scholarly journals Water Loss and Survival of Stem Cuttings of Two Maple Cultivars Held in Subirrigated Medium at 24 to 33 °C

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyi Zhang ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Transpiration Rate ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Fresh Mass ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Increasing Temperature

We determined transpiration rate, survival, and rooting of unmisted, softwood cuttings of `Autumn Flame' red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and `Indian Summer' Freeman maple (Acer ×freemanii E. Murray). Effects of perlite at 24, 30, and 33 °C were assessed to determine whether responses of cuttings would be consistent with cultivar differences in resistance to root-zone heat previously shown with whole plants. During 7 d, cutting fresh mass increased by ≈20% at all temperatures for `Autumn Flame' red maple, but fresh mass of `Indian Summer' Freeman maple decreased by 17% and 21% at 30 and 33 °C, respectively. The percentage of cuttings of `Indian Summer' that were alive decreased over time and with increasing temperature. Transpiration rate decreased during the first half of the treatment period and then increased to ≈1.1 and 0.3 mmol·m-2·s-1 for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer', respectively. Mean rooting percentages over temperatures for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer' were 69 % and 16%, respectively. Mean rooting percentages at 24, 30, and 33 °C over both cultivars were 74%, 29%, and 25%, respectively. Over temperatures, mean root count per cutting was 41 and seven, and mean root dry mass per cutting was 4.9 and 0.4 mg, for `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer', respectively. Use of subirrigation without mist to root stem cuttings was more successful for `Autumn Flame' than for `Indian Summer'. Temperature × cultivar interactions for cutting fresh mass and the percentage of cuttings remaining alive during treatment were consistent with previous evidence that whole plants of `Autumn Flame' are more heat resistant than plants of `Indian Summer'. Mass and survival of stem cuttings during propagation in heated rooting medium may serve as tools for screening for whole-plant heat resistance among maple genotypes.

scholarly journals Responses to High Root-zone Temperature Among Cultivars of Red Maple and Freeman Maple

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-85
Author(s):  
Lorna C. Wilkins ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Leaf Chlorophyll ◽  
Order Root ◽  
Zone Temperature

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine whether genotypes of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and Freeman maple (A. x freemanii E. Murray) differ in responses to high root-zone temperature. During the first experiment, dry mass of ‘Franksred’, ‘October Glory’, and ‘Schlesinger’ red maple, ‘Indian Summer’ Freeman maple, and selections from Arkansas, Maine, and Wisconsin were similar at 24, 28, and 32C (75, 82, and 90F), but dry mass at 36C (97F) was only 22% of that at 28C (82F). ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Franksred’, ‘October Glory’, and ‘Schlesinger’ red maple and ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘Jeffersred’ Freeman maple differed in responses to 34C (93F) during the second experiment. Stem length and plant dry mass were higher at 28C (82F) than at 34C (93F) for all cultivars except ‘Autumn Flame’ and ‘Jeffersred’, and the extent to which 34C (93F) decreased the length of the longest third-order root ranged from 50% for ‘Autumn Flame’ to 90% for ‘Indian Summer’. The higher root-zone temperature decreased transpiration by as little as 25% for ‘Jeffersred’ to as much as 89% for ‘Franksred’, and 34C (93F) reduced leaf chlorophyll content of only ‘Indian Summer’ and ‘Jeffersred’. These results indicate that ‘Franksred’ and ‘Indian Summer’ are relatively sensitive while ‘Autumn Flame’, ‘Jeffersred’, and ‘Schlesinger’ are relatively resistant to high root-zone temperature.

scholarly journals 566 PB 003 HEAT EFFECTS ON ROOTING SOFTWOOD CUTTINGS OF `AUTUMN FLAME' AND `INDIAN SUMMER' RED MAPLE

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 512f-513
Author(s):  
Hongyi Zhang ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Genotypic Differences ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Heat Resistant ◽  
Heat Effects ◽  
Rooting Of Cuttings ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Single-node cuttings of `Autumn Flame' and `Indian Summer' red maple (Acer rubrum L. and A. × freemanii E. Murray) were placed in subirrigated perlite that was kept at 29, 33, or 36 C at the cut ends for 3 weeks. Number and mass of roots and pigment quality and transpiration of leaves were greater for `Autumn Flame' than `Indian Summer' and decreased with increasing temperature for both cultivars. Rooting percentage at 29, 33, and 36 C was 75, 75, and 25 for `Autumn Flame' and 13, 13, and 0 for `Indian Summer'. Earlier work has shown > 90% of cuttings of both cultivars root at ≈ 22 C, and plants of `Autumn Flame' are more heat resistant than those of `Indian Summer'. Results of this experiment suggest the effect of heat on rooting of cuttings might be used to predict genotypic differences in heat resistance of whole plants.

