Influence of Pruning and Irrigation on Root Longevity of `Concord' Vines

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 511a-511
Author(s):  
L.H. Comas ◽  
D.M. Eissenstat ◽  
A.N. Lakso ◽  
R. Dunst
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Root Longevity ◽  
Root Lifespan ◽  
Median Lifespan

Improved cultural practices in grape require a better understanding of root growth and physiology. Seasonal root dynamics were examined in mature `Concord' vines with balanced or minimal-pruning, and with or without supplemental irrigation in Fredonia, N.Y. Fine roots were continuously produced during the growing season starting in mid-June around time of bloom. Roots began to die in September at verasion. Minimal-pruned vines produced more roots than balanced-pruned vines, with the minimal-pruned/unirrigated vines producing the most roots. Irrigation and pruning delayed fine root production at the beginning of the growing season. Peak fine root flush was 16 June to 21 July 1997 for the minimal-pruned/unirrigated treatment, while peak flush was 7 July to 2 Sept. 1997 for balanced-pruned/irrigated treatment. In minimal-pruned vines, many roots were observed down to depths of 120 cm. In contrast, balanced-pruned vines had very few fine roots deeper than 40 cm. From initial observations, median lifespan of fine roots was 5 to 9.5 weeks, depending on treatment and depth in soil. Fine roots lived longer in the top 15-cm than in the 16- to 30-cm layer of soil in all treatments. Both minimal pruning and irrigation increased root lifespan. Fine roots had the shortest lifespan in the balanced-pruned/unirrigated treatment and the longest lifespan in the minimal-pruned/irrigated treatment.

Dynamics of fine-root production and mortality of Scots pine in waterlogged peat soil during the growing season

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 510-518
Author(s):  
Tapani Repo ◽  
Timo Domisch ◽  
Jouni Kilpeläinen ◽  
Sirpa Piirainen ◽  
Raimo Silvennoinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Tree Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Fine Root Length

Excess water in the rooting zone critically reduces tree growth and may even kill trees; however, the relative importance of damage to roots versus aboveground parts and the time course of damage are not well understood. We studied the dynamics of fine-root growth and mortality of 7-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) saplings affected by a 5-week period of waterlogging (WL) during the growing season. Two out of six WL-exposed saplings survived the treatment. After 1–2 weeks of WL, the mortality of the first-order short roots (usually mycorrhizas) started to increase and the production of these roots started to decrease. WL decreased the longevity of short and long roots. Total root length (especially of fine roots with a diameter < 0.5 mm), specific fine-root length, total root dry mass (including stump), and reverse-flow root hydraulic conductance were lower in WL saplings than in control saplings at the end of the experiment; however, several root traits were similar in control and surviving WL saplings. Because of the high importance of fine roots for tree growth and carbon sequestration, their responses to elevated water tables should be considered in sustainable use and management of boreal peatland forests, for example, by continuous cover forestry and (or) ditch network maintenance.

scholarly journals Fine Root Production and Mortality in Apple over Winter

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 603d-603
Author(s):  
Christina E. Wells ◽  
David M. Eissenstat
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Root Mortality ◽  
Root Lifespan ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
Allocation Patterns

Fine root lifespan has previously been estimated at 3 to 4 weeks for apple trees growing in England. We used nondestructive belowground imaging technology to investigate the accuracy of this estimate for apple trees growing in central Pennsylvania. Eight root observation tubes (minirhizotrons) were installed beneath each of six 20-year-old `Red Delicious' apple trees on M26 rootstock. Videos of roots growing against the tubes were taken at intervals of 14 to 28 days between October to June, depending on the amount of root activity. Images were used to construct a database of life history information for over 500 individual roots. A flush of fine roots was produced in the early fall, followed by a period of low but constant mortality that lasted through December. Roots that survived to this time were generally maintained throughout the winter and following spring. A second flush of root production occurred in the spring, coinciding with bud burst and flowering. Root mortality was highest in late spring following this flush. In contrast to earlier estimates of apple root lifespan, we found that >30% of the fine roots produced in the fall lived for ≥200 days. Most of these roots developed red-brown pigmentation, a feature that previously has been associated with cortical cell death. However, the ability of these pigmented roots to produce new white laterals in the spring argues against categorizing these as dead roots. The information on root demographics provided by this study adds to our understanding of seasonal carbon and nutrient allocation patterns in apple.

Effects of harvesting on fine root biomass and decomposition in an Engelmann spruce – subalpine fir forest

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 847-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia E Welke ◽  
Graeme D Hope ◽  
Gary A Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Timber Harvesting ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Subalpine Fir ◽  
Root Longevity ◽  
Engelmann Spruce

The effect of timber harvesting on the biomass, nutrient standing crop, and decomposition of fine roots (<2 mm) was studied in a high elevation, Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) – subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) forest. Root dynamics were compared in openings of different sizes. The sequential core method was used to collect fine root samples over 4 years. Differences in fine root biomass between opening sizes were most significant for the active fine root portion and were most pronounced in the fall compared with the spring. Active fine root biomass was significantly lower in the 10-ha clearcuts (164 kg/ha) compared with control plots (275 kg/ha). Furthermore, active fine root biomass was often lower in the 1.0-ha opening than in the 0.1-ha and control plots. A similar trend was established for inactive fine root biomass, although this was not consistent over sampling years. Nutrient concentrations of K, but no other elements, were higher in control plots. Nutrient standing crops, however, followed trends observed in fine root biomass. In the 10-ha clearcuts, the largest changes in fine root biomass occurred at the edge of the opening. The findings suggest that small (<10 ha) cutblocks may maintain greater fine root longevity.

