The Effects of Shiitake Mushroom [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler] Strains and Wood Species on the Yield of Shiitake Mushrooms

White and red oak (Quercus spp.), Black Cherry [Prunus serotina (Ehrh.)], Sassafras [Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees], and Eastern Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis (L.)] logs were inoculated, in 12-mm holes drilled 25 mm deep, with eight strains of shiitake mushrooms [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler]. Logs were then placed in 80% shade houses under natural environment. Harvested mushrooms were counted and weighed and biological efficiency computed. Interactions among strains and seasons of harvest and species and seasons of harvest were significant. The higher producing strains and species produced more mushrooms later in the life of the log than the least productive strains and wood species. White and red oaks produced significantly more than the other wood species. There was only one strain, CW25, that produced significantly less than the top four yielding strains.

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Strain of Shiitake Mushroom [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler] and Wood Species Affect the Yield of Shiitake Mushrooms

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.6.4.388 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 388-393 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cathy Sabota

Keyword(s):

Tree Species ◽

Lentinula Edodes ◽

Wholesale Price ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

Small Scale ◽

Red Oak ◽

Shiitake Mushroom ◽

White Oak ◽

Shiitake Mushrooms ◽

The Cost

Logs of white and red oak (Quercus spp.), black cherry [Prunus serotina (Ehrh.)], sassafras (Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees), and eastern sycamore [Platanus occidentalis (L.)] were inoculated with eight strains of shiitake mushroom in 12-mm holes drilled 25 mm deep and spaced 15 cm apart down the log and 5 cm apart around the log in a staggered pattern. Logs then were placed in quonset houses covered with 80% shadecloth in Mar. 1991. The environment within these shaded houses was not modified otherwise. Harvested mushrooms were counted and weighed and biological efficiency (BE) was determined. White and red oaks produced significantly higher yields of shiitake mushrooms over the lifetime of the log than the other types of wood. Only one strain, CW25, produced significantly lower yields than the best four strains. Interactions among strains and seasons of harvest and the species and seasons of harvest were significant. The most productive mushroom strains and tree species yielded more mushrooms later in the life of the logs than the least productive strains and tree species did earlier in the life of the logs. BE attained from strain × species interactions ranged from 0% (WW70, CW25, and WR85 on sycamore) to 8.8% (WW44 on red oak) in an outdoor noncontrolled environment. The gross per cord value (at wholesale price) of shiitake harvested from white oak was $2475.00. The cost of producing one cord of shiitake is about $6.44 per log in a small-scale operation. A net return of $1509.00 per cord is realistic and includes the cost of labor.

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Does Amendment of Soak Solution with Sucrose and Urea Increase Production of Shiitake Mushrooms on Sawdust Blocks?

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.14.3.0393 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 393-397

Author(s):

Cathy Sabota ◽

Caula Beyl ◽

Gokul Ghale

Keyword(s):

Significant Interaction ◽

Lentinula Edodes ◽

Tap Water ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

Production Facility ◽

Shiitake Mushroom ◽

Shiitake Mushrooms

This study evaluated whether adding either sucrose or urea to the soak water could enhance production of shiitake mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) on sawdust blocks. For both sucrose and urea experiments, sawdust blocks inoculated with “QR” and “26” strains of L. edodes were placed in the soak water amended with either sucrose or urea at the first soaking only, at the second soaking only, or at all six soakings. Control blocks were soaked in tap water. In Experiment I, blocks were soaked in water containing 0, 20,000, or 40,000 ppm (mg·L–1) sucrose. Strain 26 produced significantly more mushrooms and greater mushroom weight than QR. Addition of sucrose to the soak water resulted in fewer mushrooms harvested and lower yields than controls. There was a significant interaction between the sucrose rate and strain for both mushroom number and biological efficiency (BE). Both strains produced fewer mushrooms and less BE as the concentration of sucrose in the soak water increased; however, QR was less affected by the increasing concentration of sucrose. In Experiment II, sawdust blocks inoculated with QR and 26 strains of shiitake were soaked in water containing 0, 2400, or 3600 ppm (mg·L–1) urea. Strain 26 produced significantly more mushrooms and greater BE than QR. The addition of 2400 ppm of urea to the soak water resulted in more mushrooms per block harvested and a 12% increase in BE over the control. The 2400 ppm rate added at each soak produced more mushrooms and mushroom weight than the control and also produced more mushrooms than any of the blocks in the higher rate of urea (3600 ppm) treatments. Adding 16.9 oz (480 g) of urea per tank to obtain 2400 ppm urea in the soak water results in the minimal increase in cost of about $0.20 per soak (52 sawdust blocks), but potentially increases the value of the mushrooms harvested from each block by $0.75. In an average-sized shiitake mushroom block production facility containing 500 blocks, continuous addition of 2400 ppm urea to the soak water would provide an increased return of about $375 over the entire season.