scholarly journals Development of Plants from Single-node Cuttings Differs among Cultivars of Red Maple and Freeman Maple

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna C. Wilkins ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Single Node ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Leaf Surface Area

Six red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and four Freeman maple (A. ×freemanii E. Murray) cultivars were compared for rooting of single-node stem cuttings and subsequent development of rooted cuttings. Cuttings were taken in May 1990 and 1991 and treated with either 3 or 8 g IBA/kg. Rooting after 4 weeks differed among cultivars, ranging from 22% for `Karpick' to 100% for `Schlesinger' over both years. Rooting scores, based on root counts and lengths, were highest for `Schlesinger' and lowest for `Scarlet Sentinel' and `Karpick'. IBA at 8 g·kg–1 resulted in better rooting than at 3 g·kg–1. Mean length of shoots formed on potted rooted cuttings was 22.6 cm for `Franksred', which initiated shoots on 100% of the cuttings that rooted. In contrast, <50% of `Armstrong', `Jeffersred', `Karpick', `Northwood', and `Scarlet Sentinel' rooted cuttings initiated shoots, and mean length of new shoots was <4 cm for these cultivars. The amount of leaf desiccation that occurred after removing cuttings from the propagation bench varied among cultivars, and the percentage of viable leaf surface area correlated positively with final root or shoot dry mass for all cultivars. Chemical name used: indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).

scholarly journals Drought Resistance among Freeman Maples

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 508C-508
Author(s):  
James A. Zwack ◽  
William R. Graves ◽  
Alden M. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
Volume Curve ◽  
Leaf Surface Area ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Shoot Mass

Freeman maples (Acer × freemanii E. Murray) are marketed as stress-resistant alternatives to red maples (Acer rubrum L.), but few data from direct comparisons of these species are available. As a first step in comparing the stress resistance of red maple and Freeman maple, responses to drought were studied in Acer × freemanii `Autumn Fantasy', `Celebration', and `Marmo'. Plants grown from rooted cuttings were treated by withholding irrigation through four drought cycles of increasing severity that were separated by irrigation to container capacity. Drought reduced shoot dry mass, root dry mass, and height growth by 64%, 43%, and 79%, respectively, over all cultivars. Predawn leaf water potential was reduced by 1.16 MPa over all cultivars, and stomatal conductance data indicated water use was more conservative over all root-zone moisture contents after repeated cycles of drought. Specific mass of drought-stressed leaves increased by 25% for `Autumn Fantasy', and microscopy to determine leaf thickness and cellular anatomy is ongoing. `Autumn Fantasy' also had the lowest ratio of leaf surface area to xylem diameter, and `Autumn Fantasy' and `Celebration' had higher ratios of root to shoot mass than `Marmo'. Pressure-volume curve analysis revealed osmotic potential of drought-stressed plants at full turgor was 0.24 MPa more negative than controls, and droughted plants had a greater apoplastic water percentage than controls. Although osmotic adjustment during drought was similar among cultivars, differences in specific mass of leaves and in ratios of transpiring and conducting tissues suggest cultivars of Freeman maple vary in resistance to drought in the landscape.

scholarly journals Drought and Flood Stress Effects on Plant Development and Leaf Water Relations of Five Taxa of Trees Native to Bottomland Habitats

1993 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 845-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lenore J. Nash ◽  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Water Relations ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Leaf Water Relations ◽  
Bald Cypress ◽  
Drought And Flood