Effect of thinning on production and mortality of fine roots in a Pinusradiata plantation on a fertile site in New Zealand

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 919-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Santantonio ◽  
E. Santantonio
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Standing Crop ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Root Decomposition ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Soil Core ◽  
Stem Wood ◽  
Small Roots

The effects of heavy thinning (60% reduction in basal area) on fine (< 1 mm diam.) and small roots (1–5 mm diam.) were evaluated during the 2nd year following treatment by periodic soil core sampling in a 12-year-old plantation of Pinusradiata D. Don. Data from these samples enabled us to estimate monthly standing crops of live and dead fine roots and seasonal rates of fine-root decomposition. We used a compartment-flow model to estimate production and mortality of fine roots with monthly resolution from these data. The general pattern of production and mortality was modal and out of phase with soil temperature. On an area basis, thinning reduced the overall standing crop of live fine roots from 1.38 to 0.55 Mg/ha; the standing crop of dead fine roots remained unchanged at 4.37 Mg/ha. The standing crop of live small roots declined from 1.03 to 0.54 Mg/ha. Annual production of fine roots was estimated at 2.2 and 1.9 Mg•ha−1•year−1 in the control and thinned treatment, respectively, and mortality was estimated at 2.1 and 2.0 Mg•ha−1•ear−1 in the control and thinned treatment, respectively. Thinning shortened mean fine-root longevity from 6.2 to 2.5 months. With respect to total dry matter production, fine-root production remained a minor component following a heavy thinning. It accounted for only 4.6 and 6.1% of the stand total in the control and thinned treatments, respectively. These results indicate that on a fertile site with a mild climate the opportunity to shift production from fine roots to another component, such as stem wood, is likely to be small.

scholarly journals The Dynamics of Living and Dead Fine Roots of Forest Biomes Across the Northern Hemisphere

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 953
Author(s):  
Wang ◽  
Brunner ◽  
Zong ◽  
Li
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Dynamic Models ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Opposite Pattern

Research Highlights: A detailed picture of the seasonality in fine root biomass (FRB), necromass (FRN), and the biomass/necromass ratio (FRBN) throughout the whole year is crucial to uncover profound effects of long-term environmental changes on fine root dynamics. Materials and Methods: We used meta-analysis to characterize the variability of FRB, FRN and FRBN, and determined their relations with climatic (monthly versus annual), edaphic and geomorphic factors for tropical, temperate and boreal forest biomes across the Northern Hemisphere. Results: Boreal forests exhibited the highest FRB and FRN, while tropical forests yielded the lowest FRN, and thus the greatest FRBN. FRB and FRN significantly decreased with sampling depth, but increased with soil organic carbon content and elevation, while an opposite pattern was found for FRBN. Temperature and precipitation at different time scales (monthly versus annual) and latitude had varying influences on fine roots. High FRB and FRN were observed during dry season for tropical forests, but in the late growing season for temperate forests. The three forest biomes exhibited the high root activity (measured as FRBN) in June or July. Conclusions: It is crucial to realize the universal and specific responses of fine roots to multiple environmental factors when attempting to incorporate these parameters into fine root monthly dynamic models in forest ecosystems. The biome-specific fluctuation of fine roots contributes to identify the influence factors on fine root seasonal patterns throughout the whole year. Our analysis is expected to improve the understanding of the key role of fine roots at monthly level in modeling and predicting carbon budget of various forest biomes under future climate change.

scholarly journals Effect of Altitude on Nutrient Concentration, Nutrient Stock and Uptake in Fine Root of Sal (Shorea Robusta Gaertn.) Forest in Terai and Hill Areas of Eastern Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
Krishna Prasad Bhattarai ◽  
Tej Narayan Mandal ◽  
Tilak Prasad Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Nutrient Concentration ◽  
Nutrient Dynamics ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Root Production ◽  
Nutrient Stock ◽  
Sal Forest

