The Effect of Wind on the Vegetative and Reproductive Growth of Four Primocane-fruiting Red Raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) in the Establishment Year
Four primocane fruiting (PP) red raspberry cultivars, `Bogong', `Cascade', `Heritage', and `Dinkum', were grown in exposed or sheltered (50% permeable artificial windbreak) sites fully exposed to prevailing westerly winds. The cultivars were evaluated to determine the effects of wind stress on vegetative and reproductive development and leaf gas exchange during the establishment year. The artificial windbreak resulted in an overall 35% reduction in wind velocity, increased the number of calm days (<5.4 km·h–1) and decreased the incidence of strong breezes (>36 km·h–1). Concurrently, the artificial windbreak did not have much of an effect on altering relative humidity, air or soil temperature. All cultivars responded similarly to wind exposure Plants in exposed sites had reduced leaf areas, internode lengths, leaf, cane, and total above ground dry weights. Leaf gas exchange parameters (Pn, gs and Ci) expressed per unit leaf area did nor differ between treatments for most of the season but the sheltered plants as a whole supported a greater total leaf area and must have fixed a greater amount of carbon than the exposed plants. These larger sheltered plants produced a more extensive fruiting framework and resulted in a 2-fold yield increase. For these reasons, it is highly recommended to shelter raspberry plants from wind in the establishment year.