Responses of five bottomland tree taxa to drought and flooding were studied to identify those adapted to urban environments. During one experiment, containerized `Franksred' red maple [Acer rubrum L. `Franksred' (trademark = Red Sunset)], sweetbay magnolia (Magnolia virginiana L.), black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), bald cypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.], and pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal.] were treated with various irrigation regimes for up to 118 days. Net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were reduced more by flooding than by drought for plants of all taxa, except pawpaw, which showed similar NAR and RGR during flooding and drought. Only sweetbay magnolia and bald cypress maintained positive NAR and RGR during flooding, and sweetbay magnolia was the only taxon that did not produce significantly less leaf surface area, shoot dry mass, and root dry mass during flooding and drought. Apparent morphological mechanisms of stress resistance included an increase in specific mass of leaves (mg·cm-2) during drought for red maple and bald cypress and a 385% increase in the root: shoot mass ratio for droughted plants of pawpaw. Leaf water relations of drought- and flood-stressed `Franksred' red maple and sweetbay magnolia were determined in a second experiment. Predawn and mid-day leaf water potential (ψ) decreased with decreasing root-zone matric potential for both taxa, and transpiration rate was reduced by drought and flooding. Pressure-volume analysis showed that leaves of `Franksred' red maple responded to drought by shifting symplastic water to the apoplast. Leaves of drought-stressed sweetbay magnolia adjusted osmotically by reducing osmotic potential (ψπ) at full turgor by 0.26 MPa. Our results suggest that sweetbay magnolia and bald cypress will perform well at urban planting sites where episodes of drought and flooding regularly occur.

Effect of Organic and Mineral Mulches on Soil Properties and Growth of Red Maple

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 449a-449
Author(s):  
Jeffery K. Iles ◽  
Michael S. Dosmann
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Leaf Dry Mass ◽  
Polypropylene Fabric

Five mineral mulches (crushed red brick, pea gravel, lava rock, carmel rock, and river rock) and three organic mulches (finely screened pine bark, wood chips, and shredded hardwood bark) were evaluated over 2 years to determine their influence on soil temperature, moisture, and pH, and to quantify their effect on growth of Fairview Flame® red maple (Acer rubrum L.). Mulch treatments (2.3-m2 plots of eight mulches and a non-mulched control) were randomly applied to trees in five blocks. Organic mulches were placed directly on bare ground, while mineral mulches were underlaid with a woven polypropylene fabric. Soil temperature was highest and soil moisture lowest under the mineral mulches and non-mulched control. Soil pH was highest under shredded bark (6.82) and wood chips (6.81), and lowest in the non-mulched control (6.03). Despite such differences in the root-zone environments, there were no significant differences in stem caliper or tree height, but leaf dry mass was greatest for trees treated with mineral mulches.

scholarly journals Subirrigation to Root Stem cuttings: Comparison to Intermittent Mist and Influence of Fertilization

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 265-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyi Zhang ◽  
William R. Graves
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Dendranthema Grandiflorum ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Nursery Crops ◽  
Fertilizer Solution

A subirrigation method for rooting stem cuttings was compared to intermittent mist. Both methods resulted in 100% rooting of `Charm' chrysanthemum [Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitamura] and coleus (Coleus × hybridus Voss.) after 2 weeks. Subirrigated cuttings of `Charm' chrysanthemum had a lower mean root dry mass than misted cuttings, but root dry mass of coleus was not affected. Percentage rooting and mean root dry mass of subirrigated cuttings of `Franksred' red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were 95% and 321 mg, whereas the mean root dry mass of the 33% of cuttings that rooted under mist was 38 mg. For Japanese tree lilac [Syringa reticulata (Blume) Hara], the percentage of cuttings with living callus, mean callus diameter, and percentage rooting were higher for subirrigated cuttings than for misted cuttings. In a second study, cuttings of `Franksred' red maple were subirrigated with a solution containing 0 to 7.2 mol N/m3 and not misted. Cuttings given 3.6 or 7.2 mol N/m3 had > 90% rooting after 2 weeks, whereas only 8% of unfertilized cuttings had rooted, and root mass and chlorophyll content were highest for cuttings given 7.2 mol N/m3. Subirrigation can replace mist during propagation of some florist and nursery crops, and subirrigating with fertilizer solution improves rooting of `Franksred' red maple.

scholarly journals Production and Rooting of Shoots Generated from Dormant Stem Sections of Maple Species

