scholarly journals Drought Resistance among Freeman Maples

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 508C-508
Author(s):  
James A. Zwack ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
Volume Curve ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Shoot Mass

Freeman maples (Acer × freemanii E. Murray) are marketed as stress-resistant alternatives to red maples (Acer rubrum L.), but few data from direct comparisons of these species are available. As a first step in comparing the stress resistance of red maple and Freeman maple, responses to drought were studied in Acer × freemanii `Autumn Fantasy', `Celebration', and `Marmo'. Plants grown from rooted cuttings were treated by withholding irrigation through four drought cycles of increasing severity that were separated by irrigation to container capacity. Drought reduced shoot dry mass, root dry mass, and height growth by 64%, 43%, and 79%, respectively, over all cultivars. Predawn leaf water potential was reduced by 1.16 MPa over all cultivars, and stomatal conductance data indicated water use was more conservative over all root-zone moisture contents after repeated cycles of drought. Specific mass of drought-stressed leaves increased by 25% for `Autumn Fantasy', and microscopy to determine leaf thickness and cellular anatomy is ongoing. `Autumn Fantasy' also had the lowest ratio of leaf surface area to xylem diameter, and `Autumn Fantasy' and `Celebration' had higher ratios of root to shoot mass than `Marmo'. Pressure-volume curve analysis revealed osmotic potential of drought-stressed plants at full turgor was 0.24 MPa more negative than controls, and droughted plants had a greater apoplastic water percentage than controls. Although osmotic adjustment during drought was similar among cultivars, differences in specific mass of leaves and in ratios of transpiring and conducting tissues suggest cultivars of Freeman maple vary in resistance to drought in the landscape.

scholarly journals Responses to High Root-zone Temperature Among Cultivars of Red Maple and Freeman Maple

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-85
Author(s):  
Lorna C. Wilkins ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Order Root ◽  
Zone Temperature

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine whether genotypes of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and Freeman maple (A. x freemanii E. Murray) differ in responses to high root-zone temperature. During the first experiment, dry mass of ‘Franksred’, ‘October Glory’, and ‘Schlesinger’ red maple, ‘Indian Summer’ Freeman maple, and selections from Arkansas, Maine, and Wisconsin were similar at 24, 28, and 32C (75, 82, and 90F), but dry mass at 36C (97F) was only 22% of that at 28C (82F). ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Franksred’, ‘October Glory’, and ‘Schlesinger’ red maple and ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘Jeffersred’ Freeman maple differed in responses to 34C (93F) during the second experiment. Stem length and plant dry mass were higher at 28C (82F) than at 34C (93F) for all cultivars except ‘Autumn Flame’ and ‘Jeffersred’, and the extent to which 34C (93F) decreased the length of the longest third-order root ranged from 50% for ‘Autumn Flame’ to 90% for ‘Indian Summer’. The higher root-zone temperature decreased transpiration by as little as 25% for ‘Jeffersred’ to as much as 89% for ‘Franksred’, and 34C (93F) reduced leaf chlorophyll content of only ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘Jeffersred’. These results indicate that ‘Franksred’ and ‘Indian Summer’ are relatively sensitive while ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Jeffersred’, and ‘Schlesinger’ are relatively resistant to high root-zone temperature.

scholarly journals Variation among Red and Freeman Maples in Response to Drought and Flooding

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Zwack ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Leaf Osmotic Potential ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
As Stress

Freeman maples (Ace×freemanii E. Murray) are marketed as stress-resistant alternatives to red maples (Acer rubrum L.). Our objective was to compare two cultivars of Freeman maple [`Jeffersred' (Autumn Blaze®) and `Indian Summer'] and five red maples [`Franksred' (Red Sunset®), `Autumn Flame', `PNI 0268' (October Glory®), `Fairview Flame', and unnamed selection 59904] for effects of flooding and water deficit on plant growth, biomass partitioning, stomatal conductance, and leaf osmotic potential. Plants grown from rooted cuttings in containers were subjected to three consecutive cycles during which root-zone water content decreased to 0.12, 0.08, and 0.02 m3·m–3, respectively. Additional plants were flooded for 75 days, while plants in a control treatment were irrigated frequently. Stomatal conductance immediately before imposing drought and after three drought cycles did not differ among genotypes and averaged 220 and 26 mmol·s–1·m–2, respectively. Differences in stomatal conductance after recovery from the first drought cycle and at the end of the second drought cycle did not vary with species. Drought reduced estimated leaf osmotic potential similarly for all genotypes; means for drought-stressed and control plants were –1.92 and –1.16 MPa, respectively. Freeman maples had a higher mean root: shoot weight ratio and a lower leaf surface area: root dryweight ratio than did red maples. Across genotypes, stomatal conductance of flooded plants initially increased by ≈20% and then fell to and remained below 50 mmol·s–1·m–2. Stomatal conductance of `Indian Summer' decreased to ≈20 mmol·s–1·m–2 after 8 days of flooding, indicating that this cultivar may be particularly sensitive to root-zone saturation.