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Mineral supplementation and productivity of the Shiitake mushroom on eucalyptus logs

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162004000300003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 260-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elvio Cardoso Queiroz ◽

Regina Helena Marino ◽

Augusto Ferreira da Eira

Keyword(s):

Lentinula Edodes ◽

Shiitake Mushroom ◽

Mineral Fertilization ◽

Eucalyptus Saligna ◽

Mineral Supplement ◽

Negative Results ◽

Mineral Supplementation ◽

Shiitake Mushrooms ◽

Current Production ◽

Positive Results

Brazilian reports on Shiitake mushroom [Lentinula edodes (Berkeley) Pegler] productivity grown on Eucalyptus saligna (Sm.) logs are optimistic. The current production on this kind of wood is, however, low and variable. Aiming at increasing Shiitake mushroom productivity, the present work studied interactions among three concentrations of mineral supplement and three Shiitake strains (Le 95/01, 96/17 and 96/18) grown on seventh cut eucalyptus logs. Mineral fertilization was carried out when the logs were submerged in water to induce fruiting bodies, using the following saline concentrations: zero (no fertilizers added), 0.05% (equivalent to 0.35 g L-1 of ammonium sulfate with 18% nitrogen and 0.15 g L-1 of superphosphate with 34% phosphorus) and 0.50%. Fertilization of the Le 95/01 strain increased productivity, but logs inoculated with the Le 96/17 strain were more productive only at 0.05% concentration while in the Le 96/18 strain, mineral supplementation decreased in productivity. The radial growth of these Shiitake strains (in sawdust-agar medium and with the same saline concentrations used in the log experiment) showed that all strains reacted positively to fertilization and that positive results for the Le 95/01 strain and negative results for Le 96/18 on eucalyptus logs are due to the natural higher competitiveness of the first Le 95/01 in relation to the latter Le 96/18 strain. Mineral fertilization increases the productivity provided that the logs are well colonized by Shiitake mushrooms.

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(395) Greater Inoculation Rate Enhances Biological Efficiency and Returns of Shiitake Mushrooms

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1034a ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1034A-1034

Author(s):

Cathy M. Sabota ◽

Caula A. Beyl

Keyword(s):

Lentinula Edodes ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

White Oak ◽

Net Profit ◽

Shiitake Mushrooms ◽

Inoculation Treatment

To determine if biological efficiency of shiitake mushrooms was affected by the density of spawn inoculation, white oak logs about 31 inches (0.79 m) long were cut from trees harvested 14 Apr. and inoculated 6 May 2003 with strain WR46 of Lentinula edodes using four rates of inoculation. The number of holes drilled and inoculated with spawn was determined by multiplying the weight of each log by 0.5, 1, 2, or 3. A 15-pound log (6.8 kg) inoculated at “3” times the weight would have 45 holes drilled and inoculated. Each rate of inoculation treatment was replicated three times with three subsamples per replication. After six harvests over a 21-month period, the biological efficiency (BE) of the logs increased by 1.94% per additional hole per pound (0.45 kg). This increase in BE would result in $1.15 in additional returns per log with a cost of only $0.15 more per log due to increased spawn use, resulting in a net profit, excluding increased labor and wax costs, of $1.00 per log.

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The quantitative relationships among alkali elements and the availability of Rb as a substitute for radioactive Cs in Lentinula edodes

International Journal of PIXE ◽

10.1142/s0129083519500098 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (01n02) ◽

pp. 61-68

Author(s):

A. Terakawa ◽

Y. Hirakata ◽

K. Kikuchi ◽

A. Fujita ◽

T. Matsuyama ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Lentinula Edodes ◽

Peripheral Region ◽

Shiitake Mushroom ◽

Emission Analysis ◽

Pixe Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Shiitake Mushrooms ◽

Alkali Elements ◽

Mushroom Sample

We performed particle-induced X-ray emission analysis to determine the quantitative relationships among alkali elements including radioactive Cs in Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom). The shiitake mushrooms were cultivated using radioactive Cs-contaminated hardwood logs, with Rb and stable Cs added to evaluate their concentrations by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis, as well as to measure the spatial distribution of radioactive Cs in the mushroom sample using an autoradiographic method. Radioactive Cs were strongly concentrated in the peripheral region of the mushroom pileus, whereas K, Rb, and stable Cs highly accumulated in the same region as radioactive Cs. We confirmed that the concentrations of K and Rb were basically proportional to that of stable Cs. In particular, a clear linear correlation was observed between the Rb and Cs concentrations. The results of this study indicate the availability of Rb as a substitute for Cs to study the accumulation of radioactive Cs in mushrooms.