The present study was conducted to understand the effect of altitude on the nutrient concentration, nutrient stock, and uptake in the fine root of the Terai Sal forest (TSF) and Hill Sal forest (HSF) in eastern Nepal. Annual mean fine root biomass in 0-30 cm soil depth was found higher in HSF (6.27 Mg ha-1) than TSF (5.05 Mg ha-1). Conversely, fine root production was higher in TSF (4.8 Mg ha-1 y-1) than HSF (4.12 Mg ha-1 y-1). Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in fine roots were slightly higher in TSF than HSF. Nutrient concentration in fine roots of smaller size (<2 mm diameter) was nearly 1.2 times greater than that of larger size (2–5 mm diameter) in both forests. In HSF total stock of different nutrients (kg ha-1) in fine root was 55.62 N, 4.99 P, and 20.15 K whereas, these values were 49.49 N, 4.14 P, and 19.27 K only in TSF. However, total nutrient uptake (kg ha-1y-1) by fine root (both size classes) was greater in TSF (48.5 N, 4.3 P, and 18.6 K) than HSF (36.9 N, 3.3 P, and 13.5 K). The variability in fine root nutrient dynamics between these two forests was explained by the differences in fine root biomass and production which were influenced by the combined effect of varied altitude and season. The fine root, as being a greater source of organic matter, the information on its nutrient dynamics is inevitable for the management of soil nutrients in the forest ecosystem.

scholarly journals SEASONAL CHANGES IN ASPARAGUS ROOT GROWTH IN CONVENTIONAL AND NOTILL SYSTEMS

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1071b-1071
Author(s):  
Daniel Drost ◽  
Darlene Wilcox-Lee ◽  
Richard Zobel
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Soil Cores ◽  
No Till ◽  
Conventional Ct ◽  
Fibrous Roots

Published data on the spatial patterns and periodicity of root growth in asparagus are limited. During the 1989 growing season growth and distribution of both fleshy and fibrous roots were monitored in a 7 year old asparagus planting. Soil cores were removed at 15 cm intervals to a depth of 90 cm at 40 and 80 cm from the plants in asparagus beds which had been maintained under conventional (CT) and no-till (NT) production systems. Fleshy and fine roots were separated from the soil and root length densities calculated. Harvests began in late March and continued at three week intervals until early November. Fine root growth was greater in the NT than CT in all depths and at both locations in March. Greatest lengths of fine roots were at the 15-60 cm depths for both CT and NT. This pattern was consistent throughout the season. Fine root lengths decreased by one half by the middle of the year (July) and remained at those levels until the last harvest (Nov). Fleshy root lengths were more variable, however NT generally had greater lengths than CT. Greatest length of fleshy roots were located in the 15-60 cm depths for both CT and NT treatments. Few fleshy roots were found below the 60 cm depth.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variation in Fine Root Biomass, Productivity and Turnover in Shorea Robusta Along the Gradient of Tree Girth Size

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachita Pandey ◽  
Surendra Singh Bargali ◽  
Kiran Bargali
Keyword(s):  
Fine Roots ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Fine roots (≤ 2 mm of diameter) contribute diminutive fractions of the overall tree biomass but are highly zestful and functionally remarkable component for assessing forest carbon and nutrient budgets. This study assessed how tree girth influenced fine root biomass (FRB), production (FRP) and turnover rate (FRT) in sub tropical sal forest.Four sites (S1, S2, S3, S4) were established in the bhabhar region of Nainital district, Uttarakhand, India within an elevational range of 405m and 580m. On the basis of girth size, sal trees were categorized in five girth size classes. Fine roots were sampled seasonally to a depth of 60 cm and divided into 3 layers (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm).FRB was significantly affected by tree girth size (p< 0.05) while FRP and FRT showed insignificant effect. FRB was higher in lower girth classes (A-C) as compared to higher girth classes (D-E).Seasonal variation of FRB in all girth sizes showed a keen resemblance as the standing FRB reached pinnacle during rainy season and reached bottom-line in the winter season. Maximum FRB was reported for uppermost organo-mineralic soil depth (0-20 cm) at 1 m distance from tree bole and decreased with increasing soil depth and distance from tree bole while FRT showed a reverse trend. The present study will provide a holistic outlook on variations in FRB, FRP and FRT and the impact of edaphic characteristics and tree girth on fine root dynamics with respect to the studied forest stands.

scholarly journals Root Mass and Elemental Concentrations in an Irish Oak Woodland

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-7
Author(s):  
Francis Q. Brearley ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Al Toxicity ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Root Dynamics ◽  
Fine Root Dynamics ◽  
Elemental Concentrations

Fine roots (< 2 mm diameter) are key for nutrient and carbon cycling in forests but less well studied for oak than other European trees. To better understand controls on root mass and nutrient concentrations in oak stands, a study was conducted at Glendalough in Ireland. Roots were removed from soils and measured for biomass, length and nutrient concentrations along with soil nutrients. Fine root mass was 360 gm-2 and comparable to other oak stands. Whilst root N concentrations were high, P concentrations were low and N, P, K, Mg, but not C or Ca were at greater concentrations in fine roots compared to coarse (2-5 mm) roots. The root Ca:Al ratio suggested Al toxicity although this was less marked in organic-rich soils. Neither root mass nor root nutrient concentrations showed particularly strong correlations with soil nutrients or pH. Whilst this data agrees well with other similar studies, improved analysis by separating live and dead roots will further advance our understanding of controls on forest fine root dynamics.

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