scholarly journals Root-zone Stress Effects on Water Relations and Growth of Silver, Red, and Freeman Maples

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 576a-576
Author(s):  
James A. Zwack ◽  
Anthony S. Aiello ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Root Zones ◽  
Stress Effects ◽  
Silver Maple ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Temperature Interactions

Freeman maples (Acer ×freemanii E. Murray) are suspected to be more resistant to environmental stress than red maples (A. rubrum L.) because the lineage of Freeman maple includes silver maple (A. saccharinum L.). Little is known, however, about stress resistance of silver maple, and few data from direct comparisons of red and Freeman maples are available. Our objectives were to determine effects of root-zone heat on silver maples from northern and southern provenances, and to compare red and Freeman maple cultivars for resistance to rootzone heat stress and drought. There were no provenance-by-temperature interactions when silver maples from 33.3°N (Mississippi) and 44.4°N (Minnesota) latitude were grown with root zones at 29 and 35°C. Plants from 44.4°N latitude had 36% higher fresh mass, 43% more leaf surface area, and 35% and 59% higher, respectively, root and shoot dry masses than plants from 33.3°N latitude. Midday xylem water potential was 68% more negative for plants at 35°C than for plants at 29°C, and transpiration rate was 129% less for plants with root zones at 35°C than for those with root zones at 29°C. During preliminary work with Autumn Flame and Franksred red maple and Indian Summer and Jeffersred Freeman maples, rooted cuttings were grown in 25 and 37°C root zones under both drought and nondrought conditions. Reductions in growth at 37°C were similar for all cultivars. Results of this work could influence development, marketing, and use of Freeman maples.

scholarly journals Development of Plants from Single-node Cuttings Differs among Cultivars of Red Maple and Freeman Maple

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna C. Wilkins ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Six red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and four Freeman maple (A. ×freemanii E. Murray) cultivars were compared for rooting of single-node stem cuttings and subsequent development of rooted cuttings. Cuttings were taken in May 1990 and 1991 and treated with either 3 or 8 g IBA/kg. Rooting after 4 weeks differed among cultivars, ranging from 22% for `Karpick' to 100% for `Schlesinger' over both years. Rooting scores, based on root counts and lengths, were highest for `Schlesinger' and lowest for `Scarlet Sentinel' and `Karpick'. IBA at 8 g·kg–1 resulted in better rooting than at 3 g·kg–1. Mean length of shoots formed on potted rooted cuttings was 22.6 cm for `Franksred', which initiated shoots on 100% of the cuttings that rooted. In contrast, <50% of `Armstrong', `Jeffersred', `Karpick', `Northwood', and `Scarlet Sentinel' rooted cuttings initiated shoots, and mean length of new shoots was <4 cm for these cultivars. The amount of leaf desiccation that occurred after removing cuttings from the propagation bench varied among cultivars, and the percentage of viable leaf surface area correlated positively with final root or shoot dry mass for all cultivars. Chemical name used: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).

scholarly journals Water Loss and Survival of Stem Cuttings of Two Maple Cultivars Held in Subirrigated Medium at 24 to 33 °C

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyi Zhang ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Increasing Temperature