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Fatty Acids and Stable Isotope Ratios in Shiitake Mushrooms (Lentinula edodes) Indicate the Origin of the Cultivation Substrate Used: A Preliminary Case Study in Korea

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods9091210 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1210

Author(s):

Ill-Min Chung ◽

So-Yeon Kim ◽

Jae-Gu Han ◽

Won-Sik Kong ◽

Mun Yhung Jung ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Stable Isotope ◽

Lentinula Edodes ◽

Isotope Ratios ◽

Stable Isotope Ratios ◽

Shiitake Mushroom ◽

Shiitake Mushrooms ◽

Potential Applications ◽

Cultivation Substrate

Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) is commonly consumed worldwide and is cultivated in many farms in Korea using Chinese substrates owing to a lack of knowledge on how to prepare sawdust-based substrate blocks (bag cultivation). Consequently, issues related to the origin of the Korean or Chinese substrate used in shiitake mushrooms produced using bag cultivation have been reported. Here, we investigated differences in fatty acids (FAs) and stable isotope ratios (SIRs) in shiitake mushrooms cultivated using Korean and Chinese substrates under similar conditions (strain, temperature, humidity, etc.) and depending on the harvesting cycle. The total FA level decreased significantly by 5.49 mg∙g−1 as the harvesting cycle increased (p < 0.0001); however, no differences were found in FAs between shiitake mushrooms cultivated using Korean and Chinese substrates. Linoleic acid was the most abundant FA, accounting for 77–81% of the total FAs during four harvesting cycles. Moreover, the SIRs differed significantly between the Korean and Chinese substrates, and the harvesting cycles resulted in smaller maximum differences in SIR values compared to those of the cultivation substrate origins. Our findings contribute to the identification of the geographical origin of shiitake mushrooms and may have potential applications in international shiitake-mushroom markets.

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Studies on radioactive cesium and alkali elements in lentinula edodes (Shiitake) based on PIXE analysis

International Journal of PIXE ◽

10.1142/s0129083513410076 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 23 (03n04) ◽

pp. 147-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

A. Terakawa ◽

K. Ishii ◽

S. Matsuyama ◽

Y. Hirakata ◽

K. Kikuchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Power ◽

Lentinula Edodes ◽

The Other ◽

Radioactive Cesium ◽

Shiitake Mushroom ◽

Transfer Coefficients ◽

Pixe Analysis ◽

X Ray ◽

Shiitake Mushrooms ◽

Alkali Elements

Particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis of Lentinula edodes mushrooms (Shiitake mushrooms) contaminated with radioactive cesium was performed to study relationships between concentrations of alkali elements in the shiitake mushroom samples and their radioactive cesium levels. The shiitake mushrooms were cultivated using radiocontaminated hard wood logs due to the nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima. The significant localization of radioactive cesium was found in the pileus region of the shiitake mushroom from autoradiographic observation. The concentrations of alkali elements in the shiitake sample were measured by PIXE analysis. The PIXE analysis has shown that the concentrations and transfer coefficients of potassium and rubidium in the pileus are much higher than the other parts of the shiitake sample as is the case of radioactive cesium. It is suggested that radioactive cesium is transferred into shiitake mushrooms in a manner similar to potassium and rubidium. The results of this work have shown the possibility to be able to use rubidium as an elemental tracer for radioactive cesium.

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Mycelia Growth of Shiitake (Lentinula edodes) on 4-Wood Species from Leguminaceae Family

Wood Research Journal ◽

10.51850/wrj.2019.10.1.26-31 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 26-31

Author(s):

Dahayu Ratnanindha ◽

Johanes Pramana Gentur Sutapa ◽

Denny Irawati

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Wood Species ◽

Lentinula Edodes ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Limited Information ◽

Shiitake Mushroom ◽

Mycelia Growth ◽

Chemical Content ◽

The Media ◽

Samanea Saman

Cultivation of Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) in Indonesia has not been developed yet, due to its low productivity. It happens because of the limited information of the good ways on cultivation Shiitake in Indonesia. One of the factors that affect the growth of mushroom is the media. In Indonesia, the information about the media composition by using various species of wood have not been found yet. Therefore, this research was conducted to determine the effect of using different wood species to the growth of Shiitake. This study used four wood species from the leguminaceae family, those were: Gamal (Glicidia sepium); Johar (Samanea saman); Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala); and Sengon (Falcataria moluccana). Those were used as the media by adding 12.5% (w/w) of rice bran and 6% (w/w) of CaCO3, and adjusting the moisture content by adding the distillate water to 65, 70, and 75%. Then, the media was put in to the petridisk (ø 90 mm) and inoculated with Shiitake mushroom. During the mycelia growth, the length of mycelia was measured every 2 days until fifty days, and then glucosamine content was analyzed. In addition, chemical analysis was also conducted to each media. The results showed that different wood species resulted different chemical content of media, except the acid soluble lignin content. The growth rate of mycelia was affected by the moisture content of media, meanwhile the glucosamin content is influenced by the moisture content and various species of wood. The best combination to cultivate the Shiitake mushroom was by using media made of gamal with 70% moisture content. There were positive correlation among the ethanol-toluen extracts content and the mycelia growth, however there was negative correlation among the hemicelullose content the mycelia growth.

