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Neutral Sugar ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Green Color ◽  
Methyl Esterification

AbstractMethanol accumulates in maturing seeds, correlating with preharvest deterioration. Since the source of methanol may be from pectin de-methylation, methanol, cell wall uronic acid, pectin methyl esterification, pectinesterase (PE; EC 3.1.1.11) activity, and neutral sugar composition and partitioning of cell wall polysaccharides were determined during soybean (Glycine max[L.] Merrill) seed development, maturation, and desiccationin planta. Axis cell wall polysaccharides were more easily solubilized, richer in uronic acid, rhamnose, and xylose, and less rich in galactose than cotyledon cell wall polysaccharides. Methanol accumulated to 9.7 μg per two cotyledons and 0.5 μg per axis; total methanol decreased to 3 μg per two cotyledons during loss of green color. Total uronic acid increased from 0.12 to 0.27 mg per axis and 0.9 to 4 mg per cotyledon between 24 and 50 days after flowering (DAF). After loss of green color, pectin methyl esterification in axes increased from 7 to 24 mole% between 50 and 60 DAF but decreased to 14 mole%by 62 DAF in latter stages of seed desiccation. In cotyledons, methyl esterification ranged from 25 to 40 mole% and was 31 mole% after desiccation. PE activity increased 100 fold in axes, including a 30-fold increase in activity after loss of green color at 46 DAF. Cotyledon PE activity was 40-fold higher than in axes at 24 DAF, declined 75% by 56 DAF, and then increased 5 fold during desiccation. Pectin methyl de-esterification by PE is sufficient to be the sole source for methanol accumulation in seed tissues during development and maturation.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical analyses on two distinct internodes of stinging nettle show different distribution of polysaccharides and proteins in the cell walls of bast fibers

PROTOPLASMA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Faleri ◽  
Xuan Xu ◽  
Lavinia Mareri ◽  
Jean-Francois Hausman ◽  
Giampiero Cai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Vascular Tissue ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cell Wall Polysaccharides ◽  
Stinging Nettle ◽  
Bast Fiber ◽  
Bast Fibers ◽  
Biochemical Approach ◽  
Immunohistochemical Analyses

AbstractStinging nettle is a perennial herbaceous species holding value as a multi-purpose plant. Indeed, its leaves and roots are phytofactories providing functional ingredients of medicinal interest and its stems produce silky and resistant extraxylary fibers (a.k.a. bast fibers) valued in the biocomposite sector. Similarly to what is reported in other fiber crops, the stem of nettle contains both lignified and hypolignified fibers in the core and cortex, respectively, and it is therefore a useful model for cell wall research. Indeed, data on nettle stem tissues can be compared to those obtained in other models, such as hemp and flax, to support hypotheses on the differentiation and development of bast fibers. The suitability of the nettle stem as model for cell wall-related research was already validated using a transcriptomics and biochemical approach focused on internodes at different developmental stages sampled at the top, middle, and bottom of the stem. We here sought to complement and enrich these data by providing immunohistochemical and ultrastructural details on young and older stem internodes. Antibodies recognizing non-cellulosic polysaccharides (galactans, arabinans, rhamnogalacturonans) and arabinogalactan proteins were here investigated with the goal of understanding whether their distribution changes in the stem tissues in relation to the bast fiber and vascular tissue development. The results obtained indicate that the occurrence and distribution of cell wall polysaccharides and proteins differ between young and older internodes and that these changes are particularly evident in the bast fibers.

scholarly journals Topography of cell wall lytic enzyme in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: form and location of the stored enzyme in vegetative cell and gamete.

1987 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Matsuda ◽  
T Saito ◽  
T Yamaguchi ◽  
M Koseki ◽  
K Hayashi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Vegetative State ◽  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lytic Enzyme ◽  
Vegetative Cells ◽  
Mating Ability ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Insoluble Form

Chlamydomonas lytic enzyme of the cell wall (gamete wall-autolysin) is responsible for shedding of cell walls during mating of opposite mating-type gametes. This paper reports some topographic aspects of lytic enzyme in cells. Both vegetative and gametic cells contain the same wall lytic enzyme. The purified enzyme is a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular mass of 67 kD by gel filtration and 62 kD by SDS PAGE, and is sensitive to metal ion chelators and SH-blocking agents. These properties are the same as those of the gamete wall-autolysin released into the medium by mating gametes. However, the storage form of the enzyme proves to be quite different between the two cell types. In vegetative cells, the lytic enzyme is found in an insoluble form in cell homogenates and activity is released into the soluble fraction only by sonicating the homogenates or freeze-thawing the cells, whereas gametes always yield lytic activity in the soluble fractions of cell homogenates. When vegetative cells are starved for nitrogen, the storage form of enzyme shifts from its vegetative state to gametic state in parallel with the acquisition of mating ability. Adding nitrogen to gametes converts it to the vegetative state concurrently with the loss of mating ability. We also show that protoplasts obtained by treatment of vegetative cells or gametes with exogenously added enzyme have little activity of enzyme in the cell homogenates, suggesting that lytic enzyme is stored outside the plasmalemma. When the de-walled gametes or gametes of the wall-deficient mutant, cw-15, of opposite mating types are mixed together, they mate normally but the release of lytic enzyme into the medium is practically negligible. When the de-walled vegetative cells are incubated, the lytic enzyme is again accumulated in the cells after the wall regeneration is almost complete.

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