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 1274-1275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. Henry ◽  
John E. Preece
Keyword(s):  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
Sugar Maple ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Adventitious Rooting ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Stem Cuttings ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Significant Variability ◽  
Rooting Response ◽  
Number Of Shoots

Vegetative shoots were forced in the greenhouse from excised stem (branch) sections of dormant Japanese maple (Acer palmatum Thunb.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.). Softwood shoots generated in this way were used as stem cuttings in a subsequent adventitious rooting study. Data indicate that maple shoots can be forced using this technique, but that both the percentage of stem sections forming shoots and the number of shoots produced are highly variable among both species and clones. Whereas Japanese and red maple formed shoots on >50% of stem sections, shoots were generated on only 20% of sugar maple stem sections. Significant variability was also observed in rooting response, with red maple shoots rooting at much higher percentages (60%) than either Japanese maple (26%) or sugar maple (15%).

scholarly journals Multiple Location Differences in Growth of Red Maple `October Glory'

1997 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 258-260
Author(s):  
Jeff L. Sibley ◽  
John M. Ruter ◽  
D. Joseph Eakes
Keyword(s):  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
First Year ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Rooted Cuttings ◽  
Height Increase ◽  
Similar Growth

Acer rubrum `October Glory' has grown well in field studies across the southeastern United States. However, there is limited information on container production for this cultivar. Our objective was to evaluate first-year growth of container-grown `October Glory' at three locations with dissimilar climates in Georgia and Alabama. Rooted cuttings were planted in no. 3 containers at one location in Apr. 1995. Trees were transported the second week of June to Blairsville, Ga.; Auburn, Ala.; and Tifton, Ga. Trees were grown for 6 months until dormant and were harvested at the end of December. Location had no impact on final plant height increase (Blairsville, Auburn, and Tifton, 59.8, 53.0, and 60.2 cm, respectively). Increases in stem diameter and shoot dry mass were greatest at Tifton (8.4 mm, 17.5 g) and least at Blairsville (6.3 mm, 9.2 g), with Auburn similar to both locations (6.8 mm, 12.2 g). Root dry masses and root: shoot ratios were greatest in Tifton (17.2 g, 0.967), with no differences between Blairsville (4.9 g, 0.508) and Auburn (7.0 g, 0.641). Despite climatic dissimilarities, among locations, producers of container-grown `October Glory' could expect similar growth during the first year throughout Georgia and Alabama.

scholarly journals Biostimulants and Soil Amendments Affect Two-year Posttransplant Growth of Red Maple and Washington Hawthorn

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 819-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt Kelting ◽  
J. Roger Harris ◽  
Jody Fanelli ◽  
Bonnie Appleton
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Liquid Mixture ◽  
Acer Rubrum ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Yard Waste ◽  
Intermediate Metabolites ◽  
Treatment Interaction ◽  
Kelp Extract

Humate-based products have been aggressively marketed as biostimulants that increase plant growth. Little data are available on their effect on tree establishment or their interaction with fertilizer and irrigation regimes. This experiment tested several types of biostimulants on posttransplant growth of Acer rubrum L. (red maple) and Crataegus phaenopyrum (Blume) Hara (Washington hawthorn) trees, both with and without irrigation and fertilization. Soil treatments were applied at planting as: 1) control (native backfill only); 2) compost (native backfill + yard-waste compost); 3) peat (native backfill + Canadian sphagnum peat); 4) granular humate, 100 g/tree; 5) granular humate, 200 g/tree; and 6) liquid humate +, a proprietary liquid mixture of humate, kelp extract, thiamine, and intermediate “metabolites.” Irrigation regime × soil treatment interaction was significant for red maple, but soil treatments did not increase height, stem diameter, top dry mass, or root length. For Washington hawthorn, soil treatments did not increase height, stem diameter, or root length, but top dry mass in all treatments as a group and in humate-treated trees in particular was greater than that of controls. Roots of peat-treated trees of both species were longer than those in other treatments. Granular humate applied at 200 g/tree increased total root length more than did 100 g/tree in Washington hawthorn but not in red maple. Fertilizing at planting with N at 14.5 g·m-2 had no effect on any parameter measured for either species.

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