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Shiitake Mushroom Growth on the Formulated Culture Media, Production of Spawn, and Basidiocarps in the Laboratory

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.9.1.85 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 85-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R.P. Pacumbaba ◽

R.O. Pacumbaba

Keyword(s):

Tissue Culture ◽

Yeast Extract ◽

Lentinula Edodes ◽

Culture Media ◽

Malt Extract ◽

Shiitake Mushroom ◽

Brown Sugar ◽

Vegetable Juice ◽

Mycelia Growth ◽

Shiitake Mushrooms

Culture media YMMBSA (yeast extract, malt extract, multigrain oatmeal, brown sugar, agar), YVMBSA (yeast extract, V-8 vegetable juice, multigrain oatmeal, brown sugar, agar), and YVMSA (yeast extract, V-8 vegetable juice, multigrain oatmeal, sucrose, agar) and broths YVMBS (yeast extract, V-8 vegetable juice, multigrain oatmeal, brown sugar), YVMS (yeast extract, V-8 vegetable juice, sucrose), and MVBS (multigrain oatmeal V-8 vegetable juice brown sugar) were formulated and demonstrated to be excellent media and broths for growing shiitake mushrooms [Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler] in the laboratory. When a portion of the unopened basidiocarp or mushroom fruit (cap or stipe) was isolated on PSA (potato sucrose agar) medium and transferred to the formulated culture media, the mycelia significantly ramified to flocculent (wooly or fluffy) growth texture within 20 days. For the first time, shiitake mushroom basidiocarps have been induced on the formulated plated media within 20 to 35 days. In tissue culture vessels, mycelia grew well on substrates composed of maple, oak, maple + oak, maple + vermiculite, and oak + vermiculite which had been amended with the broths YVMBS, YVMS or MVBS, attaining spawn texture in 25 to 30 days. Shiitake basidiocarps appeared on the tissue vessels, Magenta GA-7, in 2.6 to 4.1 months. Shiitake mushroom strains, LE1, LE2, LE6, LE7, and LE8, attained flocculent mycelia on the formulated culture media YMMBSA, YVMBSA, and YVMSA in 20 days. Growing the same shiitake strains in the bigger tissue culture vessels, P4928, containing hardwood sawdust amended with broth YVMBS or YVMS or MVBS resulted in significantly larger volume of mycelia growth and spawn texture was attained in 35 to 45 days. Shiitake basidiocarp initials or pins were induced on the spawn blocks in 3 to 5 days after the blocks were squeezed off from the sides of the tissue culture vessels. These results are the first that the formulated culture media considerably enhanced the growing of shiitake mushroom mycelia, production of spawn, and basidiocarps in less time (2.6 to 4.1 months after inoculation) in the laboratory. Basidiocarp productions of shiitake mushroom on amended hardwood sawdust may have an excellent economic potential commercially. It takes 1 to 2 years for basidiocarps to appear in shiitake spawn inoculated logs.

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Influence of enriched soaking water on shiitake (Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer) mushroom yield and properties

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.14720/aas.2017.109.3.07 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 109 (3) ◽

pp. 555 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohammad Ebrahim RANJBAR ◽

Jamal Ali OLFATI ◽

Masoumeh AMANI

Keyword(s):

Rice Bran ◽

Wheat Bran ◽

Edible Mushroom ◽

Biological Efficiency ◽

Shiitake Mushroom ◽

Mycelium Growth ◽

Shiitake Mushrooms ◽

Increase Productivity ◽

Mushroom Yield ◽

Rice Bran Extraction

Shiitake is an edible mushroom native to East Asia. In the present research, the soaking water was targeted as the vehicle to enrich the substrate. The amount of nutrients in the substrate is severely reduced by mycelium growth and development during spawn running and browning period. Some part of this reduction can be compensated by soaking the substrate in the enriched soaking water. In this study, soaking water was enriched by some complement materials and enrichment effects on some important properties of shiitake mushroom were evaluated. The highest biological efficiency (69.88 %) was gained with soaking the blocks in wheat bran extraction suspension. The highest dry matter of mushroom was obtained by rice bran extraction suspension as the enriched soaking water. The results of this research showed that some important properties of shiitake mushroom can be improved by soaking the blocks with enriched soaking water. According to the results, wheat bran extraction suspension was the best enriched solution to increase productivity of shiitake mushrooms and rice bran extraction suspension was suitable to improve quality of mushrooms.

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