We determined transpiration rate, survival, and rooting of unmisted, softwood cuttings of `Autumn Flame' red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and `Indian Summer' Freeman maple (Acer ×freemanii E. Murray). Effects of perlite at 24, 30, and 33 °C were assessed to determine whether responses of cuttings would be consistent with cultivar differences in resistance to root-zone heat previously shown with whole plants. During 7 d, cutting fresh mass increased by ≈20% at all temperatures for `Autumn Flame' red maple, but fresh mass of `Indian Summer' Freeman maple decreased by 17% and 21% at 30 and 33 °C, respectively. The percentage of cuttings of `Indian Summer' that were alive decreased over time and with increasing temperature. Transpiration rate decreased during the first half of the treatment period and then increased to ≈1.1 and 0.3 mmol·m-2·s-1 for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer', respectively. Mean rooting percentages over temperatures for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer' were 69 % and 16%, respectively. Mean rooting percentages at 24, 30, and 33 °C over both cultivars were 74%, 29%, and 25%, respectively. Over temperatures, mean root count per cutting was 41 and seven, and mean root dry mass per cutting was 4.9 and 0.4 mg, for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer', respectively. Use of subirrigation without mist to root stem cuttings was more successful for `Autumn Flame' than for `Indian Summer'. Temperature × cultivar interactions for cutting fresh mass and the percentage of cuttings remaining alive during treatment were consistent with previous evidence that whole plants of `Autumn Flame' are more heat resistant than plants of `Indian Summer'. Mass and survival of stem cuttings during propagation in heated rooting medium may serve as tools for screening for whole-plant heat resistance among maple genotypes.

scholarly journals Drought and Flood Stress Effects on Plant Development and Leaf Water Relations of Five Taxa of Trees Native to Bottomland Habitats

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 845-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenore J. Nash ◽  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Leaf Water Relations ◽  
Bald Cypress ◽  
Drought And Flood

Responses of five bottomland tree taxa to drought and flooding were studied to identify those adapted to urban environments. During one experiment, containerized `Franksred' red maple [Acer rubrum L. `Franksred' (trademark = Red Sunset)], sweetbay magnolia (Magnolia virginiana L.), black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), bald cypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.], and pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal.] were treated with various irrigation regimes for up to 118 days. Net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were reduced more by flooding than by drought for plants of all taxa, except pawpaw, which showed similar NAR and RGR during flooding and drought. Only sweetbay magnolia and bald cypress maintained positive NAR and RGR during flooding, and sweetbay magnolia was the only taxon that did not produce significantly less leaf surface area, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass during flooding and drought. Apparent morphological mechanisms of stress resistance included an increase in specific mass of leaves (mg·cm-2) during drought for red maple and bald cypress and a 385% increase in the root: shoot mass ratio for droughted plants of pawpaw. Leaf water relations of drought- and flood-stressed `Franksred' red maple and sweetbay magnolia were determined in a second experiment. Predawn and mid-day leaf water potential (ψ) decreased with decreasing root-zone matric potential for both taxa, and transpiration rate was reduced by drought and flooding. Pressure-volume analysis showed that leaves of `Franksred' red maple responded to drought by shifting symplastic water to the apoplast. Leaves of drought-stressed sweetbay magnolia adjusted osmotically by reducing osmotic potential (ψπ) at full turgor by 0.26 MPa. Our results suggest that sweetbay magnolia and bald cypress will perform well at urban planting sites where episodes of drought and flooding regularly occur.

Effect of Organic and Mineral Mulches on Soil Properties and Growth of Red Maple

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 449a-449
Author(s):  
Jeffery K. Iles ◽  
Michael S. Dosmann
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Polypropylene Fabric

Five mineral mulches (crushed red brick, pea gravel, lava rock, carmel rock, and river rock) and three organic mulches (finely screened pine bark, wood chips, and shredded hardwood bark) were evaluated over 2 years to determine their influence on soil temperature, moisture, and pH, and to quantify their effect on growth of Fairview Flame® red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Mulch treatments (2.3-m2 plots of eight mulches and a non-mulched control) were randomly applied to trees in five blocks. Organic mulches were placed directly on bare ground, while mineral mulches were underlaid with a woven polypropylene fabric. Soil temperature was highest and soil moisture lowest under the mineral mulches and non-mulched control. Soil pH was highest under shredded bark (6.82) and wood chips (6.81), and lowest in the non-mulched control (6.03). Despite such differences in the root-zone environments, there were no significant differences in stem caliper or tree height, but leaf dry mass was greatest for trees treated with mineral mulches.

scholarly journals Multiple Location Differences in Growth of Red Maple `October Glory'

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-260
Author(s):  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
John M. Ruter ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes
Keyword(s):  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Similar Growth

Acer rubrum `October Glory' has grown well in field studies across the southeastern United States. However, there is limited information on container production for this cultivar. Our objective was to evaluate first-year growth of container-grown `October Glory' at three locations with dissimilar climates in Georgia and Alabama. Rooted cuttings were planted in no. 3 containers at one location in Apr. 1995. Trees were transported the second week of June to Blairsville, Ga.; Auburn, Ala.; and Tifton, Ga. Trees were grown for 6 months until dormant and were harvested at the end of December. Location had no impact on final plant height increase (Blairsville, Auburn, and Tifton, 59.8, 53.0, and 60.2 cm, respectively). Increases in stem diameter and shoot dry mass were greatest at Tifton (8.4 mm, 17.5 g) and least at Blairsville (6.3 mm, 9.2 g), with Auburn similar to both locations (6.8 mm, 12.2 g). Root dry masses and root: shoot ratios were greatest in Tifton (17.2 g, 0.967), with no differences between Blairsville (4.9 g, 0.508) and Auburn (7.0 g, 0.641). Despite climatic dissimilarities, among locations, producers of container-grown `October Glory' could expect similar growth during the first year throughout Georgia and Alabama.

scholarly journals Biostimulants and Soil Amendments Affect Two-year Posttransplant Growth of Red Maple and Washington Hawthorn

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Kelting ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody Fanelli ◽  
Bonnie Appleton
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Liquid Mixture ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yard Waste ◽  
Intermediate Metabolites ◽  
Treatment Interaction ◽  
Kelp Extract

Humate-based products have been aggressively marketed as biostimulants that increase plant growth. Little data are available on their effect on tree establishment or their interaction with fertilizer and irrigation regimes. This experiment tested several types of biostimulants on posttransplant growth of Acer rubrum L. (red maple) and Crataegus phaenopyrum (Blume) Hara (Washington hawthorn) trees, both with and without irrigation and fertilization. Soil treatments were applied at planting as: 1) control (native backfill only); 2) compost (native backfill + yard-waste compost); 3) peat (native backfill + Canadian sphagnum peat); 4) granular humate, 100 g/tree; 5) granular humate, 200 g/tree; and 6) liquid humate +, a proprietary liquid mixture of humate, kelp extract, thiamine, and intermediate “metabolites.” Irrigation regime × soil treatment interaction was significant for red maple, but soil treatments did not increase height, stem diameter, top dry mass, or root length. For Washington hawthorn, soil treatments did not increase height, stem diameter, or root length, but top dry mass in all treatments as a group and in humate-treated trees in particular was greater than that of controls. Roots of peat-treated trees of both species were longer than those in other treatments. Granular humate applied at 200 g/tree increased total root length more than did 100 g/tree in Washington hawthorn but not in red maple. Fertilizing at planting with N at 14.5 g·m-2 had no effect on any parameter measured for either species.

scholarly journals RESISTANCE TO ROOT-ZONE HEAT STRESS DIFFERS AMONG CULTIVARS OF RED MAPLE

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 635b-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna C. Wilkins ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Terminal Buds ◽  
Zone Temperature

Use of cultivars resistant to high soil temperature could improve the performance of urban trees. The objective of this project was to examine selections of red maple (Acer rubrum L. and A. x freemanii E. Murray) for genotypic differences in resistance to root-zone heat stress. Development of roots and shoots from rooted single-node cuttings of seven genotypes grown in solution culture was optimal at about 28C. Shoot extension stopped within 3 weeks and terminal buds formed on plants of all genotypes at 36C. In a second experiment, the influence of 34C root-zone temperature on development varied significantly among six genotypes. Formation of terminal buds at 34C was observed only on plants of cv. Morgan and cv. Red Sunset. The reduction in new dry matter at 34C compared to plants at 28C ranged from 21% for cv. Schlesinger to 69% for cv. Morgan. We conclude that genotypes of red maple differ in resistance to high root-zone temperature.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document